| Pidjanan | |
| Also Known As: | Rio Branco, Mapidianic, Wapishanan |
| Region: | Brazil, Guyana, Suriname |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Arawakan |
| Fam2: | Central[1] |
| Child1: | Mawayana |
| Child2: | Wapishana |
| Child3: | ? Atorad (Atorai) |
| Glotto: | mapi1253 |
| Glottorefname: | Mapidianic |
The Pidjanan languages are a subgroup of Arawakan languages of northern South America.
The term Pidjanan was coined by Sérgio Meira (2019) from Wapishana pidan ‘people’, as can be seen in the ethnonyms Wa-pishana and Mao-pidian.[2]
They are referred to as Mapidianic in Glottolog 4.3, and as Rio Branco by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270).[3]
According to Meira (2019), the Pidjanan languages are:[2]
Wapishana is more conservative, while Mawayana has innovated more from Proto-Pidjanan.[2]
Ramirez's (2020) classification is:[1]
Parawana and Aroaqui are closely related, and may be the same language.[1]
| Proto-Pidjanan | |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Arawakan |
| Target: | Pidjanan languages |
Proto-Pidjanan has been reconstructed by Meira (2019).[2]
Proto-Pidjanan consonant phonemes:
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Proto-Pidjanan vowel phonemes:
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Proto-Pidjanan person-marking prefixes:
| pronoun | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S |
| n- | ũ- | |
| 2S |
| ɨ- | pɨ- | |
| 3S.MASC |
| ɾɨ- | ɨ- | |
| 3S.FEM |
| u- | u- | |
| 3S.COREF |
| a- | pa- | |
| 1P |
| wa- | wa- | |
| 2P |
| ɨ- | pɨ- | |
| 3P |
| na- | -ĩ |
Proto-Pidjanan person-marking suffixes:
| pronoun | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S |
| -na | -n, -na | |
| 2S |
| -i | -p, -pa | |
| 3S.MASC |
| -sɨ | -ʐɨ | |
| 3S.FEM |
| -ʐu | ||
| 1P |
| -wi | ||
| 2P |
| -wiko | ||
| 3P |
| -nu | -ʐɨ |
The functions of person markers (verbs in the -ɲɨ ‘realis’/‘present’ form).
| personal marker function | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A and O on transitives |
| n-ɾite-sɨ | ũ-ʐuʔita-nɨ-ʐɨ | |
| SA on active intransitives |
| ɾɨ-suke | ɨ-ʧiʔika-n | |
| SO on stative intransitives |
| usa-sɨ | ɨ-wɨʐa(-n) | |
| arguments on adpositions |
| ɾi-ʃima | ɨ-tɨma | |
| possessors on nouns |
| n-kɨnɨ | ũ-kɨnɨ |
Nominal possession possessed and non-possessed forms.
| possession marker | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possession marker |
| wa-maɾe-nɨ | wa-marija-n | |
| Possession marker zero |
| ɾiʔ-isaɓa | ɨ-taɓa | |
| Non-possessed status |
| isaɓe | taɓa-i |
Unless indicated otherwise, the Mawayana and Wapishana data below is from Sérgio Meira's field notes, as cited in Meira (2019).
