Philippine National Police Explained

Agencyname:Philippine National Police
Nativename:Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas
Abbreviation:PNP
Logocaption:Insignia and uniform patch
Badge:Badge of the Philippine National Police.svg
Badgecaption:Badge
Motto:To Serve and Protect.Service, Honor, Justice.
Preceding1:Philippine Constabulary (August 18, 1901 – January 29, 1991)[1]
Preceding2:Integrated National Police (August 8, 1975 – January 29, 1991)
Budget: billion (2023)[2]
(billion)
Country:Philippines
National:Yes
Headquarters:Camp Crame, Quezon City
Sworntype:Police officers
Sworn:228,000
Chief1name:PGEN Rommel Francisco D. Marbil
Chief1position:Chief, PNP
Chief2name:PLTGEN Emmanuel B. Peralta
Chief2position:Deputy Chief for Administration
Chief3name:PLTGEN Michael John F. Dubria
Chief3position:Deputy Chief for Operations
Chief4name:PLTGEN Jon A. Arnaldo
Chief4position:Chief of Directorial Staff
Chief5name:PCOL Jean S. Fajardo
Chief5position:Spokesperson
Parentagency:Department of the Interior and Local Government via National Police Commission

The Philippine National Police (Filipino; Pilipino: Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas, PNP) is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Currently, it has approximately 228,000 personnel to police a population in excess of 100 million.[3]

The agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police officers are operationally controlled by city or municipal mayors.[4] DILG, on the other hand, organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

The PNP was formed on January 29, 1991, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were merged pursuant to Republic Act 6975 of 1990.[5]

History

Creation after martial law

See main article: Philippine Constabulary and Integrated National Police.

See also: Human rights abuses during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos and Security sector governance and reform in the Philippines. Until January 1991, the Philippines did not have a civilian national police force, and instead had the Philippine Constabulary under the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and city and municipal police organized under the Integrated National Police,[5] which was likewise nationalized and integrated under the command of the military under martial law in 1975.

The need to assert civilian control of the military was a reform agenda which began being addressed almost as soon as Ferdinand Marcos was deposed by the 1986 People Power Revolution; within a year of Marcos' ouster, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines enshrined the principle of civilian supremacy over the military.[6] This was because of broad local[7] [8] [9] and international consensus[10] that "human rights abuses became rampant"[9] [11] during the dictatorship, with Philippine Constabulary units[12] such as the Metrocom Intelligence and Security Group (MISG),[13] and the 5th Constabulary Security Unit (5CSU),[14] identified with many particular cases. These units had also been associated with acts of intimidation and violence media entities,[15] [16] corporate management,[17] and opposition groups.[18]

The recommendations of the Davide Commission in 1990 thus included the dissolution of the Philippine Constabulary as a service under the AFP.[5] It was determined that a new civilian Philippine National Police was to be formed by merging the Integrated National Police into the Philippine Constabulary, with the PC forming the basis as it had the more developed infrastructure. The PC was then removed from the Ministry of National Defense and eventually civilianized, as part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government, through attrition and recruitment of new personnel.

Passed on December 13, 1990,[19] Republic Act No. 6975, the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 paved the way for a new era for Philippine law enforcement as the law ordered the total merger of both the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police and formally created the Philippine National Police.[20]

Later reforms and reorganization

R.A. 6975 was further amended by R.A. 8551, the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,[21] and by R.A. 9708.[22]

R.A. 8551 envisioned the PNP to be a community- and service-oriented agency and included the creation of the Internal Affairs Service of Philippine National Police.[21]

On June 14, 2019, the PNP announced that the Counter-Intelligence Task Force will be replaced with the Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group.[23]

Functions

Leadership

Pres. Bongbong Marcos

Organization

See also: Chief of the Philippine National Police.

National Headquarters

Directorial Staff

Area Police Command (APC)

National Administration Support Units

National Operational Support Units

Divisional organization

Area Police Command

!Area of Responsibility!Coverage!Commander
Northern Luzon Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera Region, and Central LuzonPMGEN Romeo M. Caramat Jr.
Southern LuzonSouthern Tagalog and Bicol RegionPLTGEN Jonnel C. Estomo
Visayas Entire Visayas Island PLTGEN Robert T. Rodriguez
Western Mindanao Zamboanga Peninsula and Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim MindanaoPMGEN Bernard M. Banac
Eastern Mindanao Caraga Region, Soccsksargen, and Davao RegionPMGEN Benjamin H. Silo Jr.

