Phu Kradung Formation Explained

Phu Kradung Formation
Type:Geological formation
Age:Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~
Period:Berriasian
Prilithology:Siltstone, mudstone
Otherlithology:Sandstone
Namedby:Ward & Bunnag
Year Ts:1964
Region:Isan
Coordinates:17.2°N 102.4°W
Paleocoordinates:14.7°N 108.5°W
Unitof:Khorat Group
Underlies:Phra Wihan Formation
Overlies:Nam Phong Formation
Extent:Khorat Plateau

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1] The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2] [3]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[4] [5]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[6]

Fossil content

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
Brachyopidae indet.Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[7] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).
Brachyopoidea indet.Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.Intercentrum (KS37-8).

Archosaurs

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
Mamenchisauridae indet.Kalasin province.[8] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra"
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."a nearly complete left tibia"[9] [10]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet."Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual."
MinimocursorM. phunoiensisPhu Noi, Kalasin province.[11] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg.A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet."Single dorsal vertebra".[12] [13] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".
Tyrannosauroidea indet.Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[14] Three isolated teeth.A basal tyrannosauroid, related to Guanlong and Proceratosaurus.

Pseudosuchians

Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
ChalawanC. thailandicusMandible.A pholidosaurid.
IndosinosuchusI. kalasinensis[15] A teleosaurid.
I. potamosiamensisSkulls and postcrania.[16] A teleosaurid.
SunosuchusS. thailandicusA mandible.Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. TheriosuchusCf. T. sp.Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[17] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).An atoposaurid.

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
BasilochelysB. macrobiosKham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[20] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet.
KalasinemysK. prasarttongosothiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[21] Skull and shell material.A xinjiangchelyid.
PhunoichelysP. thirakhuptiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[22] Shell remains.A xinjiangchelyid.
YakemysY. multiporcataKhorat Plateau.[23] Shell elements.A macrobaenid.

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
FerganoceratodusF. annekempaePhu Noi.[24] A lungfish.
IsanichthysI. lertboosiPhu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[25] 4 specimens.A lepisosteiform.
I. palustrisA single, nearly complete specimen.[26] A lepisosteiform.
KhoratichthysK. gibbus"Impression of a single articulated fish".[27] A ginglymodian.
ThaiichthysT. buddhabutrensisPhu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[28] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[29]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence MaterialNotes Images
AcrodusA. kalasinensisKalasin province.Teeth.A hybodontiform.
HeteroptychodusH. cf. H. kokutensisOne almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.
?HybodontidaeDermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.A hybodontid.
Hybodusaff. H. sp."One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".
H. sp.Teeth."Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
JiaodontusJ. sp.10 teeth.A hybodontiform.
LonchidionL. sp. ASM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.A hybodontiform.
L. sp. BTeeth and crowns.A hybodontiform.

