Pichilemu Explained

Official Name:Pichilemu
Nickname:Surf Capital (Capital del Surf)
Settlement Type:City
Flag Alt:Flag of Pichilemu.
Shield Alt:Coat of arms of Pichilemu.
Image Blank Emblem:Pichilemu Magico y Natural.jpg
Blank Emblem Type:Logo
Blank Emblem Size:100px
Mapsize:150px
Map Alt:Location of the Pichilemu commune in O'Higgins Region
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Region
Subdivision Name1:O'Higgins
Subdivision Type2:Province
Subdivision Name2:Cardenal Caro
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Cristian Pozo Parraguez (2021-2024)
Leader Title1:City Council
Established Title:Settled
Established Date:24 January 1544
Established Title2:Subdelegation created
Established Title3:Commune created
Established Date3:22 December 1891
Area Total Km2:749.1
Population As Of:2012 census
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Demonym:Pichilemino
Population Total:13,916
Population Density Km2:auto
Timezone:Chile Time (CLT)[2]
Utc Offset:-4
Timezone Dst:Chile Summer Time (CLST)[3]
Utc Offset Dst:-3
Pushpin Map:Chile
Pushpin Mapsize:280
Coordinates:-34.3919°N -72.0139°W
Elevation M:27
Postal Code Type:ZIP codes
Postal Code:3220478
Area Code:(+56) 72

Pichilemu (pronounced as /es/), originally known as Pichilemo,[4] is a beach resort city and commune in central Chile, and capital of Cardenal Caro Province in the O'Higgins Region. The commune comprises an urban centre and twenty-two villages, including Ciruelos, Cáhuil, and Cardonal de Panilonco. It is located southwest of Santiago. Pichilemu had over 13,000 residents as of 2012.

The Pichilemu area was long populated by the indigenous Promaucaes. European-Chilean development began in the mid-sixteenth century, as conquistador Pedro de Valdivia gave Juan Gómez de Almagro the Topocalma encomienda (which included the current territory of Pichilemu) in January 1541. Pichilemu was established as a subdelegation on 16 August 1867, and later as an "autonomous commune" on 22 December 1891, by decree of the President Jorge Montt and Interior Minister Manuel José Irarrázabal. Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean politician and member of the Ross Edwards family, planned to develop it as a beach resort on the Pacific Ocean for upper-class Chileans.

Pichilemu is home to five of the National Monuments of Chile: Agustín Ross Cultural Centre and Park; the wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu; El Árbol tunnel; and the Caballo de Agua. Part of the city was declared a Zona Típica ("Traditional Area" or "Heritage Site") by the National Monuments Council, in 2004.

The city is part of District No. 16 and is in the senatorial constituency of O'Higgins Region electoral division. Pichilemu is home to the main beach in O'Higgins Region. It is a tourist destination for surfing, windsurfing and funboarding.

Tourism is the main industry of the city, but forestry and handicrafts are also important. Pichilemu has many expansive dark sand beaches. Several surf championships take place in the city each year at Punta de Lobos.

History

See main article: History of Pichilemu. Pichilemu was inhabited by Promaucaes, a pre-Columbian tribal group, until the Spanish conquest of Chile.[5] They were hunter-gatherers and fishermen who lived primarily along the Cachapoal and Maule rivers. The remaining Promaucaes were assimilated into Chilean society through a process of hispanicisation and mestisation after the conquest of Chile.[6]

Aureliano Oyarzún, professor of pathology at University of Chile, investigated pre-Ceramic middens from Pichilemu and Cahuil. His book Crónicas de Pichilemu–Cáhuil (Chronicles of Pichilemu–Cáhuil) was published posthumously, in 1957.[7] Tomás Guevara published two volumes of Historia de Chile, Chile Prehispánico (History of Chile, Pre-Hispanic Chile) in 1929, which discusses the indigenous centre of Apalta, the Pichilemu middens, the Malloa petroglyphs, a stone cup from Nancagua, and pottery finds in Peralillo.

José Toribio Medina (1852–1930), who was a writer and historiographer, spent most of his life in Colchagua Province, and completed his first archeological investigations in Pichilemu. In 1908, he published Los Restos Indígenas de Pichilemu (English: The Indigenous Remains of Pichilemu),[8] [9] in which he stated that the Indians that were inhabiting Pichilemu when the Spaniards arrived at Chile were Promaucaes, part of the Topocalma encomienda, given on 24 January 1544, by Pedro de Valdivia to Juan Gómez de Almagro, therefore establishing Pichilemu.[8]

During the colonial and Republican periods, agriculture was promoted by the government. Many Chilean haciendas (estates) were successful during this time, including the Pichileminian Hacienda San Antonio de Petrel.[9] Part of the land where San Antonio de Petrel was created was given by the Captaincy General of Chile to Bartolomé de Rojas y Puebla in 1611, who later acquired more lands in order to establish it.[10] San Antonio de Petrel produced leather, jerky, soles, tallow, and cordovan, as well as other products which would later be exported to Peru, or sold in Santiago and Valparaíso.[10] San Antonio de Petrel was bordered by properties of Lauriano Gaete and Ninfa Vargas, and Pedro Pavez Polanco.

The area around Pichilemu was densely populated, especially in Cáhuil, where there are salt deposits that were exploited by natives. Pichilemu has had censuses taken since the 17th century.

In 1872, President of Chile Aníbal Pinto commissioned the corvette captain Francisco Vidal Gormaz to perform a survey of the coast between Tumán Creek and Boca del Mataquito. He concluded that Pichilemu was the best place to construct a ferry. The family of Daniel Ortúzar, inheritors of the hacienda San Antonio de Petrel, constructed a dock in 1875, which served as a fishing port for a few years, and would be decreed as a "minor dock" by President José Manuel Balmaceda in 1887.[11] [12] Homes were built along the dock on what currently is the Daniel Ortúzar Avenue (Avenida Daniel Ortúzar).[13] [14] The name Pichilemu comes from the Mapudungún words pichi (little) and lemu (forest).[15]

During the Civil War of 1891, Daniel Ortúzar and the priest of Alcones were transferred as prisoners from Pichilemu to Valparaíso via the dock,[16] [17] which was later burned. The dock was later reconstructed and used until 1912, but it never reached "port" status.

The inheritors of Lauriano Gaete and Ninfa Vargas, who were proprietors of the land which is currently Central Pichilemu, founded the town in late 1891 after conceiving the design of the city with engineer Emilio Nichón. By decree of President Jorge Montt and his Interior Minister, Manuel José Irarrázabal, the city was officially established as an "autonomous commune" on 22 December 1891.[17] [18] José María Caro Martínez became the first mayor of the city in 1894, and regularised and improved the design of the city the same year. Caro Martínez held the mayor office until 1905.

Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean writer, Member of Parliament, minister, and politician,[19] [20] [21] bought a 300ha tract of land, and named it La Posada, in 1885. At the time, it was merely a set of thick-walled barracks.

Agustín Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for affluent people from Santiago. He designed an urban setting that included a park and a forest of over 10ha.[22] He transformed La Posada into a hotel, named Gran Hotel Pichilemu, which has since been renamed to Hotel Agustín Ross. He built the Ross Casino (currently a cultural centre), several chalets, terraces, embankments, stone walls, a balcony facing the beach, and several large homes with building materials and furniture imported from France and England. However, Ross was not able to build the dock he had planned for the city.[23] He died in 1926 in Viña del Mar. Agustín Ross' inheritors donated all of his construction (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons, the balcony, and the terraces) to the Municipality of Pichilemu, on the condition that the municipality would hold them for recreation and public access. The Agustín Ross Casino, constructed in 1905, and the Agustín Ross Park, constructed in 1885, have since become an important part of the city, and have been declared Monumentos Históricos (Historic Monuments) by the National Monuments Council.

After the creation of the Cardenal Caro Province, by decree of General Augusto Pinochet on 3 October 1979, Pichilemu became its capital.[24] The province is named after the first Chilean Catholic Cardinal, José María Caro Rodríguez, who was born in Pichilemu.[11] [25] [26]

Pichilemu was severely affected by the 2010 Chile earthquake and its subsequent tsunami, which caused massive destruction in the coastal zone.[27] On 11 March 2010, at 11:39:41 (14:39:41 UTC), a magnitude 6.9 earthquake occurred 15km (09miles) northwest of Pichilemu,[28] [29] killing one person.[30]

Geography

Pichilemu is located 126km (78miles) west of San Fernando, in the westernmost area of the O'Higgins Region, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.[31] It is within a three-hour drive of the Andes Mountains.[32] It is near the Cordillera de la Costa (Coastal Mountain Range) which rises to 2000m (7,000feet) in elevation.[33]

The city is bordered by Litueche to the north, Paredones to the south, and Marchigüe and Pumanque to the east. To the west lies the Pacific Ocean.[34] Pichilemu covers an area of 749.1km2.[35]

Pichilemu is located close to a geological fault (Pichilemu Fault), which is according to reports between the city and Vichuquén at 15 km depth, 40 km in length and 20 km wide.[36] It is not known whether the fault was formed during the March 2010 earthquake or if it was just reactivated.[37]

Although the majority of the forest areas around Pichilemu are covered with pine and eucalyptus plantations, a native Maulino forest (now the Municipal Forest) remains. It contains species such as litres, quillayes, boldos, espinos, and peumos.

The city consists of an urban centre and twenty-two rural villages: Alto Colorado,[38] Alto Ramírez, Barrancas, Cáhuil, Cardonal de Panilonco, Ciruelos, Cóguil, El Maqui, El Guindo, Espinillo, Estación Larraín Alcalde, La Aguada, La Palmilla, La Villa, La Plaza, Las Comillas, Pueblo de Viudas, Quebrada del Nuevo Reino, Pañul, Rodeillo, San Antonio de Petrel, and Tanumé.[39]

Nearby bodies of water (apart from the Pacific Ocean) include the Estero Nilahue, which flows to Laguna Cáhuil, Estero Petrel, which flows to Laguna Petrel, and El Barro, El Bajel, and El Ancho lagoons, the latter of which provides the city with drinking water.

Pichilemu experiences a Mediterranean climate, with winter rains which reach 700mm.[39] [40] The rest of the year is dry, often windy, and sometimes with coastal fog. Occasionally the city receives winds as high as 150km/h.[41]

Demographics

By the 17th century, Pichilemu had 1,468 inhabitants.[42] In 1787, Pichilemu held 1,688 inhabitants, and the population rose to 11,829 by 1895.[43] [44] From there onward, the city's population progressively decreased: 7,787 inhabitants in 1907; 7,424 in 1920; 6,929 in 1930; and 6,570 in 1940.[45] In 1952, the city's population increased to 7,150 inhabitants; however, the 1960 census showed it decreased to 5,724 inhabitants,[46] and to 5,459 in 1970.[47] The number of people in Pichilemu reached 8,844 in 1982,[48] and in 1992, 10,510. As of the 2002 census, the population comprised 12,392 people, and 6,228 households.[49]

The 2002 census classified 9,459 people (76.3%) as living in an urban area and 2,933 people (23.7%) as living in a rural area, with 6,440 men (52.0%) and 5,952 women (48.0%). According to the 2002 Casen survey, 544 inhabitants (4.4%) of the population live in extreme poverty compared to the average in the greater O'Higgins Region of 4.5%, and 1,946 inhabitants (15.7%) live in mild poverty, compared to the regional average of 16.1%.[50]

The National Statistics Institute of Chile has estimated that, as of 2010, 78.96% of the inhabitants in the city were living in an urban area and 21.04% were living in a rural area, with 52.4% men and 47.5% women; the population density was estimated as 19.09 per square mile.[51] In the 2012 census, the population of Pichilemu was 13,916 inhabitants; although earlier estimates put it higher.[52]

Most of the people from Pichilemu are Catholic, as of the 2002 census, 7,611 persons (83.44%), well above the national and regional average (69.96% and 79.08%, respectively); the evangelical population is considerably lower, at only 689 people (7.55%); 361 (3.96%) said they were Atheists or Agnostic individuals, while the remaining 460 (5.04%) are part of other religions. Based on information from the Casen survey, twenty-four persons living in Pichilemu declared themselves as Aymaras in 2006, and in 2009, 390 people said they were part of the Mapuche indigenous ethnic group; the survey revealed no one living in Pichilemu claimed to be either of the Atacameños or of the Rapa Nui indigenous peoples.

