1992 Philippine presidential election explained

Election Name:1992 Philippine presidential election
Country:Philippines
Flag Year:1936
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1986 Philippine presidential election
Previous Year:1986
Next Election:1998 Philippine presidential election
Next Year:1998
Turnout:75.5% 3.3%
Election Date:May 11, 1992
Candidate1:Fidel V. Ramos
Party1:Lakas-NUCD
Running Mate1:Lito Osmeña
Popular Vote1:5,342,521
Percentage1:23.58%
Candidate2:Miriam Defensor Santiago
Party2:People's Reform Party
Running Mate2:Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
Popular Vote2:4,468,173
Percentage2:19.72%
Candidate3:Danding Cojuangco
Party3:Nationalist People's Coalition
Running Mate3:Joseph Estrada
Popular Vote3:4,116,376
Percentage3:18.17%
Candidate4:Ramon Mitra Jr.
Party4:Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Running Mate4:Marcelo Fernan
Popular Vote4:3,316,661
Percentage4:14.64%
Candidate5:Imelda Marcos
Party5:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Running Mate5:Vicente Magsaysay
Popular Vote5:2,338,294
Percentage5:10.32%
Candidate6:Jovito Salonga
Party6:Liberal Party (Philippines)
Running Mate6:Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
Popular Vote6:2,302,123
Percentage6:10.16%
Map Size:300px
President
Before Election:Corazon Aquino
After Election:Fidel V. Ramos
Before Party:Independent (politician)
After Party:Lakas-NUCD
Module:
Embed:yes
Election Name:1992 Philippine vice presidential election
Country:Philippines
Flag Year:1936
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1986 Philippine presidential election
Previous Year:1986
Election Date:May 11, 1992
Next Election:1998 Philippine presidential election
Next Year:1998
Candidate1:Joseph Estrada
Party1:Nationalist People's Coalition
Popular Vote1:6,739,738
Percentage1:33.01%
Candidate2:Marcelo Fernan
Party2:Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Popular Vote2:4,438,494
Percentage2:21.74%
Candidate3:Lito Osmeña
Party3:Lakas-NUCD
Popular Vote3:3,362,467
Percentage3:16.47%
Candidate4:Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
Party4:People's Reform Party
Popular Vote4:2,900,556
Percentage4:14.20%
Candidate5:Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
Party5:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan
Popular Vote5:2,023,289
Percentage5:9.91%
Candidate6:Vicente Magsaysay
Party6:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Popular Vote6:699,895
Percentage6:3.43%
Map Size:300px
Vice President
Before Election:Salvador Laurel
Before Party:Nacionalista Party
After Election:Joseph Estrada
After Party:Nationalist People's Coalition

The 1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on May 11, 1992.[1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.

The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive.[2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term,[3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.[4]

In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party.[5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).[6]

Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence.[7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular.[8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties.[9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president.[10]

Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms.[11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race.[12] Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes.[13]

Candidates

Presidential candidatePartyVice presidential candidateParty
Former Governor of Tarlac Danding CojuangcoNationalist People's CoalitionSenator Joseph EstradaNationalist People's Coalition
Former Secretary of Agrarian Reform Miriam Defensor SantiagoPeople's Reform PartyFormer Representative from Zambales Ramon Magsaysay Jr.People's Reform Party
Vice President Salvador LaurelNacionalista PartyFormer Mambabatas Pambansa from Manila Eva Estrada KalawNacionalista Party
Former First Lady Imelda MarcosKilusang Bagong LipunanFormer Governor of Zambales Vicente MagsaysayKilusang Bagong Lipunan
Speaker of the House of Representatives Ramon Mitra Jr.Laban ng Demokratikong PilipinoFormer Chief Justice Marcelo FernanLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Former Secretary of National Defense Fidel V. RamosLakas-NUCD-UMDPGovernor of Cebu Lito OsmeñaLakas-NUCD-UMDP
Former Senate President Jovito SalongaLiberal PartySenator Aquilino Pimentel Jr.Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan

Debates

A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992.[14] It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program.[14] [15]

On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays,[16] with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network.[17] Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.[18]

The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN.[19] The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino.[20]

The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay,[21] moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.[22]

Results

See main article: Congressional canvass for the Philippine presidential election, 1992.

For President

Breakdown

For Vice President

See also

External links

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. News: Phl presidential elections and the stock market . The Philippine Star. November 8, 2018.
  2. News: The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippine – Article VII . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. November 8, 2018. en-US.
  3. News: Realignment of forces. Manila Standard . Emil P. . Jurado . 25 July 1988 . Google News Archive. November 8, 2018.
  4. News: Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote. Shenon. Philip. November 8, 2018. en.
  5. News: Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election. November 8, 2018. en.
  6. Book: Southeast Asian Affairs 2006. registration. 227. closest margin win 2004 election philippines.. Singh. Daljit. Salazar. Lorraine Carlos. 2006. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 9789812303738. en.
  7. News: Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power . Kristine F. . Servando . ABS-CBN News. November 8, 2018. en-US.
  8. Book: Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder. Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia. 2018-05-30. World Scientific. 9789813230750. en.
  9. News: Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?. Rappler. November 8, 2018. en.
  10. News: Erap presidency redux . The Philippine Star. November 8, 2018.
  11. Web site: Term of Office of Senators. senate.gov.ph. November 8, 2018.
  12. Book: Political Handbook of the World 1998. Banks. Arthur S.. Day. Alan J.. Muller. Thomas C.. February 1, 2016. Springer. 9781349149513. en.
  13. Web site: Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III. www.senate.gov.ph. November 8, 2018.
  14. News: Maragay. Fel V.. Laurel, Mitra trade barbs in TV debate. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 9, 1992. 5.
  15. News: Give and take. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 9, 1992. 8.
  16. News: COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 15, 1992. 11.
  17. News: Maragay. Fel V.. Enlightening, but ho hum. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 16, 1992. 3.
  18. News: Jurado. Emil P. V.. The temporary insanity of senatorial candidates. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 16, 1992. 10.
  19. News: Maragay. Fel V.. Laurel loses points in the debate. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 23, 1992. 2.
  20. News: An interrupted debate. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 23, 1992. 8.
  21. News: Mismatch. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 30, 1992. 8.
  22. News: COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates. April 22, 2021. Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc.. March 29, 1992. 7.

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