Pierre Shale Explained

The Pierre Shale is a geologic formation or series in the Upper Cretaceous which occurs east of the Rocky Mountains in the Great Plains, from Pembina Valley in Canada[1] to New Mexico.

The Pierre Shale was described by Meek and Hayden in 1862 in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences (Philadelphia). They described it as a dark-gray shale, fossiliferous, with veins and seams of gypsum, and concretions of iron oxide. The Pierre Shale is about 3,138 feet (956m) thick at the type locality. It overlies the Niobrara division and underlies the Fox Hills beds.[2] It was named for an occurrence near Fort Pierre on the Missouri River in South Dakota.[3]

The Pierre Shale is of marine origin and was deposited in the Western Interior Seaway. It is correlative with other marine shales that occur farther west, such as the Bearpaw Shale, Mancos Shale and the Lewis Shale.[4] It correlates with the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta.[5] The Pierre is overlain by marginal marine deposits of the Fox Hills Formation.

Most of the formation was deposited in the Campanian Age of the late Cretaceous. However, the discovery of fossils of Baculites baculus in the uppermost beds of the Pierre Shale in the Raton, New Mexico area show that deposition continued here into the early Maastrichtian.[6]

Mineral resources

The Pierre Shale is the host formation for commercial petroleum deposits in the Florence and Canon City fields in Fremont County, Colorado, and the Boulder Oil Field in Boulder County, Colorado. More recently, natural gas has been extracted in the Raton Basin in southern Colorado. The shale formation is usually too impermeable for hydrocarbon extraction, but produces in areas where it is naturally fractured or fractured by artificial means.

Paleofauna

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Birds reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages
BrodavisB. varneriSouth DakotaSharon Springs Member.[7] A hesperornithiform.
B. sp.ManitobaPembina Member.A hesperornithiform.
HesperornisH. bairdiSouth DakotaSharon Springs Member.A hesperornithid.
H. chowiManitoba & South DakotaPembina, Millwood, & Sharon Springs Members.A hesperornithid.
H. lumgairiManitobaPembina Member.A hesperornithid.
H. macdonaldiManitoba & South Dakota.Gammon, Pembina, Millwood(?), & Sharon Springs Members.A hesperornithid.
H. mengeliManitoba & South Dakota.Pembina & Sharon Springs Members.A hesperornithid.
H. regalisManitoba, South Dakota, & KansasGammon, Pembina, & Sharon Springs Members.[8] A hesperornithid.
H. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Probably referrable to H. regalis, but indistinguishable from H. crassipes.
HesperornithidaeGen. et. sp. indeterminateManitoba.Pembina Member.Multiple isolated synascra.A hesperornithid.
HesperornithiformesFam., gen. et sp. indet. Manitoba.Pembina Member.Multiple vertebrae, phalanges, tibiotarsal fragments and a fibula.
IchthyornisI. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member."MDM B77.03.07 (vertebral centrum), B80.05.14 (femur)".An ichthyornithe.

Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
ClidastesC. propythonManitoba.Pembina Member.MDM M74.10.06 (skull, mandible, vertebral column).A mosasaurine also known from the Mooreville Chalk.
Western Kansas.Vertebrae associated with 'Plesiosaurus' gulo currently lost.Likely represents the stomach contents of 'Plesiosaurus' gulo.
GlobidensG. dakotensisSouth Dakota.[11] Sharon Springs Member.FMNH PR 846.A globidensin.
G. schurmanniAt the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.Uppermost DeGrey Formation."SDSM 74764, partial anterior skeleton, including cranium, jaws, cervical and trunk vertebrae partially articulated, pectoral girdles, partial anterior paddle, isolated humerus and ulna, and isolated caudal vertebrae".
G. sp.Northwestern Logan County, Kansas.Upper level of the Sharon Springs Member.A nearly complete right dentary (FHSM VP–13828).A globidensin.
HainosaurusH. pembinensisNear Morden, Manitoba.[12] Pembina Member.Reassigned to the genus Tylosaurus.
JormungandrJ. walhallaensisCavalier County, North Dakota.[13] Pembina Member.Partial skull & skeleton.A mosasaurine.
LatoplatecarpusL. nichollsae"19 km northwest of Morden, Manitoba".[14] Pembina Member.A skeleton (CMN 52261).A plioplatecarpine.
MosasauridaeSubfam., gen. et. sp. indeterminateManitoba.Pembina Member.Fragmentary specimens consisting "mostly of vertebral scraps, ribs and flipper elements".
PlatecarpusP. coryphaeusPembina Member.Now deemed synonymous with P. tympaniticus.
P. ictericusPembina Member.Now deemed synonymous with P. tympaniticus.
P. somenensisPembina Member.Found to nest within Latoplatecarpus nichollsae.
P. tympaniticusPembina Member.Abundant specimens.A pliopatecarpine and the most abundant mosasaur of the Pierre Shale.
P. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member."Isolated skull elements, humeri and pectoral girdles".Probably referrable to P. tympaniticus based on size, but size alone is deemed insufficient for species identification.
PlioplatecarpinaeGen. et. sp. indeterminateManitoba.Pembina Member.Poorly preserved and unprepared remains.
PlioplatecarpusP. nichollsae"19 km northwest of Morden, Manitoba".Pembina Member.A skeleton (CMN 52261).Reassigned to the genus Latoplatecarpus.[15]
PrognathodonP. overtoniSouth Dakota.[16] Virgin Creek Member.KUVP 950 (the holotype for the species) and SDSM 3339.A mosasaurine also found in the Bearpaw Shale.
TylosaurinaeGen. et. sp. indet.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Isolated limb and girdle elements (MDM M74.28.05, M75.20.06, M82.13.17, M84.09.18).
TylosaurusT. pembinensisNear Morden, Manitoba.Pembina Member.A tylosaurine.
T. prorigerManitoba.Pembina Member.MDM M77.17.07 quadrate, FMNH PR 591 quadrate, pubis, vertebrae.A tylosaurine.

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
AlzadasaurusA. pembertoniiSouth Dakota.Sharon Springs Member.Complete specimen (SDSM 451).Synonymized with Styxosaurus snowii.
cf. A. pembertoniiManitoba.Pembina Member.A specimen consisting of two femora, one humerus, two epipodials, fragments of the pelvic girdle and 14 vertebrae (MDM P83.02. 18).Synonymized with Styxosaurus snowii.
ElasmosauridaeGen. et. sp. indeterminateManitoba.Pembina Member.Remains undiagnostic at the generic level.
Logan County, Kansas.[17] Upper Sharon Springs Member.KUVP 129744, a specimen associated with 47 gastroliths.An elasmosaurid too fragmentary to identify below the family level.
ElasmosaurusE. platyurusKansas.[18] [19] Sharon Springs member.Multiple specimens, including the holotype.An elasmosaurid.
?E. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member."An incomplete specimen (TMP P84.162.4), consisting of pelvic girdle, distal end of a propodial, an epipodial and 21 vertebrae".
MartinectesM. bonneriWyoming & South Dakota.[20] [21] Sharon Springs Member and Pembina Member.2 specimens: an adult (UNSM 50133) and a juvenile (UNSM 55810), and several others.A polycotylid.
PlesiosauriaFam., gen. et. sp. indeterminatePembina Member."Specimens consisting mostly of ribs, caudal vertebrae, broken girdle plates and phalanges"."Further identification is not possible due to poor preservation and the incomplete nature of the material".
'Plesiosaurus'P.' guloWestern Kansas.[22] KUVP 1329 (the original specimen consisted of "eleven cervical, thirteen dorsal, and seven or eight other vertebrae" but now only 3 vertebrae remain).[23] An elasmosaurid associated with the remains of a mosasaur (likely Clidastes), representing the stomach contents of the plesiosaur.
PolycotylidaeGen. et. sp. indeterminateMorden area, Manitoba.Pembina Member.Many isolated vertebrae and partial skull remains.A polycotylid.
SerpentisuchopsS. pfisteraeWyoming.[24] Upper half of the upper member."Specimen GPM5001".A polycotylid.
StyxosaurusS. snowiiSouth Dakota.Sharon Springs Member.Complete specimen (SDSM 451).An elasmosaurid originally reported as Alzadasaurus pembertoni.
cf. S. snowiiManitoba.Pembina Member.A specimen consisting of two femora, one humerus, two epipodials, fragments of the pelvic girdle and 14 vertebrae (MDM P83.02. 18).An elasmosaurid originally reported as cf. Alzadasaurus pembertoni.
Kansas.Sharon Springs Member.NJSM 15435.An elasmosaurid tentatively assigned to the genus Styxosaurus.
TrinacromerumT. bonneriWyoming & South Dakota.Sharon Springs Member and Pembina Member.2 specimens: an adult (UNSM 50133) and a juvenile (UNSM 55810), and several others.Now moved to the genus Martinectes.
T. cf. T. kirkiManitoba.Pembina Member.TMP P84.162.3.A polycotylid.
T. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Many poorly preserved specimens.A polycotylid.

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
ArchelonA. ischyrosAlong the Cheyenne River in Custer County, South Dakota.[26] A protostegid.
A. sp.Colfax County, New Mexico.[27] 3 carapace fragments (NMMNHP-16079 and P-16104).A protostegid.
ProtostegaP. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.MDM T75.01.06.A protostegid.
TestudinesFam., gen. et sp. indet.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Remains only identifiable as "small turtles", probably referrable to Toxochelys latiremis.
ToxochelysT. latiremisKansas & Manitoba.Pembina Member.

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Presence Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
ApsopelixA. sp. cf. A. anglicusHughes County, South Dakota.[28] Upper DeGrey Formation.SDSM 77482.A crossognathid.
BananogmiusB. evolutusManitoba.Pembina Member.An articulated skull (MDM F75.05.06).Reassigned to the genus Pentanogmius.
B. sp.Near Thornhill, Manitoba.Pembina Member.Skull and vertebral column (MMMN V82).Specimen originally identified as Ananogmius sp.
CimolichthysC. nepaholicaManitoba.Pembina Member.An aulopiform.
CylindracanthusHyde County, South Dakota.Verendrye Formation.A rostral spine (SDSM 30638).
EnchodusE. gladiolusSharon Springs Member.An aulopiform.
E. petrosusManitoba.Pembina Member and Sharon Springs Member.An aulopiform.
E. cf. saevusManitoba.Pembina Member.FMNH PF 5391 (a dentary, maxilla and palatine).Now a junior synonym of E. petrosus.
E. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.2 isolated vertebrae and isolated palatal fangs.An aulopiform.
IchthyodectesI. ctenodonManitoba.Pembina Member.Multiple mandibles and some skull and vertebral material.An ichthyodectid.
IchthyodectidaeGen. et. sp. indet.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Vertebrae and partial caudal fins.An ichthyodectid not referrable to Xiphactinus but indistinguishable from other ichthyodectid genera.
PachyrhizodusP. caninusManitoba.Pembina Member.A skull and anterior portions of the body (MDM F74.04.06), and a right dentary (FMNH PF 5397).A pachyrhizodontid.
P. minimusManitoba.Pembina Member.FMNH PF 5402.A pachyrhizodontid.
P. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.2 isolated vertebral centra (MMMN V73).A pachyrhizodontid.
P. sp. indet.Hughes County, South Dakota.DeGrey Formation.SDSM 77481.A pachyrhizodontid.
PentanogmiusP. evolutusManitoba.Pembina Member.An articulated skull (MDM F75.05.06).A plethodid, originally reported as Bananogmius evolutus.
ProtosphyraenaP. gladiusHyde County, South Dakota.DeGrey Formation.SDSM 66288 (major portion of pectoral fin).A pachycormid.
P. sp.Manitoba.Pembina Member.A left premaxilla (FMNH PF 5400).Probably represents P. gladius.
StratodusS. apicalisManitoba.Pembina Member.An aulopiform.
TeleosteiOrder, fam., gen. et. sp. indet.Manitoba.Pembina Member.Mostly vertebrae, but also caudal fins and skulls in some specimens.
XiphactinusX. audaxManitoba and Lyman County, South Dakota.Pembina Member and middle part of the Sharon Springs Member.An ichthyodectid.