Governance

See main article: Government of Pichilemu.

Pichilemu, along with the communes of San Fernando, Nancagua, Chimbarongo, Peumo, San Vicente de Tagua Tagua, Las Cabras, Placilla, Chépica, Santa Cruz, Pumanque, Palmilla, Peralillo, Navidad, Lolol, Litueche, La Estrella, Marchihue, and Paredones, is part of Electoral District No. 16 and belongs to the Senatorial Constituency (O'Higgins) of the electoral divisions of Chile.[53]

Pichilemu is governed by the mayor (alcalde), who manages the executive function. The City Council (concejo municipal) manages the legislative function. The mayors and the councilors are elected popularly every four years, with possibility of re-election.[54] The current mayor of Pichilemu is Cristian Pozo Parraguez (independent), elected in May 2021. The councilors are Danilo Robles Cáceres, Mario Morales Cárceles, Sofía Yávar Ramírez, José Luis Cabrera Jorquera, Tobías Acuña Csillag, and Hugo Toro Galaz. Both the mayor and the councilors took office on 28 June 2021, and their term will expire on 6 December 2024.

The Pichilemu Police, known in Spanish as Carabineros de Pichilemu, and officially Tercera Comisaría de Carabineros de Pichilemu, are commanded by Ítalo Roco Soto. The police station is located in front of the former Pichilemu post office building, in Daniel Ortúzar avenue.[55]

Economy

Tourism is the main industry of Pichilemu, especially in the urban centre and some rural areas such as Cáhuil and Ciruelos. Forestry, mainly pine and eucalyptus, is another major industry. The area is also known for handicrafts.[39] Although fishing is not very important to O'Higgins Region, due to unsuitable coastlines, it is common in Pichilemu, Bucalemu, and Navidad.

Pichilemu has a clay deposit in the Pañul area.[9] According to archaeological investigations, pottery was first manufactured in the area around 300 BCE. It is still a stalwart today — Ciruelos and El Copao are well known for the pottery created there.[56]

Landmarks

The Bosque Municipal (Municipal Forest) was donated by the Ross family in 1935. The main access to the forest is in front of Ross Casino, near Paseo el Sol; or by a road near the Colegio Preciosa Sangre. The forest has a footpath surrounded by palms, pines, and many other varieties of trees.[57]

Conchal Indígena (Indigenous Midden) is an archaeological site of pre-Hispanic times. It is located on the site of an ancient fishing village 1km (01miles) from Punta de Lobos and 0.3km (00.2miles) south of Los Curas Lagoon.[58] Laguna Los Curas (Los Curas Lagoon) is a natural area used for eco-tourist activities such as fishing located 7km (04miles) south of Pichilemu. Another lagoon, the Laguna del Perro (The Dog's Lagoon) is located 8.5km (05.3miles) south of Pichilemu. It is used for recreational activities.

Laguna El Alto (El Alto Lagoon) is a small, rain-fed lagoon located at Chorrillos Beach that is often used for camping and picnics. The lagoon is an hour and a half drive from Pichilemu, traveling to the north by Chorrillos beach. Poza del Encanto is a lagoon located 30km (20miles) from Pichilemu. It is home to a large variety of native fauna.[59] The Estero Nilahue (Nilahue Lagoon) is located 15km (09miles) from Pichilemu. It has several beaches, including El Bronce, El Maquí, and Laguna El Vado.[60]

St. Andrew Church is located in Ciruelos, 13km (08miles) from Pichilemu. It was constructed in 1779, and its altar was built in the 1940s. It has a harmonium, confessional boxes, and ancient images of saints. Its original image of St. Andrew was made of papier mache. The old parish was created by Archbishop Rafael Valentín Valdivieso in 1864. Cardinal José María Caro Rodríguez was baptized there. The feast day of St. Andrew is celebrated every 30 November at the church.

The Museo del Niño Rural (the Rural Kid Museum) was created as an initiative of teacher Carlos Leyton and his students. It is a modern building that utilises traditional architecture. Three rooms contain a collection of stone tools, arrowheads, and clay tools made by the indigenous people of the region. Also on display are domestic tools from early colonists.[61]

El Copao is a hamlet located 14km (09miles) east of Pichilemu. Its main industry is domestic pottery production, using clay as a raw material. Pañul is a settlement located from Pichilemu. Its name in Mapudungun means "medicinal herb." Pañul produces pottery made with locally obtained clay.[62] Cáhuil is a small settlement located south of Pichilemu. Its name in Mapudungun means "parrot place". Cahuil lagoon is used for fishing, swimming, and kayaking; kiteboarding lessons are offered on the lagoon. The Cáhuil Bridge is open to motor traffic, and has a view of the Cahuil zone. The bridge provides access to Curicó, Lolol, Bucalemu, and other nearby places.

Pichilemu was declared a Typical Zone by the National Monuments Council of Chile, by decree No. 1097 on 22 December 2004.[63]

The city is home to five other National Monuments: Ross Park, Ross Casino, El Árbol Tunnel, the wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu, and Caballo de Agua.[64]

Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

See main article: Agustín Ross Cultural Centre.

The current Cultural Centre, in front of Ross Park, is a three-floor casino constructed with imported materials in the early 1900s by Agustín Ross. It originally housed a mail and telegraph service, with a large store. The first casino in Chile was opened in this building on 20 January 1906.[65] [66] It operated until 1932, when the Viña del Mar Casino was opened.[67]

The building was renovated and reopened in 2009 as a cultural arts center. It currently houses several gallery spaces and the public library. During its restoration, workers found many historical artifacts, including a copy of Spanish; Castilian: [[Las Últimas Noticias]] from February 1941 when Ross Casino served as a hotel; an American telephone battery dating from the period of 1909 to 1915; and a tile from the casino's ceiling signed by workers during the building's construction in 1914.[68]

Ross Park, created by Agustín Ross in 1885, contains hundred-year-old native Chilean palms (Phoenix canariensis) and many green spaces. It was restored in December 1987, and is now a popular walking destination.[69] [70] The former casino was named National Monuments in 1988.[71]

Ross hotel was created by Agustín Ross in 1885, and originally named Great Hotel Pichilemu (Gran Hotel Pichilemu). It is one of the oldest hotels in Chile. Although it is still partially open to guests, it is in a state of disrepair.