Meira's Mawayana data is from Marurunau, Guyana, and his Wapishana data is from Mapuera (a village that is mostly ethnic Waiwai), Nhamundá-Mapuera Indigenous Area, Pará State, Brazil. The other sources are:
| no. | gloss | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | source (Mawayana) | Wapishana | source (Wapishana) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
| waɓu | waɓu | WLP (2000) | |||
| 2 |
| aɗuɾi | aɗuɾi | WLP (2000) | |||
| 3 | ant sp. |
| kuki ‘saúva’ | kuki ‘leafcutter ant’ | |||
| 4 | armadillo sp. |
| muɾuɾa ‘armadillo sp.’ | maɾuɾu ‘giant armadillo’ | |||
| 5 | armpit |
| ɾɨ-keːsu | ɨ-kiʃapu | |||
| 6 | as (essive) |
| ni ‘(change) into’ | Carlin (2006) | niː ‘future’, ‘essive’ | ||
| 7 | bacaba palm |
| mɨsɨ | mapɨʐa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 8 | banana |
| sɨsɨɓa | sɨːʐɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 9 | bat |
| tamaɾɨwa | tamaɾɨu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 10 | bathe (to) |
| kaw-e | Carlin (no date) | ũ-kau-pa-n | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 11 | beads |
| kasuɾu | kaʃuɾuː | WLP (2000) | ||
| 12 | bee / honey |
| maɓa | maːɓa | |||
| 13 | belt |
| ɨ-ɾantawɨɗa | ʐaːɗawi | WLP (2000) | ||
| 14 | bird |
| kuʧɨsa | kutɨʔɨʐa | |||
| 15 | bird sp. 1 |
| anaɾu ‘socó (heron sp.)’ | anaɾau ‘marrecão (duck sp.)’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 16 | bird sp. 2 |
| maːtɨ ‘jacu bird’ | maɾatɨ ‘unidentified bird’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 17 | bird sp. 3 |
| kaɾahpaɗa ‘arahka’ | Carlin (no date) | kaɾapa ‘aracuã’ | WLP (2001) | |
| 18 | bite (to) |
| ɾ-autʃa-na ‘he bit me’ | Carlin (2006) | aɾuːta-n | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 19 | black |
| uɗɨ-ɾe | puɗɨ-ʔu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 20 | blow (to) |
| ɾ-uʧ-e | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-puːta-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 21 |
| minɨ ‘peanut’, ‘Brazil nut’ | minaɨ | WLP (2000) | |||
| 22 | breast |
| ɾiː-ɗɨ | ɨ-ɗɨnɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 23 | buriti palm |
| jɨwɨ ‘buriti’ | ɗʲɨwɨ ‘ité fruit’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 24 | burn (to) |
| kaw-e ‘burn (intr.)’ | kaʔawa-n ‘burn (intr.)’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 25 | butterfly |
| samasama | tamtam | WLP (2000) | ||
| 26 | caiman sp. |
| aʧuɾɨ | atuɾɨ ‘small caiman’ | |||
| 27 | cajá fruit |
| ɾuɓa | ʐuːp | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 28 | canoe |
| kanawa | kanawa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 29 |
| kasu | kaʃu | WLP (2000) | |||
| 30 | child |
| kuɾenu | kuɾaiɗaunaː | |||
| 31 | child / egg |
| ɾiː-ɗe, ɾiː-ɗesi | ɨ-ɗani | |||
| 32 |
| womu | wamu | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |||
| 33 | claw / nail |
| ɾɨ-ɓaɗʲi | ɨ-ɓaʐi | WLP (2000) | ||
| 34 |
| kaɗɨ | kuaʧi | WLP (2000) | |||
| 35 | cockroach |
| ɓasaɾawa | ɓaʃaɾau | WLP (2000) | ||
| 36 | comb |
| mutiɓa | maudi | WLP (2000) | ||
| 37 | corn |
| maɾiki | maʐiki | WLP (2000) | ||
| 38 |
| awisi | pawiʃi | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |||
| 39 | deer sp. |
| kusaɾa ‘deer, small’ | kuʃaɾa ‘deer, bush’ | |||
| 40 | die (to) |
| maw-ɗa | mawa-ka, mau-ka-n | WLP (2000) | ||
| 41 | dry |
| maɾa-ɓa-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | maːɾa-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 42 | eagle sp. |
| kukuɗa ‘hawk sp.’ | kukui ‘harpy eagle’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 43 | earthworm |
| aɾaɾu | paʐaɾu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 44 | eat (to) |
| ɾ-ĩka | pɨ-nika | WLP (2000) | ||
| 45 | elbow |
| ɾiː-ɸaʧuɾi | ɨ-patuɾi | WLP (2000) | ||
| 46 |
| katumi | kasumi | WLP (2000) | |||
| 47 | fan |
| wiɾiɓe, n-wiɾiɓa | awaɾiɓa-i | WLP (2000) | ||
| 48 | father |
| ɾɨ-ta | ɨ-daɾɨ | |||
| 49 | fire |
| ʃikaɾi | tikaʐi | |||
| 50 | fish |
| kuwɨ | kupaɨ | |||
| 51 | fish sp. 1 |
| ɾiʧe ‘traíra’ | ʐiːtaɓa ‘fish sp.’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 52 | fish sp. 2 |
| atimaɾa ‘trairão’ | aʧimaɾa ‘fish sp.’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 53 | fish sp. 3 |
| kuɾɨsɨ ‘surubim’ | kuɾɨʐɨ ‘surubim’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 54 | flat area |
| ɗaɾa ‘grass(land)’ | ɗaːɾa ‘a flat barrier’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 55 | flower |
| ɾɨ-sɨwɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-suːsu | WLP (2000) | |
| 56 | from |
| aʔu-ɾiki ‘from there’ | Carlin (2006) | iki | WLP (2000) | |
| 57 | fruit |
| ɾɨ-ka | ɨ-aka | WLP (2000) | ||
| 58 | give (to) |
| ɾɨ-ʧ-e-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-taː-n | ||
| 59 | grandmother |
| wa-ʃuɾu | ɨʔ- ɨːʐu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 60 | hair |
| ɾ-iʃiɾama | ɨ-iʃi | WLP (2000) | ||
| 61 | hand |
| ɾɨ-kɨɓa | ɨ-kaʔɨ | |||
| 62 | heart |
| ɾiːʔ-ĩkĩjã | ɨ-ɲɨkɨnɨː | WLP (2000) | ||
| 63 | hit (to) |
| ɾita-ka-nu ‘hit each other’ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-ʐuʔita-n ‘he hit’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 64 | house |
| aĩku | paniɓa ‘outside’, paniːnum ‘entrance, door, doorway’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 65 | I |
| nnu | ũɡaɾɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 66 | if / when |
| ana | Carlin (2006) | ana | WLP (2000) | |
| 67 | iguana |
| suwanaɗa | suwan | WLP (2000) | ||
| 68 | inajá palm |
| ukatɨ ‘inajá’ | pukuɾidi ‘kokorite palm’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 69 | ingá tree |
| kuɾami ‘ingá’ | kuɾami ‘ingá do mato’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 70 | intestines |
| ɾ-ukuɾiɾi | ɨ-ukuɾi | |||
| 71 | knee |
| ɾiː-kuɗuɾu | ɨ-kuɗuɾu | |||
| 72 | knife |
| maɾe | maɾiː, ɨ-maɾija-n | |||
| 73 | language |
| ɾiːʔ-aɾa | ɨ-paɾada-n | WLP (2000) | ||
| 74 | leaf |
| ɾ-anaɓa | ɨ-anaɓa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 75 | left hand |
| asuɓaɗʲanu ‘right hand’ | Howard (1985-1986) | aʃaɓaɾu | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 76 | leg / shin |
