The Victory ship was a class of cargo ship produced in large numbers by American shipyards during World War II to replace losses caused by German submarines. They were a more modern design compared to the earlier Liberty ship, were slightly larger and had more powerful steam turbine engines, giving higher speed to allow participation in high-speed convoys and make them more difficult targets for German U-boats. A total of 531 Victory ships were built in between 1944 and 1946.[1] [2]
One of the first acts of the United States War Shipping Administration upon its formation in February 1942 was to commission the design of what came to be known as the Victory class. Initially designated EC2-S-AP1, where EC2 = Emergency Cargo, type 2 (Load Waterline Length between 400feetand450feetft (andft)), S = steam propulsion with AP1 = one aft propeller (EC2-S-C1 had been the designation of the Liberty ship design), it was changed to VC2-S-AP1 before the name "Victory Ship" was officially adopted on 28 April 1943. The ships were built under the Emergency Shipbuilding program.
The design was an enhancement of the Liberty ship, which had been successfully produced in extraordinary numbers. Victory ships were slightly larger than Liberty ships, 14feet longer at 455feet, 6feet wider at 62feet, and drawing one foot more at 28feet loaded. Displacement was up just under 1,000 tons, to 15,200. With a raised forecastle and a more sophisticated hull shape to help achieve the higher speed, they had a quite different appearance from Liberty ships.
To make them less vulnerable to U-boat attacks, Victory ships made 15to, 4kn6kn faster than the Libertys, and had longer range. The extra speed was achieved through more modern, efficient engines. Rather than the Libertys' 2500hp triple expansion steam engines, Victory ships were designed to use either Lentz type reciprocating steam engines (one ship only, oil fired), Diesel engines (one ship) or steam turbines (the rest, all oil fired) (variously putting out between 6000and). Another improvement was electrically powered auxiliary equipment, rather than steam-driven machinery.
To prevent the hull cracks that many Liberty ships developed—making some break in half—the spacing between frames was widened from 30inches to 36inches, making the ships less stiff and more able to flex. Like Liberty ships, the hull was welded rather than riveted.[3]
The VC2-S-AP2, VC2-S-AP3, and VC2-M-AP4 were armed with a 5adj=onNaNadj=on/38 caliber stern gun for use against submarines and surface ships, and a bow-mounted 3adj=onNaNadj=on/50 caliber gun and eight 20 mm cannon for use against aircraft. These were manned by United States Navy Armed Guard personnel. The VC2-S-AP5 s were armed with the 5-inch stern gun, one quad 40 mm Bofors cannon, four dual 40 mm Bofors cannon, and ten single 20 mm cannon. The Haskells were operated and crewed exclusively by U.S. Navy personnel.
The Victory ship was noted for good proportion of cubic between holds for a cargo ship of its day. A Victory ship's cargo hold one, two and five hatches are single rigged with a capacity of 70,400, 76,700, and 69,500 bale cubic feet respectively. Victory ships hold three and four hatches are double rigged with a capacity of 136,100 and 100,300 bale cubic feet respectively.[4] Victory ships have built-in mast, booms and derrick cranes and can load and unload their own cargo without dock side cranes or gantry if needed.[5]
The first vessel was launched at Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation on 12 January 1944 and completed on 28 February 1944, making her maiden voyage a month later. American vessels frequently had a name incorporating the word "Victory".[6] After United Victory, the next 34 vessels were named after allied countries, the following 218 after American cities, the next 150 after educational institutions and the remainder given miscellaneous names. The AP5 type attack transports were named after United States counties, without "Victory" in their name, with the exception of, which was named after President Roosevelt's late personal secretary.
Although initial deliveries were slow—only 15 had been delivered by May 1944—by the end of the war 531 had been constructed. The Commission cancelled orders for a further 132 vessels, although three were completed in 1946 for the Alcoa Steamship Company, making a total built in the United States of 534, made up of:
| Quantity Built | Type | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 272 | VC2-S-AP2 | 6,000 hp (4.5 MW) general cargo vessels | |
| 141 | VC2-S-AP3 | 8,500 hp (6.3 MW) vessels | |
| 1 | VC2-M-AP4 | Diesel | |
| 117 | VC2-S-AP5 | s | |
| 3 | VC2-S-AP7 | Post war completion |
Of the wartime construction, 414 were of the standard cargo variant and 117 were attack transports. Because the Atlantic battle had been won by the time the first of the Victory ships appeared none were sunk by U-boats. Three were sunk by Japanese kamikaze attack in April 1945.