Railway station

See main article: Estación Pichilemu.

The old wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu, constructed around 1925, is one of the National Monuments of Chile. In the O'Higgins Region, 357km (222miles) of railway lines were constructed, but only 161km (100miles) still exist.[72] The 119km (74miles) San Fernando–Pichilemu section was constructed between 1869 and 1926. Passenger services operated on the line until 1986 and freight services were operational until 1995. In 2006, the Peralillo–Pichilemu section was removed completely.[73]

It remained in operation until the 1990s, and became a National Monument on 16 September 1994. It has since become an arts and culture centre and tourism information office. It exhibits decorative and practical objects from the 1920s, and features many old clothes.[69]

Beaches

Pichilemu has several expansive dark sand beaches. The water is cool all year-round, and many tourists choose to swim at the shore break during the summer months. Common activities include bodyboarding, surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing.[74]

The northernmost of the beaches is Playa Las Terrazas or Playa Principal (The Terraces Beach or Main Beach), which is in front of Ross Park. It is popular for surfing. Near the beach and at Ross Park, there are balustrades and long stairs dating from the early 1900s. There is a balcony over the rocks at the southern end of the beach. It is the busiest during the summer months. Several surf schools, such as La Ola Perfecta, and Lobos del Pacífico, are located nearby, as is the fish market at Fishermen Creek.

Located south of the town and around the other side of the Puntilla, Playa Infiernillo (Little Hell Beach) is rocky and has tide-pools. This area is used for fishing. South of Infiernillo is Playa Hermosa (Beautiful Beach), which is popular for walking and fishing.

Further south, 6km (04miles) from Pichilemu, Punta de Lobos has a beach sheltered from the southern winds. It is an increasingly popular destination for tourists and surfers.[75] Several surf contests are held there every year.[76] The size of waves varies throughout the year. Large swells in fall and winter can reach heights of up to . It is widely considered one of the best beaches for surfing worldwide.[77] In 2012, it was named one of the "50 most thrilling surf destinations".[78]

Pichilemu is regarded as the prime location for surfing in Chile, particularly at Punta de Lobos.[79] [80] [81] Every October and December, an International Championship of Surf is held at La Puntilla Beach.[82] Punta de Lobos hosts the Campeonato Nacional de Surf (National Surfing Championship) every summer.[83] [84]

Media

There is one local print newspaper in circulation: La Voz de la Región ("The Voice of the Region"), published every two weeks, first appeared on 2 January 2014, and is directed by Patricio Flores Retamales.[85] Two others have ceased publication in recent years: El Expreso de la Costa ("The Express of the Coast"), a monthly newspaper directed by Félix Calderón Vargas, published between 2000 and 2015;[86] and El Faro del Secano ("The Dryland's Lighthouse"), founded in November 2013 by local journalist Óscar Rojas Connell and distributed until 2015.[87] [88] [89]

Radio services come from Radio Entreolas, Radio Atardecer, Radio Somos Pichilemu (directed by former Mayor Jorge Vargas González and his wife and current Councilor Andrea Aranda), Radio Isla,[90] and Radio Corporación.[91] A television channel, Canal 3 Pichilemu, also broadcasts in the area.[92]

Education

Education establishments in Pichilemu include Liceo Agustín Ross Edwards (Agustín Ross Edwards High School); a secondary school in El Llano; the primary and secondary school named Charly's School,[93] and the primary school Escuela Digna Camilo Aguilar (Digna Camilo Aguilar School), both also located in El Llano;[94] Colegio Libertadores (Liberators School), a primary school in Infiernillo; Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre (Precious Blood School), a primary and secondary school located near El Llano; Colegio Divino Maestro (Divine Master School), a primary school located near Cáhuil Avenue; Escuela Pueblo de Viudas (Pueblo de Viudas School), a primary school in Pueblo de Viudas; and Jardín Amanecer (Dawn Garden), a kindergarten school in El Llano.[95]