| ɾiː-ʃaɓa ‘leg, shin’ | ɨ-taɓaʔu ‘leg’ | |||
| 77 | louse |
| nni | nai | |||
| 78 | macaw sp. |
| aɾaɾu ‘yellow macaw’ | kaʐaɾɨ ‘yellow macaw’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 79 |
| kaːsɨ, kãːsɨ | kanɨʐɨ | WLP (2000) | |||
| 80 | manioc press |
| isune | niːʐu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 81 | meat food |
| wĩ, ɾɨ-wɨnɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | wɨnɨ-i, ɨ-wɨnɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 82 | medicine |
| ɾɨ-ɨtaɾa | ɨ-kasaɾa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 83 | monkey sp. 1 |
| ɾumu ‘spider monkey’ | ɾuːmi ‘spider monkey’ | |||
| 84 | monkey sp. 2 |
| tɨɓɨɾɨ ‘howler monkey’ | sɨɓɨɾɨ ‘howler monkey’ | |||
| 85 | monkey sp. 3 |
| otʃɨ ‘capuchin monkey’ | puwatɨ ‘capuchin monkey’ | |||
| 86 | monkey sp. 4 |
| ʧɨma ‘tamarin monkey’ | ʧaɨmaː ‘black tamarin’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 87 | moon |
| kɨsɨ | kaɨʐɨ | |||
| 88 | mosquito sp. |
| mitu | misu | |||
| 89 | mother |
| ɾiː-taɾu | ɨ-daɾu | |||
| 90 |
| ɓɨɾɨ ‘murumuru palm’ | ɓɨɾɨ ‘palm (unidentified)’ | WLP (2000) | |||
| 91 | nose |
| ɾɨ-tiɓa | ɨ-iɗiɓa | |||
| 92 | old man |
| tauɾɨnu | tɨnaɾɨnau | |||
| 93 | opossum sp. |
| wata ‘opossum sp.’ | waːsa ‘opossum, woolly’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 94 | other |
| ɓuɾunu | Howard (1985-1986) | ɓaʔuɾan, ɓaʔuɾanɨ-aɓa | WLP (2000) | |
| 95 | papaya |
| maɓaja | maʔapai | WLP (2000) | ||
| 96 | parrot sp. |
| waɾu | waɾu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 97 | partner |
| ɾiː-meːɾawa | ɨ-minaɨɗaʔɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 98 | path |
| ɗɨnu | ɗɨnapu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 99 | payment |
| ɾi-wina | ɨ-winipa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 100 | peccary sp. 1 |
| ɓakɨɾa ‘collared peccary’ | ɓakɨɾɨ ‘collared peccary’ | |||
| 101 | peccary sp. 2 |
| ɾita ‘white-lipped peccary’ | ɓiʧa, ɓiʧi ‘white-lipped peccary’ | |||
| 102 | person |
| ɗʲe, ɗʲeː | piɗan, piɗana-n | WLP (2000) | ||
| 103 | pet |
| ɾ-ɨsa | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨʔ-ɨʐa | WLP (2000) | |
| 104 | red |
| usa-sɨ | wɨʐa-ʔu | WLP (2000) | ||
| 105 | rib |
| ɾiːʔ-aɾaɗɨ | ɨ-aɾaɗɨɗɨ, ɨ-aɾaɗɨʔɨ | |||
| 106 | rope |
| jũwi | inuʔi, inuɓi ‘hammock rope’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 107 | salt |
| ɗɨwɨ | ɗɨwɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 108 | sand |
| kaʧɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | kaːtɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 109 | seat |
| isaɓe, ɾiːʔ-isaɓa | taɓa-i, ɨ-taɓa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 110 | see (to) |
| ɾi-ʧika | ɨ- tɨka-pa-n | |||
| 111 | shaman |
| maɾɨnawɨ | maɾɨnau | WLP (2000) | ||
| 112 | shoulder / arm |
| ɾiː-sawaɗa ‘arm’ | ɨ- tawaɗa ‘shoulder’ | |||
| 113 | sieve |
| manaɾɨ | manaɾɨ ‘cassava sifter’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 114 | skin / bark |
| ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 115 | sky |
| ɨkaɾi | aukaʐi | |||
| 116 | sloth sp. |
| awɨ | awɨ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 117 | small |
| ʃiɗʲiɗʲa-ɾe ‘small, narrow’ | Howard (1985-1986) | suɗi | ||
| 118 | smoke |
| ise-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | iʃa-n ‘cloud’ | ||
| 119 | song |
| kɨni, ɾiː-kɨnɨ | kɨnɨ-i, ɨ-kɨnɨ | W5 | ||
| 120 | spider |
| uwaɓa | suːwa | |||
| 121 | stone |
| kɨɓa | kɨɓa | |||
| 122 | sun |
| kamu | kamuː | |||
| 123 |
| katɨ | kaːʐɨː | WLP (2000) | |||
| 124 |
| kuɗi | kuɗui | ||||
| 125 | tell (to) |
| ɾɨ-kɨwaɗ-e-sɨ ‘he tells it’ | kuwaːɗa-n ‘tell’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 126 |
| maɾiɓa | maʐi | WLP (2000) | |||
| 127 | thin |
| metaɗa | Howard (1985-1986) | miɗaʔɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 128 | thornbush |
| tawɨsɨ | kawɨʐɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 129 | throat |
| ɾiː-kuɾukuɾu | kuɾukuɾu-n ‘larynx’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 130 | tick |
| kunuriɓa | kuɾinaɓa | |||
| 131 |
| uku ‘timbó liana’ | uku ‘poison for fish’ | ||||
| 132 | tinamou sp. |
| mami ‘tinamou sp.’ | mami ‘bird sp.’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | ||
| 133 | toad sp. |
| tʃuɾuɾuɓa | tuɾuɾuɓa | WLP (2000) | ||
| 134 | tobacco |
| tuma | suːma | |||
| 135 | tongue |
| ɾɨ-jũjũɓa | ɨ-ninuɓa | |||
| 136 | tortoise |
| uːɾɨ | wɨɾaɗa | |||
| 137 | toucan sp. |
| takwe ‘toucan sp.’ | ʧaːkui ‘toucan sp.’ | |||
| 138 | tree / wood |
| aʧamɨna | atamɨn, atamɨnɨ | |||
| 139 | tree trunk |
| ɾɨ-kaɗɨ | ɨ-kaɗɨnaː | WLP (2000) | ||
| 140 |
| namɨtɨ ‘jacamim’ | namaʧi ‘gray trumpeter’ | WLP (2000) | |||
| 141 | tucumã palm |
| sawaɾa ‘tucumã’ | ʃawaɾaɨ ‘unidentified palm’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 142 | vulture sp. |
| kuɾumu ‘vulture sp.’ | kuɾɨm ‘bird sp.’ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 143 | walk |
| ɾu-suka | tʃiʔika-n | WLP (2000) | ||
| 144 | water |
| unɨ, uːnɨ | wɨnɨ | |||
| 145 | we |
| weʔawɨnu | waɨnau | WLP (2000) | ||
| 146 | what / who |
| ka | kan, kanum | WLP (2000) | ||
| 147 | wind |
| awaɾɨ | awaɾɨ | WLP (2000) | ||
| 148 | with |
| ri-ʃima | ɨ-tɨma | WLP (2000) | ||
| 149 | woman |
| ɾɨnaɾu | ʐɨna |
100-word Swadesh list for Mawayana and Wapishana:[2]
| no. | gloss | Mawayana | Wapishana | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | nnu | ũgaɾɨ | |
| 2 | you (sg.) | i | pɨgaɾɨ | |
| 3 | we (incl.) | weʔawɨnu | waɨnau | |
| 4 | this | tiʔa | wɨɾɨʔɨ | |
| 5 | that | aɾu | wɨɾɨʔɨ | |
| 6 | who | ka | kanum | |
| 7 | what | ka | kanum | |
| 8 | not | ʧika, ma-sɨ | aunaː | |
| 9 | all | meke-nu | ipai | |
| 10 | many | ɾea-nu | iɾiɓa-ʔu | |
| 11 | one | aɓõ(i)ja | ɓaɨɗaʔapa | |
| 12 | two | aɗaka | ɗʲaʔɨtam | |
| 13 | big | tawɾe-ɾe | ɨɗaɾɨ-ʔu | |
| 14 | long | kɨʔu-ɾe | ʐaʔaɓaʔɨ | |
| 15 | small | ʃiɗʲiɗʲa-ɾe | soɗi | |
| 16 | woman | ɾɨnaɾu | ʐɨna | |
| 17 | man | asɨna | ɗaunajuɾa | |
| 18 | person | ɗʲe | piɗan | |
| 19 | fish | kuwɨ | kupaɨ | |
