Philip K. Dick Explained

Birth Name:Philip Kindred Dick
Pseudonym:
  • Richard Phillips
  • Jack Dowland
Birth Date:December 16, 1928
Birth Place:Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Death Place:Santa Ana, California, U.S.
Children:3, including Isa
Occupation:Novelist, short story writer, essayist
Period:1951–1982
Genre:Science fiction, paranoid fiction, philosophical fiction
Movement:Postmodernism
Notableworks:
Signature:Philip K Dick signature.svg

Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982), often referred to by his initials PKD, was an American science fiction writer and novelist.[1] He wrote 44 novels and about 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime.[2] His fiction explored varied philosophical and social questions such as the nature of reality, perception, human nature, and identity, and commonly featured characters struggling against elements such as alternate realities, illusory environments, monopolistic corporations, drug abuse, authoritarian governments, and altered states of consciousness.[3] [4] He is considered one of the most important figures in 20th-century science fiction.[5]

Born in Chicago, Dick moved to the San Francisco Bay Area with his family at a young age. He began publishing science fiction stories in 1952, at age 23. He found little commercial success[6] until his alternative history novel The Man in the High Castle (1962) earned him acclaim, including a Hugo Award for Best Novel, when he was 33.[7] He followed with science fiction novels such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) and Ubik (1969). His 1974 novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.[8]

Following years of drug abuse and a series of mystical experiences in 1974, Dick's work engaged more explicitly with issues of theology, metaphysics, and the nature of reality, as in novels A Scanner Darkly (1977), VALIS (1981), and The Transmigration of Timothy Archer (1982).[9] A collection of his speculative nonfiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick (2011). He died in 1982 in Santa Ana, California, at the age of 53, due to complications from a stroke.[10] Following his death, he became "widely regarded as a master of imaginative, paranoid fiction in the vein of Franz Kafka and Thomas Pynchon".[11]

Dick's posthumous influence has been widespread, extending beyond literary circles into Hollywood filmmaking.[12] Popular films based on his works include Blade Runner (1982), Total Recall (adapted twice: in 1990 and in 2012), Screamers (1995), Minority Report (2002), A Scanner Darkly (2006), The Adjustment Bureau (2011), and Radio Free Albemuth (2010). Beginning in 2015, Amazon Prime Video produced the multi-season television adaptation The Man in the High Castle, based on Dick's 1962 novel; and in 2017 Channel 4 produced the anthology series Electric Dreams, based on various Dick stories.

In 2005, Time named Ubik (1969) one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923.[13] In 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer included in The Library of America series.[14] [15] [16]

Early life

Dick and his twin sister, Jane Charlotte Dick, were born six weeks prematurely on December 16, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, to Dorothy (née Kindred; 1900–1978) and Joseph Edgar Dick (1899–1985), who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture.[17] [18] His paternal grandparents were Irish.[19] Jane's death on January 26, 1929, six weeks after their birth, profoundly affected Philip's life, leading to the recurrent motif of the "phantom twin" in his books.

Dick's family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When he was five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada, and when Dorothy refused to move, she and Joseph divorced. Both fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to Dorothy. Determined to raise Philip alone, she took a job in Washington, D.C., and moved there with her son. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School (1936–1938), completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a "C" in Written Composition, although a teacher said he "shows interest and ability in story telling". He was educated in Quaker schools.[20] In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California, and it was around this time that he became interested in science fiction. Dick stated that he read his first science fiction magazine, Stirring Science Stories, in 1940.[21]

Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California. He and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the class of 1947 but did not know each other at the time.He claimed to have hosted a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947.[22] From 1948 to 1952, he worked at Art Music Company, a record store on Telegraph Avenue.

He attended the University of California, Berkeley from September 1949 to November 11, 1949, ultimately receiving an honorable dismissal dated January 1, 1950. He did not declare a major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy, and zoology. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according to his third wife Anne's memoir. She also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, he befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, who gave Dick ideas for a Martian language.

Through his studies in philosophy, he believed that existence is based on internal human perception, which does not necessarily correspond to external reality. He described himself as "an acosmic panentheist", which he explained as meaning that "I don't believe that the universe exists. I believe that the only thing that exists is God and he is more than the universe. The universe is an extension of God into space and time. That's the premise I start from in my work, that so-called "reality" is a mass delusion that we've all been required to believe for reasons totally obscure".[23] After reading the works of Plato and pondering the possibilities of metaphysical realms, he came to the conclusion that, in a certain sense, the world is not entirely real and there is no way to confirm whether it is truly there. That question was a theme in many of his novels.

Career

Early writing

Dick sold his first story, "Roog"—about "a dog who imagined that the garbagemen who came every Friday morning were stealing valuable food which the family had carefully stored away in a safe metal container"—in 1951, when he was 22. From then on he wrote full-time. During 1952, his first speculative fiction publications appeared in July and September numbers of Planet Stories, edited by Jack O'Sullivan, and in If and The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction that year. His debut novel, Solar Lottery, was published in 1955 as half of Ace Double #D-103 alongside The Big Jump by Leigh Brackett. The 1950s were a difficult and impoverished time for Dick, who once lamented, "We couldn't even pay the late fees on a library book." He published almost exclusively within the science fiction genre but dreamed of a career in mainstream fiction.[24] During the 1950s, he produced a series of non-genre, relatively conventional novels.[25]

In 1960, Dick wrote that he was willing to "take twenty to thirty years to succeed as a literary writer". The dream of mainstream success formally died in January 1963 when the Scott Meredith Literary Agency returned all of his unsold mainstream novels. Only one of them, Confessions of a Crap Artist, was published during Dick's lifetime,[26] in 1975 by Paul Williams' Entwhistle Books.