Higher education first arrived at Pichilemu in 1970, when the Centro Medio Profesional de Pichilemu (Pichilemu Secondary-Professional Centre) was created; however, it was discontinued the next year.[96] In 2002, thirty-one years after the Centro Medio Profesional was discontinued, the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano (Academy of Christian Humanism University) began to give classes of Engineering in Public Gesture Management, and Engineering in Environment Gesture Management. The university worked at the dependencies of Liceo Agustín Ross Edwards until 2008. At least ten people obtained their professional titles, while other ten are still in the process of obtaining their titles, as of December 2011.[97] In November 2011, Governor of Cardenal Caro Province Julio Ibarra announced that an institute of higher education would be brought to the province,[98] whose name, Instituto Profesional IPG (IPG Professional Institute), was disclosed one month later.[97] During the inauguration of the 2012 school year in Pichilemu, Education Regional Secretary Minister (Seremi) Pedro Larraín said IPEGE would work in the dependencies of Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre of Pichilemu.[99]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Codigo 6201, Pichilemu, Web site: Comisión Externa Revisora del Censo 2012 . Anexo 1. Población Reportada a Nivel Comunal . Al Informe Final: Anexos . August 2013. es . National Statistics Institute (INE) . 41 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141203004548/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/comision_investigadora/nacional/anexos_comision_externa_revisora-comision-nacional.pdf . 3 December 2014.
  2. Web site: Chile Time . 5 May 2007 . World-Time-Zones.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm. 11 September 2007. dead.
  3. Web site: Chile Summer Time . 5 May 2007 . World-Time-Zones.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm. 11 September 2007. dead.
  4. Pichilemo (Puerto de).
  5. Web site: del Río Pereira – Blanca, Carmen . Historia regional desde la llegada del español hasta el siglo XIX : Los pueblos precolombinos . Regional History from the Arrival of the Spanish until the 19th Century: The Pre-Columbian peoples . Pro-O'Higgins Tagle Arduengo . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012002/http://www.pro-ohiggins.cl/libro/cuerpo/2_2_1.html. 7 July 2011. dead.
  6. Book: Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino . 1915 . Conflicto y armonías de las razas en América . Conflict and harmony of the races in America . es . Buenos Aires : "La Cultura Argentina" . 11 September 2010 .
  7. Book: Oyarzún, Aureliano . Crónicas de Pichilemu–Cahuil . Chronicles of Pichilemu–Cáhuil. Imprenta Universitaria, Publicaciones del Museo de Etnología y Antropología de Chile, Nº 4 and 5, Year I . 1957 . es.
  8. Book: Medina, José Toribio . José Toribio Medina . 1908 . Los restos indígenas de Pichilemu . The indigenous remains of Pichilemu . es . Imprenta Cervantes . 20 July 2010.
  9. Book: Región de O'Higgins: Breve relación del patrimonio natural y cultural . O'Higgins Region: Brief relationship of the natural and cultural heritage . Carmen del Río Pereira Blanca Tagle Arduengo . Pro-O'Higgins . 2009 . es.
  10. Web site: Historia regional desde la llegada del español hasta el siglo XIX: Actividades económicas. Carmen del Río Pereira Blanca Tagle Arduengo . 2009 . es. Pro-O'Higgins . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306182539/http://www.pro-ohiggins.cl/libro/cuerpo/2_2_3.html . 6 March 2012. dead.
  11. Book: León Vargas, Victor . En Nuestra Tierra Huasa de Colchagua. Energía y Motores. . In Our Huasa Land of Colchagua: Energy and Motors. . Ed. Museo de Colchagua – Impresos Universitaria, S.A. . . 1996 . es.
  12. Web site: Puerto en Pichilemu: Histórica Bitácora del Engaño . Port in Pichilemu: Historical Log of the Deception. Saldías, Washington . Washington Saldías González . Pichilemu News . es . 16 November 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124810/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2006/11/01068-puerto-en-pichilemu-historica-bitacora-del-engano.html . 1 March 2012. live.
  13. Web site: Reseña Histórica de Pichilemu . Historical overview of Pichilemu . DePichilemu . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130130183417/http://www.depichilemu.cl/historia.htm . 30 January 2013 . dead . 14 April 2010 .
  14. Web site: AO501-1 Taller de Diseño Arquitectonico 1 2010, Semestre Otoño . Muñoz Hernandez . Marisol D. . AO501-1 Architectural Design Workshop 1 2010, Autumn Semester . Universidad de Chile . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012955/https://www.u-cursos.cl/fau/2010/1/AO501/1/material_alumnos/bajar?id_material=10442. 7 July 2011. dead.
  15. Web site: Diccionario Mapuche . Mapuche Dictionary . Escolares.net . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20100612035318/http://escolares.net/descripcion.php?ide=563 . 12 June 2010. dead.
  16. Book: Núñez Pinto, Jorge . 2003 . es . 1891, Crónica de la Guerra Civil . 1891, Chronicle of the Civil War . Santiago . . 38 . 956-282-527-2 .
  17. Web site: Pichilemu y su historia . es . Pichilemu . https://web.archive.org/web/20060113014458/http://www.pichilemu.cl/turismo/historia/index.htm . dead . 13 January 2006 . 3 February 2011 . dmy-all .
  18. Web site: Alcaldes, regidores y concejales de la comuna de Pichilemu . Mayors, aldermen and councilors of the commune of Pichilemu . . Saldías, Washington . Washington Saldías González . 2 August 2007 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124852/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2007/08/01679-alcaldes-regidores-y-concejales-de-la-comuna-de-pichilemu.html . 1 March 2012 . dead . 15 August 2010 .
  19. Book: Millas, Hernán . 2005 . La Sagrada Familia . The Sacred Family. es . Editorial Planeta. 956-247-381-3.
  20. Web site: Don Agustín Ross Edwards: A 166 años del natalicio del impulsor del balneario de Pichilemu. Sir Agustín Ross Edwards: 166 years from the birth of the promoter of the Pichilemu resort. Pichilemu News. Saldías, Washington . 5 February 2010. es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124833/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2010/02/03270-don-agustin-ross-edwards-a-166-anos-del-natalicio-del-impulsor-del-balneario-de-pichilemu.html. 1 March 2012. live.
  21. Web site: Agustín Ross Edwards – Senador. Agustín Ross Edwards – Senator. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120722093721/http://historiapolitica.bcn.cl/resenas_parlamentarias/wiki/Agust%c3%adn_Ross_Edwards . live. 22 July 2012.
  22. Book: Chile and Easter Island . Beech, Charlotte . Attwooll, Jolyon . Kohnstamm, Thomas . Thomas Kohnstamm . Nystrom, Andrew Dean . 2006 . Footscray, Victoria, Australia . 138 . . 978-1-74059-997-9.