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Presence Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
ArchaeolamnaA. kopingensisWestern Kansas.[29] Sharon Springs Member.A partial skeleton with articulated teeth.An archaeolamnid.
CretalamnaC. appendiculataManitoba.Pembina Member.Vertebral centra.A megatoothed shark.
EuselachiiFam., gen. et sp. indet.Near Thornhill, Manitoba.Pembina Member."Three vertebral centra, 15 mm in diameter".Probably represents Squalicorax, but also indistinguishable from juvenile specimens of Cretalamna.
SqualicoraxS. sp. aff. S. kaupiManitoba.Pembina Member."MDM S80.01.14 (2 teeth), FMNH PF 5399 (1 tooth)".An anacoracid.

Marine vertebrates

Invertebrates

Arthropods

Arthropods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
DioratiopusD. hearttailensisButte County, South Dakota.[30] Gammon Ferruginous Member.A longodromitid crab.
DromiopsisD. kimberlyaeButte County, South Dakota.[31] Lower Pierre Shale.2 specimens.A dynomenid crab.
HeusH. foersteriTepee Buttes, South Dakota.[32] A raninid crab.
Hoplitocarcinus?H.? punctatusTepee Buttes, Colorado.A crab.
HoplopariaH. mickelsoniButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A lobster.
LimulusL. coffiniFort Collins, Colorado.[33] Rocky Ridge Sandstone Member.Thoracetron.A horseshoe crab.
NecrocarcinusN. davisiButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A necrocarcinid crab.
PlagiophthalmusP. bjorkiTepee Buttes, South Dakota.A prosopid crab.
ProtocallianassaP. russelliButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A mud shrimp.
RaninellaR. manningiTepee Buttes, South Dakota.A raninid crab.
R. oaheensisButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A raninid crab.
RugafariusR. fredrichiButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A spiny lobster.
XanthosiaX. elegans occidentalisButte County, South Dakota.Gammon Ferruginous Member.A xanthid crab.
ZygastrocarcinusZ. cardsmithiCarter County, Montana.[34] Groat Sandstone Bed, Gammon Ferruginous Member.A homolid crab.

Bivalves

Bivalves reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
Cataceramus?C.? barabiniNortheastern New Mexico.An inoceramid.
C.? cf. C. barabiniNortheastern New Mexico.An inoceramid.
ChlamysC. (Chlamys) nebrascensisBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.[35] A pectinid.
CuspidariaC. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.6 poorly-preserved, broken, decorticated specimens.A cuspidariid.
CymbophoraC. cf. C. gracilisBowman County, North Dakota.9 complete specimens.A mactrid.
EriphylopsisE. gregariaBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.40 complete and incomplete specimens.An astartid.
GervilliaG. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.One badly decorticated incomplete specimen.
InoceramusI. (Endocostea) barabiniBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.About 25 specimens.An inoceramid.
I. (Endocostea) fribrosaBowman County, North Dakota.4 small incomplete specimens.An inoceramid.
I. oblongusWest of Cimarron.An inoceramid.
I. sagensisBowman County, North Dakota.An inoceramid.
I. (Cremnoceramus) sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.One decorticated incomplete specimen.An inoceramid.
I. sp. ABowman County, North Dakota.One specimen that is badly decorticated.An inoceramid.
I. sp. BBowman County, North Dakota.One slightly crushed specimen.An inoceramid.
LimopsisL. parvulaBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.About 40 specimens.A limopsid.
LucinaL. (Lucina) occidentalisBowman County, North Dakota.14 specimens.A lucinid.
MactraM. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.4 broken incomplete molds.A mactrid.
MalletiaM. evansiBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone."7 badly decorticated incomplete specimens".A malletiid.
M. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.7 small, almost complete specimens.A malletiid.
ModiolusM. meekiiBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.2 small incomplete internal molds.
NemodonN. sulcatinusBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.One badly weathered internal mold.A parallelodontid.
NuculaN. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota."Five badly decorticated incomplete specimens".A nuculid.
OstreaO. congestaBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.3 slightly crushed fragments.An ostreid.
O. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Numerous fragments.An ostreid.
ProtocardiaP. (Leptocardia) raraBowman County, North Dakota."10 complete, decorticated specimens".A cardiid.
PteriaP. linguaeformisBowman County, North Dakota.About 15 broken specimens.A pteriid.
?Syncyclonema?S. rigidaBowman County, North Dakota.2 right valves.An entoliid.

Cephalopods

Cephalopods reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
BaculitesB. baculusNew Mexico.Upper & uppermost Pierre Shale.An ammonite.
B. cf. baculusBowman County, North Dakota.Baculites reesidei Range Zone.1 broken specimen.An ammonite.
B. compressusAt the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.Uppermost DeGrey Formation.Specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni.
B. cf. B. eliasiNortheastern New Mexico.An ammonite.
B. grandis?Bowman County, North Dakota.One large, crushed, badly weathered specimen.An ammonite.
B. reesideiBowman County, North Dakota.Baculites reesidei Zone.11 broken specimens.An ammonite.
B. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Upper Baculites reesidei Zone.10 broken exfoliated specimens.An ammonite.
B. sp.Northeastern New Mexico.An ammonite.
BelemnitellaB. bulbosaUpper Pierre Shale.[36] A belemnite also found in the Fox Hills Formation.
B.? sp.Meade County, South Dakota.Baculites compressus zone.1 specimen (BHI-7009).A belemnite.
DidymocerasD. cochleatumSouth Dakota & Wyoming.[37] Gregory & Red Bird Silty members.Numerous fragments.An ammonite.
D. nebrascense"Northwestern New Mexico through northeastern Montana".[38] An ammonite.
D. sp.Colfax County, New Mexico.An ammonite.
EnchoteuthisE. cobbaniMeade & Pennington counties, South Dakota.Baculites cuneatus Zone & possibly the underlying B. compressus Zone.2 specimens.A coleoid, originally described as Tusoteuthis cobbani.[39]
E. melanaeNiobrara County, Wyoming.Baculites obtusus zone, Sharon Springs Member.Multiple specimens.A coleoid.
EutrephocerasE. dekayiColorado, Bowman County, North Dakota and Colfax County, New Mexico.[40] Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.A nautiloid, one specimen from Colorado showing signs of mosasaur predation.
E. montanaensisNortheastern New Mexico.A nautiloid.
ExitelocerasE. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.One fragmented body chamber.A nostoceratid ammonite.
HoploscaphitesH. brevisBowman County, North Dakota."Ten almost complete specimens and many fragments of early whorls".An ammonite.
H. crassusMontana & Wyoming.[41] An ammonite.
H. criptonodosusMontana, Wyoming, Colorado, and possibly South Dakota.[42] "Upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and overlying B. grandis Zone".An ammonite also found in the Bearpaw Shale.
H. macerMontana, Wyoming & Colorado."Upper part of the Baculites baculus Zone and lower part of the overlying B. grandis Zone".An ammonite also found in the Bearpaw Shale.
H. cf. H. nicolletiBowman County, North Dakota.2 specimens.An ammonite.
H. nodosusNear Raton, New Mexico."30-45 m below the top of the Pierre Shale".An ammonite.
H. peterseniMontana & Wyoming.An ammonite.
H. plenusMontana, Wyoming & North Dakota.An ammonite.
H. quadrangularisBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.One broken shaft with aperture.An ammonite.
H. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.One broken specimen.An ammonite.
H. sp.Colfax County, New Mexico.An ammonite.
JeletzkytesJ. nodosusAt the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.Uppermost DeGrey Formation.Specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni.
PlacenticerasP. intercalereBowman County, North Dakota."One decorticated specimen badly fractured by calcite crystal growth".An ammonite.
P. meekiColfax County, New Mexico and Bowman County, North Dakota.Baculites reesidei Zone.An ammonite.
P. newberryiColfax County, New Mexico.An ammonite.
PonteixitesP. robustusEastern Montana.[43] Now a junior synonym of Rhaeboceras.
RhaebocerasR. burkholderiDawson County, Montana.[44] Upper part of the Pierre Shale (Baculites eliasi zone).An ammonite.
R. cedarenseDawson County, Montana.Baculites baculus/grandis zone.An ammonite.
R. robustusEastern Montana.An ammonite.
ScaphitesS. nodosusNear Raton."About 15 m below the top of the Pierre Shale".An ammonite.
SolenocerasS. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.3 fragmented specimens.A nostoceratid ammonite.
TusoteuthisT. cobbaniMeade & Pennington counties, South Dakota.Baculites cuneatus Zone & possibly the underlying B. compressus Zone.2 specimens.Moved to the genus Enchoteuthis.
T. longaSouth Dakota.Baculites compressus Zone.A coleoid.

