Unicode supports several phonetic scripts and notation systems through its existing scripts and the addition of extra blocks with phonetic characters. These phonetic characters are derived from an existing script, usually Latin, Greek or Cyrillic. Apart from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), extensions to the IPA and obsolete and nonstandard IPA symbols, these blocks also contain characters from the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes use of letters from other writing systems as most phonetic scripts do. IPA notably uses Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters. Combining diacritics also add meaning to the phonetic text. Finally, these phonetic alphabets make use of modifier letters, that are specially constructed for phonetic meaning. A "modifier letter" is strictly intended not as an independent grapheme but as a modification of the preceding character[1] resulting in a distinct grapheme, notably in the context of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example, ʰ should not occur on its own but modifies the preceding or following symbol. Thus, pronounced as /tʰ/ is a single IPA symbol, distinct from pronounced as /t/. In practice, however, several of these "modifier letters" are also used as full graphemes, e.g. ʿ as transliterating Semitic ayin or Hawaiian ʻokina, or ˚ transliterating Abkhaz ә.
See main article: International Phonetic Alphabet.
The following tables indicates the Unicode code point sequences for phonemes as used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. A bold code point indicates that the Unicode chart provides an application note such as "voiced retroflex lateral" for . An entry in bold italics indicates the character name itself refers to a phoneme such as
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Labialized palatal | Postalveolar-velar | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0070 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0062 | pronounced as /link/ U+0070 '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0062 '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0074 '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0064 '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0074 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0064 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0288''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0256''' | |||||||
| Implosive | pronounced as /ɓ̥/ '''U+0253''' '''U+0325''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0253''' | pronounced as /ɗ̪/ '''U+0257''' '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0257''' | pronounced as /ᶑ/ '''U+1D91''' | ||||||||||||
| Ejective | pronounced as /link/ U+0070 '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0074 '''U+032A''' '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0074 '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /link/ '''U+0288''' '''U+02BC''' | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ U+006D '''U+0325''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+006D | pronounced as /ɱ̊/ '''U+0271''' U+030A | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0271''' | pronounced as /n̪̊/ U+006E '''U+032A''' U+030A | pronounced as /link/ U+006E '''U+032A''' | pronounced as /link/ U+006E '''U+0325''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+006E | pronounced as /link/ '''U+0273''' U+030A | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0273''' | |||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0299''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0072 '''U+0325''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0072 | ||||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | pronounced as /link/ '''U+2C71''' U+031F | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+2C71''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+027E''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+027D''' | |||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+027A | '''U+1DF08''' | |||||||||||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0278''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+03B2 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0066 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0076 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+03B8 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+00F0 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0073 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+007A | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0283''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0292''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0282''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0290''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0267''' | ||||
| Lateral fricative | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+026C''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+026E''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+A78E''' | ||||||||||||||
| Ejective fricative | pronounced as /link/ U+0073 '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /ʃʼ/ '''U+0283''' '''U+02BC''' | |||||||||||||||
| Ejective lateral fricative | pronounced as /link/ '''U+026C''' '''U+02BC''' | ||||||||||||||||
| Percussive | pronounced as /ʬ/ <code>'''''U+02AC''''' | pronounced as /ʭ/ <code>'''''U+02AD''''' | |||||||||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /β̞̊ / U+03B2 U+031E U+030A | pronounced as /link/ U+03B2 U+031E | pronounced as /ʋ̥/ '''U+028B''' U+0325 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+028B''' | pronounced as /link/ U+00F0 '''U+031E''' | pronounced as /ɹ̥/ '''U+0279''' U+0325 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0279''' | pronounced as /ɻ̊/ '''U+027B''' U+030A | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+027B''' | pronounced as /ɥ̊/ '''U+0265''' U+030A | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0265''' | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | pronounced as /link/ U+006C U+0325 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+006C | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+026D''' | ||||||||||||||
| Click consonant | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+0298''''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+01C0''''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+01C3''''' | pronounced as /link/ / pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+01C3''''' / <code>'''''U+01C2''''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+1DF0A''''' | ||||||||||||
| Lateral click | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+01C1''''' | ||||||||||||||||
| Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Labial-velar | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0236 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0221 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0063 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+025F''' | pronounced as /link/ U+006B U+0361 U+0070 | pronounced as /link/ U+0261 U+0361 U+0062 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+006B | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0261 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0071 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0262''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+02A1''''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''''U+0294''''' | |||||