Regional Offices

Regional Police Offices manage and administer Police Stations within the various regions of the Philippines, each of which include several provinces and independent cities. Each unit exercises independent control over all police units within their areas of operation and attached units of the PNP National Headquarters are ordered to assist these Regional Offices. The National Capital Region Police Office is one such regional office.

!Current Seal!Regional Offices!Area of Responsibility!Provincial/City/District Offices!Regional Director
National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO)National Capital Region – Metro Manila5 (All District Offices)PMGEN Jose Melencio C. Nartatez Jr.
Police Regional Office Cordillera (PRO COR)Cordillera Administrative Region7 (6 Provincials, 2 City)PBGEN David K. Peredo
Police Regional Office 1 (PRO1)Region 1 – Ilocos Region4 (All Provincial Offices)PBGEN Lou F. Evangelista
Police Regional Office 2 (PRO2)Region 2 – Cagayan Valley6 (5 Provincials, 4 City)PBGEN Christopher C. Birung
Police Regional Office 3 (PRO3)Region 3 – Central Luzon9 (7 Provincials, 2 Cities)PBGEN Jose S. Hidalgo Jr.
Police Regional Office 4A (PRO4A)Region IV-A – Calabarzon5 (All Provincial Offices)PBGEN Paul Kenneth T. Lucas
Police Regional Office Mimaropa (PRO4B)Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region6 (5 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Roger L. Quesada
Police Regional Office 5 (PRO5)Region V – Bicol Region7 (6 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Andre P. Dizon
Police Regional Office 6 (PRO6)Region VI – Western Visayas8 (6 Provincials, 2 Cities)PBGEN Jack L. Wanky
Police Regional Office 7 (PRO7)Region VII – Central Visayas7 (4 Provincials, 3 Cities)PBGEN Anthony A. Aberin
Police Regional Office 8 (PRO8)Region VIII – Eastern Visayas8 (6 Provincials, 2 Cities) PBGEN Reynaldo H. Pawid
Police Regional Office 9 (PRO9)Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula4 (3 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Bowenn Joey M. Masauding
Police Regional Office 10 (PRO10)Region X – Northern Mindanao7 (5 Provincials, 2 Cities)PBGEN Ricardo G. Layug Jr.
Police Regional Office 11 (PRO11)Region XI – Davao Region7 (5 Provincials, 1 City, 1 District)PBGEN Nicolas D. Torre III
Police Regional Office 12 (PRO12)Region XII – Soccsksargen / Bangsamoro barangays in North Cotabato[24] 5 (4 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Percival Augustus P. Placer
Police Regional Office 13 (PRO13)Region XIII – Caraga6 (5 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Alan M. Nazarro
Police Regional Office Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (PRO BAR)BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and Cotabato City / Excluding Bangsamoro barangays in North Cotabato7 (6 Provincials, 1 City)PBGEN Prexy D. Tanggawohn

District Offices

!District Offices!Area of Responsibility!Regional Office!District Director
Eastern Police District (EPD)Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, San JuanNCRPOPBGEN Wilson C. Asueta
Manila Police District (MPD)City of ManilaNCRPOPBGEN Arnold Thomas C. Ibay
Northern Police District (NPD)Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, ValenzuelaNCRPOPBGEN Rizalito G. Gapas
Quezon City Police District (QCPD)Quezon CityNCRPOPBGEN Redrico A. Maranan
Southern Police District (SPD)Las Piñas, Makati, Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Pateros, Pasay, TaguigNCRPOPBGEN Leon Victor Z. Rosete
Metropolitan Davao Police District (MDPD)Metro DavaoPolice Regional Office (PRO) 11PBGEN Thor Valiente P. Cuyos

Except in Metro Manila, regional police offices are organized into:

Internal Affairs Service

See main article: Internal Affairs Service of Philippine National Police. The PNP created a national Internal Affairs Service (IAS) in June 1999. It is an organization within the structure of the PNP and one of its tasks is to help the Chief PNP institute reforms to improve the image of the police force through assessment, analysis and evaluation of the character and behavior of the PNP personnel. It is headed by the Inspector General.

National Operations Center (NOC)

The National Operations Center (NOC) is at Camp Crame. Chief Superintendent Constante Azares Jr., chief of the PNP-NOC, explained that "the NOC is the hub and nerve of this facility."[25]

Operational units

The following operational units exist within the PNP.[26]

Philippine National Police Academy

See main article: Philippine National Police Academy.