| 20 | bird | kuʧɨsa | kutɨʔɨʐa | |
| 21 | dog | jimaɗa | aɾimaɾaka | |
| 22 | louse | Nni | nai | |
| 23 | tree | itiɓaɾi | atamɨn | |
| 24 | seed | ɾɨ-su | ɨ-ɨːɗa | |
| 25 | leaf | ɾ-anaɓa | ɨ-anaɓa | |
| 26 | root | ɾɨ-ʧaɓaɗa | ɨ-iʃitaɓaʔu | |
| 27 | bark | ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa | |
| 28 | skin | ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa | |
| 29 | meat | wĩ | wɨnɨ-i | |
| 30 | blood | ɾiː-sɨkɨwɨɗa | iʐa-i | |
| 31 | bone | ɾiː-kɨɓɨ | ɨ-niwaʔɨʐi | |
| 32 | grease | ɾiti | kiwin-iː | |
| 33 | egg | ɾiː-ɗe | ɨ-ɗani | |
| 34 | horn | ɾ-õʃĩɗa | ɨ-uʐuː | |
| 35 | tail | ɾɨ-tuna | ɗʲɨu | |
| 36 | feather | ɾ-iʃiɓa | kɨtɨɓa | |
| 37 | hair | ɾ-iʃiɾama | ɨ-iʃi | |
| 38 | head | ɾɨ-kɨwɨ | ɨ-ʐuwaɨ | |
| 39 | ear | ɾiː-siɗʲa | ɨ-tain | |
| 40 | eye | ɾ-oso | ɨ-awɨn | |
| 41 | nose | ɾɨ-tiɓa | ɨ-iɗiɓa | |
| 42 | mouth | ɾ-umiɗʲa | ɨ-ɗaku | |
| 43 | tooth | ɾɨ-ʔu | ɨ-ɨɗaku | |
| 44 | tongue | ɾ-ĩjũjũɓa | ɨ-ninuɓa | |
| 45 | claw | ɾɨ-ɓaɗʲi | ɨ-ɓaʐi | |
| 46 | foot | ɾɨ-ɾuɓa | ɨ-kidiɓa | |
| 47 | knee | ɾiː-kuɗuɾu | ɨ-kuɗuɾu | |
| 48 | hand | ɾɨ-kɨɓa | ɨ-kaʔɨ | |
| 49 | belly | ɾ-ijika | ɨ-tuɓa | |
| 50 | neck | ɾiː-ɾewɨ | ɨ-kanaɨ | |
| 51 | breast | ɾiː-ɗɨ | ɨ-ɗɨnɨ | |
| 52 | heart | ɾiːʔ-ĩkĩjã | ɨ-ɲɨkɨnɨː | |
| 53 | liver | ɾɨ-ʃuɓa | ɨ-kɨɓaː | |
| 54 | drink | kuɾa-sɨ | ɨ-tɨʐa-n | |
| 55 | eat | ɾ-ĩka | ɨ-nɨka-n | |
| 56 | bite | awʧa-sɨ | ɨ-aɾuta-n | |
| 57 | see | ɾɨ-ʧika-sɨ | ɨ-tɨka-pa-n | |
| 58 | hear | ɾɨ-kɨmɨd-e-sɨ | ɨ-abata-n | |
| 59 | know | ɾɨ-ɾud-e-sɨ | ɨ-aitapa-n | |
| 60 | sleep | a-tũwa | ɨ-daʔawɨ-n | |
| 61 | die | mawɗa | ɨ-mau-ka-n | |
| 62 | kill | ɾu-kuɗa | ɨ-ʐuwia-n | |
| 63 | swim | ʧokwa-sɨ | ɨ-nɨota-n | |
| 64 | fly | maɾ-e-sɨ | ɨ-ʐɨʔɨta-n | |
| 65 | walk | ɾu-suka | ɨ-ʧiʔika-n | |
| 66 | come | jaɗ-e | ɨ-waʔati-n | |
| 67 | lie | ʧukuɗ-e-sɨ | ɨ-waʃatina-n | |
| 68 | sit | itaɗ-e-sɨ | ɨ-sakanata-n | |
| 69 | stand | kaʧɨmɨʧ-e-sɨ | ɨ-kadiʃita-n | |
| 70 | give | rɨ-ʧ-e-sɨ | ɨ-taː-n | |
| 71 | say | ɾɨ-m-e | ɨ-kia-n | |
| 72 | sun | kamu | kamuː | |
| 73 | moon | kɨsɨ | kaɨʐɨ | |
| 74 | star | siwaɾu | wiʐi | |
| 75 | water | u(ː)nɨ | wɨnɨ | |
| 76 | rain | u(ː)nɨ | wɨnɨ | |
| 77 | stone | kɨɓa | kɨɓa | |
| 78 | sand | kaʧɨ | kaːtɨ | |
| 79 | earth | ʃimaɾi | imiʔi | |
| 80 | cloud | ekaɾi ɾita-ɾe | iʃaʔɨʐi | |
| 81 | smoke | isesɨ | tikaʐi ʃan | |
| 82 | fire | ʃikaɾi | tikaʐi | |
| 83 | ash | ʃikaɾuɓa | paɾitiɓi | |
| 84 | burn (intr.) | kaw-e | ɨ-kaʔawa-n | |
| 85 | path | ɗɨnu | ɗɨnapu | |
| 86 | mountain | ɾɨnɨ | miɗɨkɨu | |
| 87 | red | usa-sɨ | wɨʐa-ʔu | |
| 88 | green | ʧɨha-ɾe | kuʔuɾi-ʔu | |
| 89 | yellow | ʧɨha-ɾe | upaɾita-ʔu | |
| 90 | white | kɨse-ɾe | ɓaɾaka-ʔu | |
| 91 | black | uɗɨ-ɾe | puɗɨ-ʔu | |
| 92 | night | tɨɓokoʔa | aiwakaʔan | |
| 93 | hot | ɗʲiʧa-sɨ | wi(ː)ʧa-ʔu | |
| 94 | cold | ɾika-ɾe | waɗiɗi-ʔu | |
| 95 | full | etaɗa | paida-n | |
| 96 | new | wiʧakaɾi | paʔina-ʔu | |
| 97 | good | wĩja-ɾe | kaiman | |
| 98 | round | ajɓɨɓɨ-ɾe | kaɗaʐaɗa-ʔu | |
| 99 | dry | maɾaɓa-sɨ | maːɾa-n | |
| 100 | name | ɾɨ-ɾenka | ɨʔ-ɨː |