  23. Web site: Casino (antiguo) de Pichilemu y los Jardínes del Parque Agustin Ross . (Old) Casino of Pichilemu and the Gardens of the Agustín Ross Park . . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130622175721/http://www.monumentos.cl/OpenSupport_Monumento/asp/PopUpFicha/ficha_publica.asp?monumento=1173 . 22 June 2013 . dead . 6 December 2009 . dmy-all .
  24. News: Provincia Cardenal Caro de cumpleaños. Saldías. Washington. 3 October 2005. Pichilemu News. es. Pichilemu, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301125153/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2005/10/00370-provincia-cardenal-caro-de-cumpleanos.html. 1 March 2012. dead. 3 February 2011.
  25. Web site: Chile . . https://web.archive.org/web/20130303215841/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/chile/cl_appen.html . 3 March 2013. live.
  26. Web site: Cardenal Caro. VI.cl . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20120227084803/http://www.vi.cl/secciones/turismo/cardenal_caro.html. 27 February 2012. live.
  27. Web site: Pichilemu queda devastado tras el tsunami que afectó a la zona costera . Pichilemu devastated after tsunami that affected coastal area . Radio Bío Bío . es . 2 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110815161711/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2010/03/02/pichilemu-queda-devastado-tras-el-tsunami-que-afecto-a-la-zona-costera.shtml . 15 August 2011. live.
  28. Web site: Informe de Sismo. . Earthquake Report. . University of Chile . 11 March 2010 . es . https://archive.today/20120715081110/http://sismologia.cl/events/sensibles/2010/03/20100311143929.html . 15 July 2012. dead.
  29. Web site: Magnitude 6.9 – LIBERTADOR O'HIGGINS, CHILE . . 11 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130213071803/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010tsa6.php . 13 February 2013 . dead . 8 September 2017 . dmy-all .
  30. News: Hombre fallece en Talca de un paro cardíaco en medio de fuertes réplicas . Man dies in Talca of a heart attack amidst strong aftershocks . . 11 March 2010 . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120226042937/http://www.latercera.com/contenido/680_233172_9.shtml. live . 26 February 2012.
  31. Encyclopedia: . 2008 . Pichilemu. https://web.archive.org/web/20130212052023/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/459359/Pichilemu . 12 February 2013. live .
  32. Web site: Pichilemu to San Fernando. Google Maps . 16 December 2009 . 27 February 2013. live. https://archive.today/20130227030723/http://maps.google.cl/maps?f=d&source=s_d&hl=es&geocode=&saddr=pichilemu&daddr=san+fernando&sll=-34.584006,-70.987426&sspn=0.065435,0.154324&g=san+fernando&ie=UTF8&z=10 .
  33. Web site: Relieve Región Libertador B. O'Higgins . Geomorphology of Libertador B. O'Higgins Region . Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20120310085706/http://siit2.bcn.cl/nuestropais/region6/relieve.htm. 10 March 2012. live.
  34. Web site: Pichilemu antes . Pichilemu before . Pichilemu.cl . es .
  35. Web site: O'Higgins Region Statistics 2002 census . es . National Statistics Institute of Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20130226184946/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo2002/mapa_interactivo/sexta.swf. 26 February 2013 . live.
  36. News: Pichilemu tiene falla geológica que genera oleada de réplicas en esa zona. Pichilemu has geological fault that generates wave of aftershocks in that area. Fernández. O.. 22 May 2010 . La Tercera. es . Santiago, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20120303085454/http://latercera.com/contenido/680_261687_9.shtml. 3 March 2012. live.
  37. News: Sismólogos advierten sobre la activación de fallas después del terremoto. Seismologists warn about activation of faults after the earthquake. Correa. Paula. Radio Universidad de Chile. Universidad de Chile. es . Santiago, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20130404141245/http://radio.uchile.cl/noticias/72407/. 4 April 2013. live.
  38. Alto Colorado.
  39. Web site: Carla Ramírez Lechuga . Edificio Consistorial I. Municipalidad de Pichilemu . Town Hall Illustrious Municipality of Pichilemu . . 2007 . es . https://www.webcitation.org/6Ej2M8gTn?url=http://www.tesis.uchile.cl/tesis/uchile/2004/ramirez_c2/sources/ramirez_c2.pdf . 26 February 2013 . dead . 26 February 2013 .
  40. Web site: Clima de Chile Región Libertador Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins . Weather of Chile: Libertador Gral. Bernardo O'Higgins Region . Castor y Polux Ltda. . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20121108100008/http://mapasdechile.com/clima_region06/index.htm . 8 November 2012. live.
  41. Web site: Balnearios con Historia (III) . Beach resorts with history (III) . es . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625074941/http://melisa-recorridoporlasextaregion.blogspot.nl/2008/01/el-que-fuera-el-ms-glamoroso-de-los.html . 25 June 2022. live.
  42. Web site: Censo de 1787: La Superintendencia y el Diputado de Cáhuil, José González. 1787 Census: The Superintendence and the Deputy of Cáhuil, José González. es. Saldías, Washington. Washington Saldías González. PichilemuNews. 11 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124658/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/11/03185-censo-de-1787-la-superintendencia-y-el-diputado-de-cahuil-jose-gonzalez.html. 1 March 2012. dead. 5 December 2009.
  43. Book: Grez, Vicente. Imprenta i encuadernación Barcelona. Noticia preliminar del censo jeneral de la República de Chile levantado el 28 de noviembre de 1895. 1896. Oficina Central de Estadística. 136.
  44. Note: As pointed out above, this number includes several villages which now are not part of Pichilemu
  45. Book: Región de O'Higgins: Breve Relación del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural . es . O'Higgins Region: Brief Relationship of the Natural and Cultural Heritage. del Río Pereira, Carmen . Tagle Arduengo, Blanca . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929003505/http://www.pro-ohiggins.cl/libro/cuerpo/3_1_4.html. 29 September 2011. dead.
  46. Impacto local de la introducción de la artesanía de greda en Pañul. Boletín de Geografía. Departamento de Historia y Geografía de la Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20150821202634/http://www.boletindegeografia.cl/PDF/019-005.pdf. 21 August 2015. dead. 15 May 2012.
  47. Book: Características básicas de la población, censo 1970: XIV censo de población y III de vivienda. 1–9. 1970. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. es. 20.
  48. Book: Compendio estadístico. 1986 . Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chile). es. 4.