The Philippine National Police Academy is located at Camp Gen. Mariano N. Castaneda, Silang, Cavite and is the premier training academy for the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Jail Management & Penology and Bureau of Fire Protection.

Rank structure

See also: Police ranks of the Philippines.

Full set of ranks

Per the current (2019) rank system, the National Police has no rank holders of Second Lieutenant, Technical Sergeant, Sergeant and Patrolman First Class.

Officers

Recruitment and training

The PNP conducts regular recruitment programs, depending on the annual budget. The entry level for non-commissioned officers is the rank of Police Patrolman (for male recruits) or Police Patrolwoman (for female recruits). The new recruits will undergo Public Safety Basic Recruit Course for six months, and a Field Training Program for another six months. Prior to their actual duty, they are required to undergo the mandatory special training of PNP BISOC or PNP Basic Internal Security Operations Course for 45 days to 5 months to enhance them in militaristic/tactics for future assignment in the field whether in the Striking Force or in the Police Station.

Commissioned officers for the Philippine National Police are from the Philippine National Police Academy as well as through "lateral entry" for specialized disciplines and requirements such as criminologists in line-officers, lawyers, doctors, engineers, chaplain and other technical positions and also the rose-from-the-rank personnel who have reached the qualifications to be a commissioned officer.

Retirement

A police officer has to two ways for retirement i.e. Optional and Mandatory Retirement. Optional Retirement is an option of an uniformed personnel to retire who rendered at least 20 years retire from the service, while the latter is when they reach the mandatory retirement age of 56. Any officer may opt to go on non-duty status at most three months before the date when they reach the mandatory retirement age so they could prepare the pertinent documents for their retirement (some called it Terminal Leave). While on this status they are still considered as part of the police force and retain their ranking.[41]

Equipment

See also: List of equipment of the Philippine National Police.

Reforms

See main article: Security sector governance and reform in the Philippines and Women in the Philippine National Police.

The PNP is one of the "core security actors" that are the focus of security sector governance and reform in the Philippines, which involves civilianizing, professionalizing, modernizing, and capacitating the Philippine government's security institutions[42] [43] [44] to align them good governance and to principles such as human rights, freedom of information, and the rule of civilian law.[45] [46] This has been a continuing process since the establishment of the Fifth Philippine Republic after the 1986 People Power Revolution, before the concept had even been fully defined internationally in the 1990s.[47] The creation of the PNP itself, merging and replacing the PC and the INP, was an early and major step towards civilianization of the Philippine security sector.

Controversies

Manila blackmail incident

A blackmail case occurred in Binondo, Manila when police officers abducted and blackmailed seven Chinese citizens suspected of drug trafficking on December 30, 1998.[48] After many months of detainment and torture, two Hong Kong residents were killed when the ransom money was not paid.[49] One police superintendent who knew of the operation was also killed.

Euro Generals scandal

The Euro Generals scandal involves Eliseo de la Paz and several Philippine National Police officials who went to Russia in October 2008 to attend an Interpol conference. De la Paz was detained for carrying a large sum of undeclared money. A House panel investigating the scandal concluded that the six police officials who attended the conference had made the trip without authorization.[50] In 2010, the Office of the Ombudsman filed graft charges against twelve former and active ranking PNP officials for their alleged involvement in the incident.[51] [52]

Parañaque shootout

On December 5, 2008, ten suspected criminals, one policeman, and five civilians, a total of 16 people, including a seven-year-old girl, were killed in a shootout in Parañaque. Several others were wounded, including a ranking officer of the Highway Patrol Group, two members of the Special Action Force, a village watchman, and a security guard, said Director Leopoldo Bataoil, head of the Metro Manila regional police. The criminals belonged to a Waray-Waray gang and were armed with intermediate-caliber M16 rifles fitted with grenade launchers.[53]

The head of the Internal Affairs Service of the PNP said, "We failed in our mission to protect the civilians."[54] On July 29, 2009, the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed multiple murder charges against 29 policemen, including three generals, in connection with the shootout following the filing of a complaint-affidavit by Lilian de Vera, who lost her husband and seven-year-old daughter in the incident.[55] On January 11, 2010, the Commission on Human Rights recommended the filing of criminal and administrative charges against 26 policemen[56] In March, it was reported that after two witnesses had said De Vera and his daughter were not killed in the shootout, that policemen already had complete control of the area where the two were killed.[57]