Echinoderms

Echinoderms reported from the Pierre Shale Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
BetelgeusiaB. brezinaiPennington County, South Dakota.[45] Didymoceras cheyennensis Zone.A starfish.
BrezinacanthaB. tolisPennington County, South Dakota.[46] Didymoceras cheyennensis Zone.Multiple specimens.A brittle star.
CouloniaSouthern Colorado.[47] Top of the Pierre Shale.An astropectinid starfish.
EurysaleniaE. minimaWyoming.A sea urchin.
LakotacrinusL. brezinaiSouth Dakota.[48] A crinoid.
Pedicellasterinae?Gen. et. sp. indeterminatePennington County, South DakotaDidymoceras cheyennensis zone.One small arm fragment (AMNH-FI 111853).A starfish.

Gastropods

Gastropods
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic positionMaterialNotes Images
Anchura?A.? sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone."One broken, badly decorticated, medium-sized specimen".
AnisomyonA. sexsulcatus?Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone."One badly decorticated specimen that is essentially an internal mold".A siphonariid.
At the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Buffalo County, South Dakota.Uppermost DeGrey Formation.A siphonariid, specimens associated with Globidens schurmanni.
AtiraA. nebrascensisBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.3 decorticated specimens.
CylichnaC. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota."Baculites reesidei Zone"."One weathered specimen so badly decorticated that it is essentially a mold of the interior".
CylindrotruncatumC. cf. C. demursumBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone."One, small, broken, badly decorticated specimen".
C. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone."Two medium-sized specimens; one in excellent condition and one internal mold".
DrepanochilusD. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.Approximately 20 specimens.
EuspiraE. obliquataBowman County, North Dakota.Baculites reesidei Zone.25 nearly complete specimens.
E. rectilabrumBowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.4 fairly complete shells.
PyrifusesP. sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.1 weathered external mold.
Striaticostatum?S.? sp.Bowman County, North Dakota.Baculites reesidei Zone.One specimen.
TurritellaT. macnaryensis?Bowman County, North Dakota.Probably from the Baculites reesidei Zone.2 specimens.

Scaphopods

Notes and References

  1. Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre. Web site: All About Bruce. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141106014409/http://www.discoverfossils.com/allaboutbruce.html. 2014-11-06.
  2. Gill . J. R. . Cobban . W. A. . Kier . P. M. . 1966 . The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming . Professional Paper . 10.3133/pp393a . 2330-7102. free .
  3. MacLachlan . M.E. . 1976 . Lexicon of rock-stratigraphic units in Union, Colfax, Mora, and eastern Taos Counties, New Mexico . New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series . 27 . 205–215 . 14 October 2021.
  4. Izett . G.A. . Cobban . W.A. . Gill . J.R. . The Pierre Shale near Kremmling, Colorado, and its correlation to the east and the west . United States Geological Survey Professional Paper . 1971 . 684-A . 10.3133/pp684A. free .
  5. Web site: Lea Park Formation. https://archive.today/20130221072806/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:008323. dead. 2013-02-21. Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units. 2009-03-23.
  6. Sealey . Paul L. . Lucas . Spencer G. . Spencer G. Lucas . Baculites Baculus Meek and Hayden, 1861 (Earliest Maastrichtian) from the Uppermost Pierre Shale in the Raton basin of Northeastern New Mexico and its Significance . New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series . 2019 . 70 . 73–80 . 4 September 2020.
  7. Aotsuka, K. and Sato, T. (2016). Hesperornithiformes (Aves: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Southern Manitoba, Canada. Cretaceous Research, (advance online publication).
  8. Book: Nicholls, Elizabeth L. . Marine vertebrates of the Pembina member of the Pierre Shale (Campanian, upper cretaceous) of Manitoba and their significance to the biogeography of the Western Interior Seaway . 1988 . University of Calgary . 978-0-315-61682-0.
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