| Implosive | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0284''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0260 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+029B''' | ||||||||||||||
| Ejective | pronounced as /link/ U+0063 '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /link/ U+006B '''U+02BC''' | pronounced as /link/ U+0071 '''U+02BC''' | ||||||||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0235 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0272''' | pronounced as /link/ U+014B U+0361 U+006D | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+014B | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0274''' | ||||||||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0280''' | ||||||||||||||||
| Tap or Flap | |||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | |||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0255''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0291''' | pronounced as /link/ U+00E7 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+029D''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0078 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0263''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+03C7 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0281 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0127 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0295''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+029C''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+02A2 | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0068 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0266''' | |||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+006A | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+028D | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0077 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+0270''' | |||||||||||||
| Lateral approximant | pronounced as /link/ <code>U+0234 | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+028E''' | pronounced as /link/ <code>'''U+029F''' | ||||||||||||||
pronounced as /vowels/The following figures depict the phonetic vowels and their Unicode / UCS code points, arranged to represent the phonetic vowel trapezium. Vowels appearing in pairs in the figure to the right indicate rounded and unrounded variations respectively. Again, characters with Unicode names referring to phonemes are indicated by bold text. Those with explicit application notes are indicated by bold italic text. Those from borrowed unchanged from another script (Latin, Greek or Cyrillic) are indicated by italics. Before and after a bullet are the unrounded • rounded vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ ''U+0069''<br>•<br>''U+0079'' | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0268<br>•<br>U+0289 | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+026F<br>•<br>''U+0075'' | |||||||||||||
| Near-close | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+026A<br>•<br>U+028F | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+026A U+0308<br>•<br>U+028A U+0308 | pronounced as / • ʊ/ <code> <br>•<br>U+028A | |||||||||||||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0065<br>•<br>U+00F8 | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0258<br>•<br>U+0275 | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0264<br>•<br>U+006F | |||||||||||||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0065 U+031E<br>•<br>U+00F8 U+031E | pronounced as /link/ <code> <br>U+0259<br> | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0264 U+031E<br>•<br>U+006F U+031E | |||||||||||||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+025B<br>•<br>U+0153 | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+025C<br>•<br>U+025E | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+028C<br>•<br>U+0254 | |||||||||||||
| Near-open | pronounced as /link/ • U+00E6<br>•<br> | pronounced as /link/ <br>U+0250<br> | ||||||||||||||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0061<br>•<br>U+0276 | pronounced as /link/ • U+0061 U+0308<br>•<br> | pronounced as /link/ • pronounced as /link/ U+0251<br>•<br>U+0252 |
Diacritics may be encoded as either modifier (e.g. ˳) or combining (e.g.
◌̥) characters.| Voiceless | Breathy Voiced | Dental | Syllabic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
˳ • ◌̥U+02F3 • U+0325 | ◌̤U+0324 | ◌͏̪U+032A | ˌ • ◌̩U+02CC • U+0329 | |||||||||
| Voiced | Creaky Voiced | Apical | Non-syllabic | |||||||||
ˬ • ◌̬U+02EC • U+032C | ˷ • ◌̰U+02F7 • U+0330 | ˽ • ◌̺U+02FD • U+033A | ◌͏̯U+032F | |||||||||
| Aspirated | Linguolabial | Laminal | More Rounded | |||||||||
ʰU+02B0 | ◌͏̼U+033C | ◌͏̻U+033B | ˒ • ◌̹U+02D2 • U+0339 | |||||||||
| Labialized | Nasalized | Palatalized | Less Rounded | |||||||||
ʷU+02B7 | ◌̃U+0303 | ʲU+02B2 | ˓ • ◌̜U+02D3 • U+031C | |||||||||
| Advanced | Nasal release | Centralized | Velarized | |||||||||
˖ • ◌̟U+02D6 • U+031F | ⁿU+207F | ¨ • ◌̈U+00A8{{ref label|centralized_tag|1}} • U+0308 | ˠU+02E0 | |||||||||
| Retracted | Lateral release | Mid-Centralized | Pharyngealized | |||||||||
ˍ • ◌̠U+02CD • U+0320 | ˡU+02E1 | ˟ • ◌̽U+02DF • U+033D | ˤU+02E4 | |||||||||
| Advanced Tongue Root | No audible release | Raised | Velarized or Pharyngealized | |||||||||
꭪ • ◌̘U+AB6A • U+0318 | ˺ • ◌̚U+02FA • U+031A | ˔ • ◌̝U+02D4 • U+031D | ◌̴U+0334 | |||||||||
| Retracted Tongue Root | Rhoticity | Lowered | Lengthened | |||||||||
꭫ • ◌̙U+AB6B • U+0319 | ˞U+02DE | ˕ • ◌̞U+02D5 • U+031E | ː U+02D0 | |||||||||
| Notes 1.The codepoint refers to diaeresis, which takes up space but is not a Spacing Modifier Letter. | ||||||||||||
Six Unicode blocks contain many phonetic symbols:
See main article: IPA Extensions (Unicode block).
The characters in the "Spacing Modifier Letters" block are intended as forming a unity with the preceding letter (which they "modify"). E.g. the character isn't intended simply as a superscript h (h), but as the mark of aspiration placed after the letter being aspirated, as in pronounced as /pʰ/ "aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive". The block contains:
This block, together with Phonetic Extensions Supplement below, contains:
Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method.
Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting then type charmap then hit) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in the consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap).
macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in a font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs.
Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap (GNOME) or kcharselect (KDE) – exist on most Linux desktop environments.
pronounced as /navigation/