Binayug torture case

Inspector Joselito Binayug, chief of the Asuncion police community precinct in Tondo arrested Darius Evangelista on March 5, 2009, for alleged robbery. A torture video was leaked to the media and shown on television showing a police officer whipping and cursing the suspect and pulling on a rope that was tied to the victim's genitals. The incident allegedly happened inside the Asuncion police precinct in Tondo. Binayug was arrested for violating the Anti-Torture act of 2009. Separate charges were filed for Evangelista being tortured to death.[58] [59]

Maguindanao massacre

See main article: Maguindanao massacre. On November 24, 2009, Senior Superintendent Abusana Maguid, the police chief of Maguindanao province, was reported to have been relieved of his duties after witnesses reported seeing three of his officers at the scene of the Maguindanao massacre in which 57 people, including journalists, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses were killed.[60] On November 25 Maguid and Chief Inspector Sukarno Dikay were reported to have been relieved from post and placed under restrictive custody.[61] On November 26, Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary Ronaldo Puno announced that Maguid, Dikay, and others were suspected of involvement in the massacre.[62] On December 19, Maguid, Dikay, and others were reported to have been recommended for summary dismissal by the PNP high command.[63] On April 16, 2010, the National Police Commission ordered a 90-day suspension against Maguid, Dikay, and 60 other police personnel for their possible involvement in the killings.[64] On July 10, it was reported that Dikay had applied to become state witness, saying that he is confident that his testimony will pin down the masterminds of the killing.[65]

Failed hostage rescue operation

The Philippine National Police conceded that in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis they made blunders in ending a bus hijacking, as outrage grew over the bloody assault played out on live television that left eight Hong Kong tourists dead. The Hong Kong Economic Journal was reported to have accused the PNP of having "appalling professional standards" and "...[a] lack of strategic planning".[66]

"Wheel of Torture" secret detention facility

The Philippine Commission on Human Rights filed charges against ten police officers after it was discovered that they routinely tortured detainees inside a secret detention facility in Biñan, Laguna. It was alleged that some "were tortured for the police officers’ amusement" when they're intoxicated. The facility is notorious for utilizing a roulette called the "Wheel of Torture", a play on the Wheel of Fortune, where various torture methods were printed. The wheel is rotated and wherever the pin stops, the indicated torture method is perpetrated on the detainee.[67]

The torture methods included a 20-second Manny Pacman punch, named after the famous boxer Manny Pacquiao, where the detainee is beaten for 20 seconds; "Paniki" which means being hung like a bat; "Tusok ulo ka" which means being pierced through the head; "Zombies" which means being electrocuted; and other degrading tasks like "duck walk" and "Ferris wheel".[68]

Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick-Joo

See main article: Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick-Joo. Sometime in January 2017, a Korean was killed inside Camp Crame.[69] [70] The Philippine National Police Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG) charged former NBI officials Roel Boliv, Ricardo Diaz, and Jose Yap in relation to the case.[71]

2013 Pampanga Drug recycling scandal

In 2013, an anti-illegal drug unit led by Police Chief Inspector (now Police Major) Rodney Baloyo launched an operation against a certain Chinese national inside a subdivision in Mexico, Pampanga. However, an alleged recycling of Methamphetamine Hydrocloride locally known as "Shabu" worth 648 million Philippine Pesos confiscated dubbed as "Agaw-Bato" by the media and setting drug lord Johnson Lee free were discovered by then Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) Chief (now Baguio Mayor) Benjamin Magalong resulting to a dismissal of the 13 Policemen dubbed as "Ninja Cops" (including Baloyo) involved in the said operation. In 2019, Magalong revealed that PNP Chief Oscar Albayalde who was then the Pampanga Provincial Director when the incident happened, asked not to implement the dismissal of the cops involved in the recycling of drugs and often profited along with the cops involved.[72] The revelations caused Magalong receiving death threats and the resignation of Albayalde on October 14, 2019.[73] [74]

Uniter Association

See main article: Hannibal (network).

In 2019, German news outlets reported that the Philippine National Police received training from Uniter Association (German: Verein Uniter), a non-government organization suspected to be a neo-Nazi paramilitary due to its alleged affiliation with a far-right network called "Hannibal".[75] [76] Kontraste, a news magazine of Germany's public broadcasting network ARD reported that Uniter members held a training seminar at the Seda Hotel with high-ranking officers of the PNP, and other government officials, including E.R. Ejercito who posted photos of the seminar on his Facebook page two days after he was convicted for graft.[77] [78] Uniter denied claims of training Filipino police forces in an attempt to establish right-wing extremist networks overseas, but insisted that they were there for "humanitarian" support for the PNP, which they claimed it as "unfortunate" timing given the ongoing war on drugs. Despite being reported across Germany amidst a neo-Nazi scandal that hit the Bundeswehr (which revolves around an alleged terror plot called "Day X"), it was not reported by Philippine media.[79] [80] The PNP refused to comment on its involvement with Uniter.

