Phonotactics Explained

pronounced as /notice/Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek "voice, sound" and "having to do with arranging")[1] is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters and vowel sequences by means of phonotactic constraints.

Phonotactic constraints are highly language-specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like pronounced as //rv// do not occur. Similarly, the clusters pronounced as //kn// and pronounced as //ɡn// are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch (in which the latter appears as pronounced as //ɣn//) and were permitted in Old and Middle English.[2] In contrast, in some Slavic languages pronounced as //l// and pronounced as //r// are used alongside vowels as syllable nuclei.

Syllables have the following internal segmental structure:

Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a syllabic consonant. Phonotactics is known to affect second language vocabulary acquisition.

English phonotactics

The English syllable (and word) twelfths pronounced as //twɛlfθs// is divided into the onset pronounced as //tw//, the nucleus pronounced as //ɛ// and the coda pronounced as //lfθs//; thus, it can be described as CCVCCCC (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents (and excluding a few obscure loanwords such as sphragistics), phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme:[3]

pronounced as //s// + stop + approximant:

This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word blue: originally, the vowel of blue was identical to the vowel of cue, approximately pronounced as /[iw]/. In most dialects of English, pronounced as /[iw]/ shifted to pronounced as /[juː]/. Theoretically, this would produce pronounced as /

/. The cluster pronounced as /[blj]/, however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to pronounced as /[bluː]/ by elision of the pronounced as /[j]/ in what is known as yod-dropping.

Not all languages have this constraint; compare Spanish Spanish; Castilian: '''pli'''egue pronounced as /[ˈpljeɣe]/ or French French: '''plu'''ie pronounced as /[plɥi]/.

Constraints on English phonotactics include:[4]

Sonority Sequencing Principle

See main article: Sonority Sequencing Principle. Segments of a syllable are universally distributed following the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), which states that, in any syllable, the nucleus has maximal sonority and that sonority decreases as you move away from the nucleus. Sonority is a measure of the amplitude of a speech sound. The particular ranking of each speech sound by sonority, called the sonority hierarchy, is language-specific, but, in its broad lines, hardly varies from a language to another,[6] which means all languages form their syllables in approximately the same way with regards to sonority.

To illustrate the SSP, the voiceless alveolar fricative pronounced as /[s]/ is lower on the sonority hierarchy than the alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[l]/, so the combination pronounced as //sl// is permitted in onsets and pronounced as //ls// is permitted in codas, but pronounced as //ls// is not allowed in onsets and pronounced as //sl// is not allowed in codas. Hence slips pronounced as //slɪps// and pulse pronounced as //pʌls// are possible English words while *lsips and *pusl are not.

The SSP expresses a very strong cross-linguistic tendency, however, it does not account for the patterns of all complex syllable margins, as there are both initial as well as final clusters violation the SSP, in two ways: the first occurs when two segments in a margin have the same sonority, which is known as a sonority plateau. Such margins are found in a few languages, including English, as in the words sphinx and fact (though note that phsinx and fatc both violate English phonotactics).

The second instance of violation of the SSP is when a peripheral segment of a margin has a higher sonority than a segment closer to the nucleus. These margins are known as reversals and occur in some languages including English (steal pronounced as /[stiːɫ]/, bets pronounced as //bɛts//) or French (French: dextre pronounced as //dɛkstʁ// but originally pronounced as //dɛkstʁə//, French: strict pronounced as //stʁikt//).[7]

Notes and references

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. ,
  2. Orzechowska . Paula . Wiese . Richard . 2015-01-01 . Preferences and variation in word-initial phonotactics: A multi-dimensional evaluation of German and Polish . Folia Linguistica . 49 . 2 . 10.1515/flin-2015-0016 . 0165-4004.
  3. Book: Crystal, David . David Crystal . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language . . 2003 . 978-0-521-53033-0 . 243.
  4. Book: Harley . Heidi . Heidi Harley . English Words: A Linguistic Introduction . . 2003 . 0631230327 . 58–69.
  5. Schwartz . Geoffrey . All TRs are not created equal: L1 and L2 perception of English cluster affrication . Journal of Linguistics . Cambridge University Press . 22 December 2023 . 623–654 . en . 10.1017/S0022226722000275 . August 2023. 59 . 3 . free .
  6. Jany. Carmen. Gordon. Matthew. Nash. Carlos M. Takara. Nobutaka. 2007-01-01. HOW UNIVERSAL IS THE SONORITY HIERARCHY?: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC ACOUSTIC STUDY. ICPhS. 16. 1096.
  7. Carlisle. Robert S.. 2001-06-01. Syllable structure universals and second language acquisition. International Journal of English Studies. 1. 1. 1578-7044.

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