  49. Web site: División Político Administrativa y Censal Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. 2007. National Statistics Institute of Chile. es. 14 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20111011121325/http://www.ineohiggins.cl/archivos/files/pdf/DivisionPoliticoAdministrativa/ohiggins.pdf. 11 October 2011. dead.
  50. Web site: PICHILEMU: Historia, estadísticas, mapas . Pichilemu: History, statistics, maps . Mi Balcón . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130623063849/http://mibalcon.cl/vi-reg/hist156.htm. dead . 23 June 2013.
  51. Web site: Ficha Comunal Pichilemu. 2010. National Municipal Information Service (Servicio Nacional de Información Municipal). es. https://web.archive.org/web/20120330195654/http://www.sinim.gov.cl/ficha_comunal/fcomunal.php?id_muni=06201&ano=2009&periodo=A. 30 March 2012. dead. 15 August 2011. dmy-all.
  52. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160323051744/http://reportescomunales.bcn.cl/index.php/Pichilemu. 23 March 2016. dead. Pichilemu. 2012. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. es. Valparaíso, Chile. 3 June 2012. dmy-all.
  53. Web site: Circunscripción 9 . Ministerio del Interior . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20091214153243/http://www.elecciones.gov.cl/Sitio2009/p-cs9.htm. 14 December 2009. dead.
  54. Web site: Chile: Political Organization / Organización Política. 17 February 2005. Political Database of the Americas. https://web.archive.org/web/20121004232825/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Decen/Chile/chile.html . 4 October 2012. live. University of Georgetown. es.
  55. Web site: Carabineros – 3ª Comisaria Pichilemu. Amarillas. 2010. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20140502143114/http://portal.amarillas.com/Rancagua,VI/Amarillas/Carabineros-3-Comisaria-Pichilemu/profile/bIGBA. 2 May 2014. live. 26 February 2013. dmy-all.
  56. Book: Una aproximación a nuestras raíces indígenas . An approximation to our indigenous roots. Carmen del Río . M. Blanca Tagle . amp . Editorial Platero . . 1998 . es.
  57. Web site: Atractivos Turísticos Cardenal Caro . Touristic Attractions of Cardenal Caro . De Colchagua . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306181957/http://www.decolchagua.cl/secciones/turismo/cardenal_caro.html. 6 March 2012. live.
  58. Web site: Atractivos Turísticos Cardenal Caro . VI.cl . 15 December 2009 . es.
  59. Web site: Lugares . Places . Pichilemu.net . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306181833/http://www.pichilemu.net/Link/lugar.htm . live . 6 March 2012 .
  60. Web site: Los Imperdibles de Pichilemu . The Unforgettables of Pichilemu . El Rancahuaso . El Rancahuaso Staff . April 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227142357/http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/17439&print=true. 27 February 2012. live.
  61. Web site: Museo "Del niño rural" . Museum "of the Rural Kid" . VI.cl . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20130125051846/http://vi.cl/museosycasaspatronales/museociruelos . live . 25 January 2013.
  62. Web site: Pañul . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306181911/http://www.depichilemu.cl/panul.htm . 6 March 2012. live . DePichilemu . es.
  63. Web site: Sector de Pichilemu . Pichilemu area . . Christian Matzner . 22 December 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124128/http://www.monumentos.cl/OpenSupport_Monumento/asp/PopUpFicha/ficha_publica.asp?monumento=595 . 1 March 2012 . dead . 5 December 2009 . dmy-all .
  64. Web site: Cinco Monumentos Nacionales, Una Zona Típica en Pichilemu y el Día del Patrimonio Nacional. https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124718/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2008/05/02263-cinco-monumentos-nacionales-una-zona-tipica-en-pichilemu-y-el-dia-del-patrimonio-nacional.html . 1 March 2012. live . Five National Monuments, a Traditional Area in Pichilemu and the Day of the National Heritage. es . Saldías, Washington . Pichilemu News. 22 May 2008 .
  65. Book: Pichilemu: Mis fuentes de información . Pichilemu: My information sources. es . El Promoucae . Antonio Saldías González . 1990 . 12 January 2010.
  66. Web site: Pichilemu . Chile.com. Chile.com . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20080326164903/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=97835 . 26 March 2008. dead.
  67. Web site: Identidad local y Casino Ross de Pichilemu . Local identity and Ross Casino of Pichilemu . . . es . 14 January 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124826/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2007/01/01231-identidad-local-y-casino-ross-de-pichilemu.html. 1 March 2012. live.
  68. Web site: Hallazgos históricos en la obra de restauración del ex casino Ross de Pichilemu . Historical findings in the work of restoration of the former Ross Casino of Pichilemu. . Beatriz Valenzuela . 29 October 2007 . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20120227141959/http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/11636 . live . 27 February 2012.
  69. Web site: Atractivos de nuestra región. Hoy: Pichilemu . https://web.archive.org/web/20120416092252/http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/admin/render/noticia/7987 . 16 April 2012 . live. Attractions of our region. Today: Pichilemu. . María José Muñoz . 24 February 2007 . es.
  70. Web site: VI Región Playas . VI Region: Beaches. Chile.com . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20090224102627/http://chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=1146. 24 February 2009. dead.
  71. Web site: Monumentos Nacionales de la VI Región . National Monuments of the VI Region . VI.cl . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227084756/http://www.vi.cl/secciones/turismo/monumentos.html . 27 February 2012. live.
  72. Web site: Historia del ferrocarril San Fernando a Pichilemu . https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124758/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2007/12/01907-historia-del-ferrocarril-san-fernando-a-pichilemu.html. 1 March 2012. live. History of the San Fernando to Pichilemu railway. . Benedicto González . 2 December 2007 . es.
  73. Web site: Historia del Ferrocarril San Fernando a Pichilemu . History of the San Fernando to Pichilemu railway . De Colchagua . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130703183306/http://www.decolchagua.cl/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4349 . 3 July 2013 . live . 26 December 2015 . dmy-all .
  74. Web site: Al Compás de las Olas . To the rhythm of the waves . Chile.com . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120229043924/http://www.chile.com/secciones/ver_seccion.php?id=25596 . 29 February 2012 . dead . 11 August 2010 . dmy-all .
  75. Web site: Surfin' in Pichilemu . https://web.archive.org/web/20080725095602/http://www.pichilemu.cl/turismo/surf/Ingles/ . dead . 25 July 2008 . Pichilemu . es . 5 December 2009 . dmy-all .
  76. Web site: Pichilemu surfing championship. Turismo Libertador. 2013. Sernatur (Chile's national tourism service) . Rancagua, Chile. es . https://web.archive.org/web/20140511221824/http://www.turismolibertador.cl/en/what-to-do/category-detail-campeonatos+de+surf+en+pichilemu-TlRRPStE-T0RjPStE/ . 11 May 2014 . dead.
  77. Web site: Pichilemu . Educasitios–educ.ar . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306181833/http://educasitios.educ.ar/grupo1176/?q=node/52 . 6 March 2012 . dead . 22 November 2018 . dmy-all .
  78. Book: Power, Chris. Surf Travel: The Complete Guide. The Planet's 50 Most Thrilling Surf Destinations . 10 September 2012. Orca Publications. 978-0-9523646-9-6. 68. Newquay, Cornwall, UK.
  79. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120402175723/http://pichilemunews.blogcindario.com/2009/08/03105-tercer-campeonato-estudiantil-de-surf-2009-todo-un-exito.html . 2 April 2012. live. Tercer Campeonato Estudiantil de Surf 2009: todo un éxito . Third Student Surf Championship 2009: a success. . es . 31 August 2009 . Saldías, Washington.
  80. Book: Fodor's Chile: Including Argentine Patagonia . Fodor's . Taplan, Alan . Random House . New York . 2008 . 978-1-4000-1967-0 . 218 .
  81. Web site: Surfistas esperan "la gran ola" en Pichilemu . https://web.archive.org/web/20120708013154/http://www.chilevision.cl/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=169249&Itemid=81 . 8 July 2012 . dead . Surfers wait for "the great wave" in Pichilemu . . es . 6 January 2010 . dmy-all . (Video)
  82. Web site: Pichilemu . VI.cl . es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130126095439/http://vi.cl/ciudadesyatractivos/pichilemu. 26 January 2013. live.
  83. News: Pichilemu convoca a mejores surfistas del mundo para participar en evento extremo . Pichilemu convokes the best surfers of the world to participate in extreme event . . Angela Neira . 2 April 2010 . es. https://web.archive.org/web/20120303084856/http://latercera.com/contenido/680_238850_9.shtml . 3 March 2012. live .
  84. News: Mundial de Surf en Olas Gigantes entraría al agua la próxima semana . World Surf [Championship] in Giant waves to begin next week . . Carlos Jimeno Ocares . es . 1 August 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120927033619/http://www.emol.com/noticias/deportes/2008/08/01/315673/mundial-de-surf-en-olas-gigantes-entraria-al-agua-la-proxima-semana.html. 27 September 2012. live.
  85. Web site: La Voz de la región. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. 11 May 2014. Santiago, Chile. es.
  86. Web site: El expreso de la costa. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. 13 July 2013. es . Santiago, Chile.
  87. Web site: Cumplimos nada menos que 14 años de vida "online" como Pichilemunews, continuador del periódico "Pichilemu". Saldías. Washington. Washington Saldías González. 14 January 2014. es. Pichilemu, Chile . https://web.archive.org/web/20140511223429/http://www.pichilemunews.cl/detalle.php?id=5367. 11 May 2014.
  88. News: Club Aéreo de Pichilemu: más de 300 personas "se volaron" en circuíto aéreo por radio urbano y rural. https://web.archive.org/web/20140511224936/http://www.pichilemunews.cl/detalle.php?id=6309. 11 May 2014. Washington. Saldías. Washington Saldías González. 21 April 2014. Pichilemu, Chile. Pichilemu News.
  89. Web site: Gobernadora Teresa Núñez sostiene reunión desayuno con los medios de comunicación de Pichilemu. es. Gobernación Provincial de Cardenal Caro. 20 March 2014. Pichilemu, Chile . 11 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140511224926/http://www.gobernacioncardenalcaro.gov.cl/n272_20-03-2014.html.
  90. Web site: Agradecimientos por su velatón del 13 de agosto del 2012. Familia de José Rubau. Pichilemu News. 2012. es . https://web.archive.org/web/20130226192910/http://www.pichilemunews.cl/cartas.php . 26 February 2013. live.
  91. Web site: Radio Corporación de Pichilemu. https://web.archive.org/web/20130530102848/http://corporacionpichilemu.com/ . 30 May 2013. dead . 4 November 2011 . Radio Corporación de Pichilemu. es . Pichilemu, Chile.
  92. News: https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113349/http://www.elciudadano.cl/2010/05/29/22698/canal-3-de-pichilemu-television-comunitaria-desde-la-sexta-region/ . 6 November 2012. live. Canal 3 de Pichilemu: Televisión comunitaria desde la Sexta Región. Canal 3 of Pichilemu: Community television from the sixth region. Cornejo. Cristóbal. El Ciudadano. Mentes X Comunicaciones. es . Los Ríos Region, Chile.
  93. Web site: Ficha Establecimiento (Charly's School) . SIMCE . . es . 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20110831102310/http://www.simce.cl/simce/index.php?id=228&iRBD=15522&iVRBD=5&iNivel=0&iAnio=. 31 August 2011. dead.
  94. Web site: Ficha Establecimiento (Digna Camilo Aguilar) . SIMCE . es . . 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831102336/http://www.simce.cl/simce/index.php?id=228&iRBD=11261&iVRBD=5&iNivel=0&iAnio= . 31 August 2011. dead.
  95. Web site: Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. Ministry of Education of Chile. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20130521023622/http://www.mineduc.cl/index2.php?id_seccion=722&id_portal=7&id_contenido=4326. 21 May 2013. live. 6 July 2010. dmy-all.
  96. Book: Boletín de las sesiones. 4. Congreso Nacional de Chile, Cámara de Diputados, Senado. 1971. Imprenta Nacional. es. 3405.
  97. News: 6 carreras técnicas dictará Instituto Profesional en Pichilemu. https://www.webcitation.org/6EGBmNEND?url=http://document.issuu.com/111224214625-a19046c1c5eb413badf2bd236527f8b4/original.file?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJY7E3JMLFKPAGP7A&Expires=1360266026&Signature=4rZnpl69uhZOlvY3Jk86rBRQ2Nc=. 7 February 2013. live. Calderón. Félix. December 2011. El Expreso de la Costa. Impresos América. 8. es. Pichilemu, Chile. 5 May 2012. dmy-all.
  98. News: Gobierno del Presidente Piñera trae la Educación Superior para Cardenal Caro. Calderón. Félix. November 2011. El Expreso de la Costa. Impresos América. 3. es. Pichilemu, Chile. https://www.webcitation.org/6Ejdx8WM0?url=https://doc-14-60-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/securesc/ha0ro937gcuc7l7deffksulhg5h7mbp1/bcm443l1lbi5ntm0oul09j3ef2j9crd4/1361930400000/03878218933758081009/*/0B0avc7X-1skeZGloZmp1REtWRUE?e=download. 27 February 2013. live. 5 May 2012. dmy-all.
  99. News: En Pichilemu: Año Escolar se inauguró con nuevo Instituto de Educación Superior. 2 April 2012. El Rancagüino. Sociedad Informativa Regional. es. Rancagua, Chile. https://web.archive.org/web/20140305222838/http://www.elrancaguino.cl/rancaguino/noticias.php?cod=269. 5 March 2014. dead. 26 February 2013. dmy-all.

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