Plants

See also

Notes and References

  1. Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. Tong . Haiyan . Chanthasit . Phornphen . Naksri . Wilailuck . Ditbanjong . Pitaksit . Suteethorn . Suravech . Buffetaut . Eric . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Wongko . Kamonlak . Deesri . Uthumporn . Claude . Julien . December 2021 . Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications . Diversity . en . 13 . 12 . 630 . 10.3390/d13120630 . 1424-2818. free .
  4. Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .
  6. Martin . J. E. . Lauprasert . K. . Buffetaut . E. . Liard . R. . Suteethorn . V. . Angielczyk . Kenneth . A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand . 10.1111/pala.12086 . Palaeontology . 757–769. 2013 . 57. 4 . 128482290 . free .
  7. Nonsrirach . Thanit . Manitkoon . Sita . Lauprasert . Komsorn . 2021-03-12 . First occurrence of brachyopid temnospondyls in Southeast Asia and review of the Mesozoic amphibians from Thailand . Fossil Record . en . 24 . 1 . 33–47 . 10.5194/fr-24-33-2021 . 2193-0074 . free. 2021FossR..24...33N .
  8. Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  9. Buffetaut . Eric . Suteethorn . Varavudh . 2007-11-01 . A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand . Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France . en . 178 . 6 . 497–502 . 10.2113/gssgfbull.178.6.497 . 0037-9409.
  10. Samathi . Adun . Chanthasit . Phornphen . Sander . Paul Martin . 2019-07-01 . A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia . Annales de Paléontologie . Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1 . en . 105 . 3 . 201–215 . 10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003 . 2019AnPal.105..201S . 197574833 . 0753-3969.
  11. Manitkoon . Sita . Deesri . Uthumporn . Khalloufi . Bouziane . Nonsrirach . Thanit . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Chanthasit . Phornphen . Boonla . Wansiri . Buffetaut . Eric . July 2023 . A New Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Northeastern Thailand . Diversity . en . 15 . 7 . 851 . 10.3390/d15070851 . 1424-2818 . free .
  12. Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
  13. Peter M. Galton . Kenneth Carpenter . 2016 . The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen. . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen . 279 . 2 . 185–208 . 10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551.
  14. Chowchuvech . Wongwech . Manitkoon . Sita . Chanthasit . Phornphen . Ketwetsuriya . Chatchalerm . 2024-06-12 . The First Occurrence of a Basal Tyrannosauroid in Southeast Asia: Dental Evidence from the Upper Jurassic of Northeastern Thailand . Tropical Natural History . en . 24 . 84–95 . 2586-9892.
  15. Johnson . Michela M. . Young . Mark T. . Brusatte . Stephen L. . The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution . PeerJ . 2020 . 8 . e9808 . 10.7717/peerj.9808 . 33083104 . 7548081 . en . 2167-8359. free .
  16. Martin. Jeremy E. . Suteethorn . S. . Lauprasert . K. . February 2019 . A new freshwater teleosaurid from the Jurassic of northeastern Thailand . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 64 . 2 . 239–260 . en . 10.1080/02724634.2018.1549059. 91988192.
  17. Lauprasert . Komsorn . Laojumpon . Chalida . Saenphala . Wanitchaphat . Cuny . Gilles . Thirakhupt . Kumthorn . Suteethorn . Varavudh . 2010-06-12 . Atoposaurid crocodyliforms from the Khorat Group of Thailand: first record of Theriosuchus from Southeast Asia . Paläontologische Zeitschrift . 85 . 1 . 37–47 . 10.1007/s12542-010-0071-z . 128623617 . 0031-0220.
  18. Buffetaut . Eric . 2015 . An azhdarchoid pterosaur humerus from the latest Jurassic (Phu Kradung Formation) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand . 1 . 1 . Research & Knowledge . 10.14456/RANDK.2015.3.
  19. Unwin . David M. . Martill . David M. . 2018 . Systematic reassessment of the first Jurassic pterosaur from Thailand . Geological Society, London, Special Publications . en . 455 . 1 . 181–186 . 2018GSLSP.455..181U . 10.1144/SP455.13 . 0305-8719 . 133811716.
  20. Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. 2009. Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  21. Tong . Haiyan . Naksri . Wilailuck . Buffetaut . Eric . Suteethorn . Suravech . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Chantasit . Phornphen . Claude . Julien . October 2019 . Kalasinemys, a new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Late Jurassic of NE Thailand . Geological Magazine . en . 156 . 10 . 1645–1656 . 10.1017/S0016756818000791 . 2019GeoM..156.1645T . 134746960 . 0016-7568.
  22. TONG . HAIYAN . NAKSRI . WILAILUCK . BUFFETAUT . ERIC . SUTEETHORN . VARAVUDH . SUTEETHORN . SURAVECH . DEESRI . UTHUMPORN . SILA . SAITONG . CHANTHASIT . PHORNPHEN . CLAUDE . JULIEN . 2014-06-19 . A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand . Geological Magazine . 152 . 1 . 166–175 . 10.1017/s0016756814000223 . 55028418 . 0016-7568.
  23. Tong . Haiyan . Chanthasit . Phornphen . Naksri . Wilailuck . Ditbanjong . Pitaksit . Suteethorn . Suravech . Buffetaut . Eric . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Wongko . Kamonlak . Deesri . Uthumporn . Claude . Julien . November 2021 . Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications . Diversity . en . 13 . 12 . 630 . 10.3390/d13120630 . 1424-2818. free .
  24. Cavin . Lionel . Deesri . Uthumporn . Chanthasit . Phornphen . 2020-07-03 . A New Lungfish from the Jurassic of Thailand . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 40 . 4 . e1791895 . 10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895 . 2020JVPal..40E1895C . 225146856 . 0272-4634.
  25. Deesri . Uthumporn . Lauprasert . Komsorn . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Wongko . Kamonlak . Cavin . Lionel . June 2014 . A New Species of the Ginglymodian Fish Isanichthys from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation, Northeastern Thailand . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 59 . 2 . 313–331 . 10.4202/app.2012.0013 . 55334010 . 0567-7920. free .
  26. CAVIN . LIONEL . SUTEETHORN . VARAVUDH . A New Semionotiform (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits of North-East Thailand, with Comments on the Relationships of Semionotiforms . March 2006 . Palaeontology . en . 49 . 2 . 339–353 . 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00539.x . 84971079 . 0031-0239. free . 2006Palgy..49..339C .
  27. Deesri . Uthumporn . Jintasakul . Pratueng . Cavin . Lionel . 2016-11-01 . A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 36 . 6 . e1225747 . 10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747 . 2016JVPal..36E5747D . 89359438 . 0272-4634.
  28. Cavin . Lionel . Suteethorn . Varavudh . Khansubha . Sasidhorn . Buffetaut . Eric . Tong . Haiyan . 2003-07-01 . A new Semionotid (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand . Comptes Rendus Palevol . en . 2 . 5 . 291–297 . 10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00062-9 . 2003CRPal...2..291C . 1631-0683.
  29. Cuny . Gilles . Liard . Romain . Deesri . Uthumporn . Liard . Tida . Khamha . Suchada . Suteethorn . Varavudh . 2013-12-03 . Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand . Paläontologische Zeitschrift . 88 . 3 . 309–328 . 10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0 . 129714897 . 0031-0220. free .
  30. Boonchai . Nareerat . Suteethorn . Suravech . Sereeprasirt . Weerawat . Suriyonghanphong . Chanon . Amiot . Romain . Cuny . Gilles . Legrand . Julien . Thévenard . Frédéric . Philippe . Marc . 2020-03-01 . Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . en . 189 . 104153 . 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153 . 2020JAESc.18904153B . 210621255 . 1367-9120.

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