Mañanita during the COVID-19 pandemic

The holding of a mañanita for NCRPO's chief (later PNP Chief) Debold Sinas amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila was criticized for breaching quarantine regulations. A mañanita is a customary celebration in the PNP where senior officers are greeted by their personnel early in the morning of their birthdays. The national police has filed charges against Sinas over the event for violation of existing regulations on social distancing and mass gatherings. However, Sinas was still able to keep his post due to the "emergency situation" posed by the pandemic, as self-proclaimed by him.[81] [82]

2020 Tarlac shooting

See main article: 2020 Tarlac shooting.

Police Senior Master Sergeant Jonel Nuezca shot to death his two unarmed neighbors, Sonya Gregorio and her son Frank, in Paniqui, Tarlac, on December 20, 2020, at 5:10 pm (PST).[83] The incident was reported to the police 20 minutes later and, at 6:19 pm, Nuezca surrendered at the police station in Pangasinan.

The incident started when Nuezca went to investigate the Gregorios who were shooting a boga–an improvised bamboo cannon used as a noisemaker every December. Nuezca tried to arrest Frank, who appeared to be drunk. This led to a heated argument with Sonya, which culminated in Nuezca killing the two by shooting them at close range.[84] According to Police Colonel Renante Cabico, director of the Tarlac Provincial Police Office, Nuezca was "off duty" at the time of the incident. The police called the incident an "isolated case."

The incident was captured on video and spread online. Several netizens and celebrities condemned the killings on social media with the hashtags #StopTheKillingsPH, #EndPoliceBrutality, #PulisAngTerorista, and #JusticeForSonyaGregorio dominating on Twitter in the Philippines, as well as in Singapore and Dubai.[85] [86] Some critics also pointed at the government over the acts of impunity and human rights abuses in recent years.[87]

An indignation rally was done by numerous groups on December 21, 2020, at the Boy Scout Circle, Quezon City.[88]

The disgraced former PNP officer Jonel Nuezca was found guilty of murder in August 2021 and sentenced to "reclusion perpetua", which is 40 years imprisonment with parole possible after 30 years. He was also ordered to pay PHP 476,000 (US$9,377) to the heirs of each of the people he brutally murdered.[89]

Shootout with PDEA Agents (2021)

See main article: 2021 PNP-PDEA shootout.

On February 24, 2021, personnel of the Philippines National Police (PNP) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was involved in a friendly fire incident. Personnel from both sides engaged in a gunfight with both sides saying they were conducting an anti-drug operation. The shootout resulted in 2 deaths and 1 injured on the side of the PNP and 2 deaths and 3 injured on the PDEA Side.[90]

Quezon City 52-year-old woman shooting (2021)

On May 31, 2021, a police officer Police Master Sergeant Hensie Zinampan, who appeared to be drunk, was filmed with a cell phone when he shot a 52-year-old woman named Lilybeth Valdez dead in close range outside the store in Fairview, Quezon City at around 9:30pm, following the heated argument between the two.[91] The incident was caught on video.[92] PNP Chief Guillermo Eleazar confronts Zinampan for his crime.[93] The police filed an "administrative and criminal charges" against the police officer.[94] The incident sparked outrage on social media, trending the hashtag #PulisAngTerorista on June 1, 2021, with the netizen rejected the claims that the incident was "isolated case."[95] The incident was likened to the case of Tarlac shooting in December 2020. There has been no further news on the status of the disgraced officer.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Hurley, Vic. Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936). 2011. Cerberus Books. 60. Section 1. An Insular Constabulary is hereby established under the general supervision of the Civil Governor for the purpose of better maintaining peace, law, and order in the various provinces of the Philippine Islands, organized, officered and governed as hereinafter set forth, which shall be known as the Philippines Constabulary.. 9780983475620. Google Books.
  2. Web site: I. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE . Republic of the Philippines Department of Budget and Management . 29 June 2023 . May 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527195110/https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2023/VolumeI/DILG/I.pdf . live .
  3. News: Top Philippine cop resigns after accusation of link to drug scandal. October 14, 2019. Reuters. October 25, 2019. en. October 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101546/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs-idUSKBN1WT0CB. live.
  4. Except during the 30 days immediately preceding and following any national, local and barangay elections. During these periods, the local police forces are under the supervision and control of the Commission on Elections
  5. http://www.pnp.gov.ph/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:about-the-philippine-national-police&catid=25:organization&Itemid=56 About the Philippine National police
  6. Web site: Security Sector Reform in the Philippines . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181106065411/http://www.mei.edu/publications/security-sector-reform-philippines . 2018-11-06 . 2021-09-05 . Middle East Institute . en.
  7. Web site: Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime. September 20, 1999. Ateneo de Manila University. October 6, 2022. September 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220901062823/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html. live.
  8. Book: N., Abinales, P.. State and society in the Philippines. 2005. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0742510234. Lanham, MD. 57452454.
  9. Book: Parlade, Antonio G. . An Analysis Of The Communist Insurgency In The Philippines. . Pickle Partners Publishing . 2015 . 978-1-78625-282-1 . San Francisco . 975223979.
  10. Web site: 3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975-1985 - The Manila Times Online. www.manilatimes.net. en-US. 2018-06-15. 2016-04-12. April 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011712/https://www.manilatimes.net/3257-fact-checking-the-marcos-killings-1975-1985/255735/. dead.
  11. News: The military's obsession with UP: some historical notes . en . . 2021-08-02 . October 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221006232223/https://verafiles.org/articles/militarys-obsession-some-historical-notes . live .
  12. Web site: REPORT OF AN AI MISSION TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES 1975. October 6, 2022. June 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230610085742/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa35/019/1977/en/. live.
  13. News: LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos. Rappler. 2018-06-18. en. October 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221008230111/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/146867-look-back-philippine-constabulary-marcos/. live.
  14. Book: W., McCoy, Alfred. Policing America's empire : the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state. 2009. University of Wisconsin Press. 9780299234133. Madison, Wis.. 550642875.
  15. Rosenberg. David A.. 1974. Civil Liberties and the Mass Media under Martial Law in the Philippines. Pacific Affairs. 47. 4. 472–484. 10.2307/2755948. 2755948.
  16. News: MANILA NEWSPAPER CLOSED BY MARCOS. 2018-06-18. en. September 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210919074315/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1982/12/08/085203.html. live.
  17. Web site: The One That Got Away Newsbreak Independent Journalism. archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph. en-US. 2018-06-18. July 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154512/http://archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph/2006/07/02/the-one-that-got-away/. dead.
  18. News: The Haunting of Martial Law: Records from the Marcos Regime. 2017-09-07. UH School of Law Library. 2018-06-18. en-US. June 4, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230604205522/https://library.law.hawaii.edu/2017/09/07/the-haunting-of-martial-law-records-from-the-marcos-regime/. live.
  19. Web site: Republic Act 8551: Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 Philippine Commission on Women . April 15, 2020 . May 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200503174459/https://www.pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-8551 . live .
  20. Web site: Republic Act No. 6975 . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . 13 June 2020 . 13 December 1990 . February 12, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200212151711/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ . live .
  21. Web site: Republic Act 8551 . Philippine Commission on Women . 13 June 2020 . 25 February 1998 . May 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200503174459/https://www.pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-8551 . live .
  22. Web site: Republic Act No. 9708 . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . 13 June 2020 . 12 August 2009 . October 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211016185058/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/08/12/republic-act-no-9708/ . live .
  23. Web site: PNP to replace CITF with IMEG to monitor corrupt cops – UNTV News . UNTV News . April 15, 2020 . en-us . June 14, 2019 . December 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201208073104/https://www.untvweb.com/news/pnp-to-replace-citf-with-imeg-to-monitor-corrupt-cops/ . live .
  24. News: Unson. John. March 25, 2019. Cotabato City cops can join BARMM or transfer to PRO-12. The Philippine Star. March 26, 2019. The PRO-BARMM, originally PRO-ARMM, covers Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur, both in mainland Mindanao, and the island provinces of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.. March 27, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327190258/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2019/03/25/1904414/cotabato-city-cops-can-join-barmm-or-transfer-pro-12. live.
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  88. 1340968744781193216. altermidya.
    1. StopTheKillingsPH: Activists & concerned citizens cry justice for Sonya & Frank Gregorio and all victims of police brutality and state violence. The groups held an indignation rally at the Boy Scout Circle in QC after a police officer killed the 2 unarmed residents in Tarlac.
    . December 21, 2020. January 7, 2021.
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