Many Victory ships were converted to troopships to bring US soldiers home at the end of World War II as part of Operation Magic Carpet. A total of 97 Victory ships were converted to carry up to 1,600 soldiers. To convert the ships the cargo hold were converted to bunk beds and hammocks stacked three high for hot bunking. Mess halls and exercise places were also added.[7] Some examples of Victory troopship are:,,,,,,,, and .[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Some 184 Victory ships served in the Korean War and a 100 Victory ships served in the Vietnam War.[13] [14] Many were sold and became commercial cargo ships and a few commercial passenger ships. Some were laid up in the United States Navy reserve fleets and then scrapped or reused. Many saw postwar conversion and various uses for years afterward. The single VC2-M-AP4 Diesel-powered MV Emory Victory operated in Alaskan waters for the Bureau of Indian Affairs as North Star III. AP3 types South Bend Victory and Tuskegee Victory were converted in 1957–58 to ocean hydrographic surveying ships USNS and, respectively. Dutton aided in locating the lost hydrogen bomb following the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash.[15]
Starting in 1959, several were removed from the reserve fleet and refitted for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. One such ship was, which was renamed and converted into the world's first satellite communications ship. Another was the former Haiti Victory, which recovered the first man-made object to return from orbit, the nose cone of Discoverer 13, on 11 August 1960. was converted in 1969–1970 to the range instrumentation ship for downrange tracking of ballistic missile tests.
Four Victory ships became fleet ballistic missile cargo ships transporting torpedoes, Poseidon missiles, packaged petroleum, and spare parts to deployed submarine tenders:
In the 1960s two Victory ships were reactivated and converted to technical research ships by the U.S. Navy with the hull type AGTR. became and SS Simmons Victory became . Liberty was attacked and severely damaged by Israeli forces in June 1967 and subsequently decommissioned and struck from the Naval Register. Belmont was decommissioned and stricken in 1970. Baton Rouge Victory was sunk in the Mekong delta by a Viet Cong mine in August 1966 and temporarily blocked the channel to Saigon.
According to the War Production Board minutes in 1943, the Victory Ship had a relative cost of $238 per deadweight ton (10,500 deadweight tonnage) [16] for $2,522,800, .
Most Victory ships were constructed in six West Coast and one Baltimore emergency shipyards that were set up in World War II to build Liberty, Victory, and other ships. The Victory ship was designed to be able to be assembled by the smallest capacity crane at these shipyards.
| Shipyard | Location | Quantity Yard | Type | Quantity Type | MCV Hull Numbers | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bethlehem Fairfield | Baltimore, Maryland | 94 | VC2-S-AP2 | 93 | 602–653, 816–856 | 23 more cancelled |
| VC2-M-AP4 | 1 | 654 | Diesel engine variant | |||
| California Shipbuilding | Wilmington, California | 131 | VC2-S-AP3 | 32 | 1–24, 27, 29, 31–33, 37, 41, 42 | |
| VC2-S-AP5 | 30 | 25, 26, 28, 30, 34–36, 38–40, 43–62 | 63–66 Transferred to Vancouver as 812–815 | |||
| VC2-S-AP2 | 69 | 67–84, 767–811, 885–890 | 10 more cancelled | |||
| Kaiser Shipbuilding | Vancouver, Washington | 31 | VC2-S-AP5 | 31 | 655–681, 812–815 | 17 more cancelled |
| Oregon Shipbuilding | Portland, Oregon | 136 | VC2-S-AP3 | 99 | 85–116, 147–189, 682–701, 872–875 | 19 more cancelled |
| VC2-S-AP5 | 34 | 117–146, 860–863 | 12 more cancelled | |||
| VC2-S-AP7 | 1 | 866 | Originally AP5 | |||
| VC2-S1-AP7 | 2 | 876, 877 | Originally AP3 | |||
| Kaiser Richmond No. 1 Yard | Richmond, California | 53 | VC2-S-AP3 | 10 | 525–534 | |
| VC2-S-AP2 | 43 | 535–550, 581–596, 702–711 | ||||
| Kaiser Richmond No. 2 Yard | 89 | VC2-S-AP5 | 22 | 552–573 | ||
| VC2-S-AP2 | 67 | 574–580, 597–601, 712–766 |
See main article: List of Victory ships.
Three are preserved as museum ships: