Phytophthora hydropathica explained

Phytophthora hydropathica is an oomycete plant pathogen that is found in aquatic environments such as irrigation and river water. The pathogen was previously classified as P. drechsleri Dre II before being categorized as its own distinct species. P. hydropathica has been primarily found in association with ornamental plant nurseries. The pathogen has been isolated throughout the Southern United States, as well as internationally in Mexico, Italy, and Spain.

Etymology

The species name hydropathica is composed of the word elements hydro, meaning "water" and pathica, referring to the pathogenicity.[1]

Hosts and symptoms

P. hydropathica has been shown to naturally infect a number of different plants including Catawba rhododendron, English Roseum rhododendron,[2] mountain laurel,[3] and Laurustinus trees.[4] Studies have shown that the pathogen has the ability to infect other hosts when introduced, such as alder,[5] carnations, cucumber, azaleas, dusty miller, tomato,[6] and pepper. Symptoms of infection vary with host type.

Natural hosts

Additional hosts

Disease cycle

P. hydropathica is a heterothallic oomycete, meaning that both mating types need to be present in order to sexually reproduce.[7] The A1 mating type has been reported to be highly represented in populations. The species produce plerotic oospores and round antheridia, with observations of the sexual bodies being golden in color. Nonpapillate and noncaducous sporangia are produced, with varying shapes (obpyriform, ovoid, and nearly spherical), and are able to release zoospores. Zoospore release time has been recorded to vary, from release happening immediately after sporangia formation[8] or within hours. Some isolates do not show the ability to produce zoospores. P. hydropathica does produce chlamydospores, present at the end of long hyphae and on short pedicels. Hyphal swelling has also been observed.

Environment

P. hydropathica is most commonly found in sources of water, such as reserve water ponds, irrigation systems,[9] [10] and rivers. The optimal temperature for growth in the lab is . In irrigation reservoirs in Mississippi and Alabama the pathogen has the highest counts in the month of May,[11] and has also been shown to have high recovery rates in hot summer temperatures. In the U.S. isolates have been recovered in Alabama, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Samples have also been isolated in Italy, Spain, and Mexico.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Hong. C. X.. Gallegly. M. E.. Richardson. P. A.. Kong. P.. Moorman. G. W.. Lea-Cox. J. D.. Ross. D. S.. 2010-10-01. Phytophthora hydropathica, a new pathogen identified from irrigation water, Rhododendron catawbiense and Kalmia latifolia. Plant Pathology. en. 59. 5. 913–921. 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02323.x. 1365-3059. free.
  2. Loyd. A. L.. Benson. D. M.. Ivors. K. L.. Phytophthora Populations in Nursery Irrigation Water in Relationship to Pathogenicity and Infection Frequency of Rhododendron and Pieris. Plant Disease. 98. 9. 1213–1220. 10.1094/pdis-11-13-1157-re. 2014. 30699608. free.
  3. Hong. C.. Gallegly. M.. Richardson. P.. Kong. P.. Moorman. G.. Lea-Cox. J.. Ross. D.. June 2008. Phytophthora irrigata and Phytophthora hydropathica, two new species from irrigation water at ornamental plant nurseries. Phytopathology. 98, no. 6. 6s. S9–S181. 10.1094/PHYTO.2008.98.6.S9. Submitted manuscript. free.
  4. Vitale. S.. Luongo. L.. Galli. M.. Belisario. A.. 2014-10-14. First Report of Phytophthora hydropathica Causing Wilting and Shoot Dieback on Viburnum in Italy. Plant Disease. en. 98. 11. 1582. 10.1094/pdis-03-14-0308-pdn. 30699796. free.
  5. C.. Pintos. C.. Rial. O.. Aguín. V.. Ferreiroa. J.P.. Mansilla. 2016-06-10. First report of Phytophthora hydropathica in river water associated with riparian alder in Spain. New Disease Reports. en. 33. 25 . 10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.033.025. 90005230 . 2044-0588. free.
  6. Ãlvarez-Rodriguez. Brando. Garcia-Estrada. Raymundo Saul. Valdez-Torres. Jose Benigno. Leon-Felix. Josefina. Allende-Molar. Raul. Fernandez-Pavia. Sylvia Patricia. 2017-01-31. Phytophthora hydropathica y Phytophthora drechsleri aisladas de canales de irrigacion del Valle de Culiacan. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology. es. 35. 1. 10.18781/r.mex.fit.1606-1. 2007-8080. free.
  7. Web site: American Phytopathological Society. American Phytopathological Society. 2018-03-30.
  8. Hong. Chuanxue. Richardson. Patricia A.. Kong. Ping. Pathogenicity to Ornamental Plants of Some Existing Species and New Taxa of Phytophthora from Irrigation Water. Plant Disease. 92. 8. 1201–1207. 10.1094/pdis-92-8-1201. 30769481. 2008. free.
  9. Olson. H. A.. Jeffers. S. N.. Ivors. K. L.. Steddom. K. C.. Williams-Woodward. J. L.. Mmbaga. M. T.. Benson. D. M.. Hong. C. X.. Diversity and Mefenoxam Sensitivity of Phytophthora spp. Associated with the Ornamental Horticulture Industry in the Southeastern United States. Plant Disease. 97. 1. 86–92. 10.1094/pdis-04-12-0348-re. 30722305. 2013. free.
  10. Bienapfl. J. C.. Balci. Y.. Movement of Phytophthora spp. in Maryland's Nursery Trade. Plant Disease. 98. 1. 134–144. 10.1094/pdis-06-13-0662-re. 30708606. 2014. free.
  11. Copes. Warren E.. Yang. Xiao. Hong. Chuanxue. 2015-08-03. Phytophthora Species Recovered From Irrigation Reservoirs in Mississippi and Alabama Nurseries and Pathogenicity of Three New Species. Plant Disease. EN. 99. 10. 1390–1395. 10.1094/pdis-11-14-1197-re. 30690996. 10919/73744. free.

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