| Philip Vera Cruz | |
| Birth Date: | 25 December 1904 |
| Birth Place: | Saoang, San Juan, Ilocos Sur, Philippine Islands |
| Death Place: | Bakersfield, California, U.S. |
| Occupation: | Labor organizer, farmworker |
Philip Villamin Vera Cruz (December 25, 1904 - June 12, 1994) was a Filipino American labor leader and farmworker. He helped found the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), which later merged with the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). As the union's long-time second vice president, he worked to improve the working conditions of migrant workers.[1]
Vera Cruz was born in Saoang, San Juan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines (then a territory of the United States) on December 25, 1904. As a small boy, he tended to water buffalo (carabaos) for his father, which he described as much easier than the work he would do in California.[2] In 1926, Vera Cruz moved to the United States, where he performed a wide variety of jobs, including working in an Alaskan cannery, a restaurant, and a box factory.[3] He was briefly a member of the Industrial Workers of the World.[4] For a year, beginning in 1931, Vera Cruz studied at Gonzaga University, which erected a bench in his honor in 2021.[5] [6] In 1942, he was drafted into the United States Army, but was later discharged due to age.[7]
Vera Cruz eventually settled in California, where he became a farmworker. He joined the AFL-CIO-affiliated union, the National Farm Labor Union, in the 1950s. His union local, based in Delano, California, had an Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC). The prime focus of AWOC was to add members to the National Farm Labor Union. AWOC was composed primarily of Filipino American farmworker organizers, although it did hire Dolores Huerta. Huerta eventually quit the AWOC to join the National Farm Workers of America, which had a primarily Mexican American membership.[8]
Philip Vera Cruz, a former UFW Vice President, described the start of the great Delano grape strike.
On September 8, 1965, the Delano local voted to strike against the grape growers. Following the strike call, the growers attempted to bring in Mexican American workers, some of whom were affiliated with the National Farm Workers of America. Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and other leaders of the National Farm Workers of America met with several National Farm Labor Union organizers, including Vera Cruz, Larry Itliong, Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco. Together, they decided that both unions would strike against the grape growers, an action which eventually led to both unions joining to become the United Farm Workers.[9] The new union debuted in August 1966, and continued the strike into 1970.[10]
In the new union, Vera Cruz served as second vice president and on the managing board.[3]
Vera Cruz resigned from the UFW in 1977. Vera Cruz and Chavez had been drifting apart, and Vera Cruz felt that Chavez did not give Filipinos due credit for their role in starting the labor movement.[11] Things culminated that year, when Chavez traveled to the Philippines to meet with Ferdinand Marcos, whom Vera Cruz saw as a brutal dictator.[12] Vera Cruz continued to live in the San Joaquin Valley of California after his resignation, and remained active in union and social justice issues for the rest of his life.[10] Vera Cruz received the Ninoy M. Aquino Award in 1987, traveling to the Philippines for the first time in fifty years to accept it.[13] In 1992, the AFL-CIO's Asia Pacific American Labor Committee honored Vera Cruz at its founding convention.[14] He died at the age of 89 in 1994, in Bakersfield, California.[15]
In 1995 the first mural mural honoring Vera Cruz and other Filipino American farm-workers was completed in Los Angeles’ Historic Filipinotown. [16]
In 2013, the New Haven Unified School District renamed Alvarado Middle School as Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School in honor of Vera Cruz and Larry Itliong; this school is the first school in the United States to be named after Filipino Americans.[17]