In 1963 Dick won the Hugo Award for The Man in the High Castle. Although he was hailed as a genius in the science fiction world, the mainstream literary world was unappreciative, and he could publish books only through low-paying science fiction publishers such as Ace. He said in a 1977 interview that were it not for interest by a French publishing company in the mid-1960s, which decided to publish all of his catalog to date, he would not have been able to continue as a writer.[27] But even in his later years, he continued to have financial troubles. In the introduction to the 1980 short story collection, The Golden Man, he wrote:

Flight to Canada, mental health and suicide attempt

In 1971, Dick's marriage to Nancy Hackett broke down, and she moved out of their house in Santa Venetia, California. He had abused amphetamine for much of the previous decade, stemming in part from his need to maintain a prolific writing regimen due to the financial exigencies of the science fiction field. He allowed other drug users to move into the house. Following the release of 21 novels between 1960 and 1970, these developments were exacerbated by unprecedented periods of writer's block, with Dick ultimately failing to publish new fiction until 1974.[28]

One day, in November 1971, Dick returned to his home to discover it had been burglarized, with his safe blown open and personal papers missing. The police could not determine the culprit, and even suspected Dick of having done it himself.[29] Shortly thereafter, he was invited to be guest of honor at the Vancouver Science Fiction Convention in February 1972. Within a day of arriving at the conference and giving his speech, The Android and the Human, he informed people that he had fallen in love with a woman named Janis whom he had met there and announced that he would be remaining in Vancouver. A conference attendee, Michael Walsh, movie critic for the local newspaper The Province, invited Dick to stay in his home, but asked him to leave two weeks later due to his erratic behavior. Janis then ended their relationship and moved away. On March 23, 1972, Dick attempted suicide by taking an overdose of the sedative potassium bromide. Subsequently, after deciding to seek help, Dick became a participant in X-Kalay (a Canadian Synanon-type recovery program), and was well enough by April to return to California. In October 1972, Dick wrote a letter to the FBI about science fiction writer Thomas Disch. Dick said he had been approached by a covert Anti-American organization which attempted to recruit him. Dick said he recognized their ideology in a book Disch wrote.[30] [31]

On relocating to Orange County, California at the behest of California State University, Fullerton professor Willis McNelly (who initiated a correspondence with Dick during his X-Kalay stint), he donated manuscripts, papers and other materials to the university's Special Collections Library, where they are in the Philip K. Dick Science Fiction Collection in the Pollak Library. During this period, Dick befriended a circle of Fullerton State students that included several aspiring science fiction writers, including K. W. Jeter, James Blaylock and Tim Powers. Jeter would later continue Dick's Bladerunner series with three sequels.[32] [33] [34]

Dick returned to the events of these months while writing his novel A Scanner Darkly (1977),[35] which contains fictionalized depictions of the burglary of his home, his time using amphetamines and living with addicts, and his experiences of X-Kalay (portrayed in the novel as "New-Path"). A factual account of his recovery program participation was portrayed in his posthumously released book The Dark Haired Girl, a collection of letters and journals from the period.

Paranormal experiences

On February 20, 1974, while recovering from the effects of sodium pentothal administered for the extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth, Dick received a home delivery of Darvon from a young woman. When he opened the door, he was struck by the dark-haired girl's beauty, and was especially drawn to her golden necklace. He asked her about its curious fish-shaped design. As she was leaving, she replied: "This is a sign used by the early Christians." Dick called the symbol the "vesicle pisces". This name seems to have been based on his conflation of two related symbols, the Christian ichthys symbol (two intersecting arcs delineating a fish in profile), which the woman was wearing, and the vesica piscis.[36]

Dick recounted that as the sun glinted off the gold pendant, the reflection caused the generation of a "pink beam" of light that mesmerized him. He came to believe the beam imparted wisdom and clairvoyance, and also believed it to be intelligent. On one occasion, he was startled by a separate recurrence of the pink beam, which imparted the information that his infant son was ill. The Dicks rushed the child to the hospital, where the illness was confirmed by professional diagnosis.[37]

After the woman's departure, Dick began experiencing strange hallucinations. Although initially attributing them to side effects from medication, he considered this explanation implausible after weeks of continued hallucination. He told Charles Platt:

"I experienced an invasion of my mind by a transcendentally rational mind, as if I had been insane all my life and suddenly I had become sane."

Throughout February and March 1974, Dick experienced a series of hallucinations which he referred to as "2-3-74",[24] [38] shorthand for February–March 1974. Aside from the "pink beam", he described the initial hallucinations as geometric patterns, and, occasionally, brief pictures of Jesus and ancient Rome. As the hallucinations increased in duration and frequency, Dick claimed he began to live two parallel lives—one as himself, "Philip K. Dick", and one as "Thomas",[39] a Christian persecuted by Romans in the first century AD. He referred to the "transcendentally rational mind" as "Zebra", "God" and "VALIS" (an acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System). He wrote about the experiences, first in the semi-autobiographical novel Radio Free Albemuth, then in VALIS, The Divine Invasion, The Transmigration of Timothy Archer and the unfinished The Owl in Daylight (the VALIS trilogy).

In 1974, Dick wrote a letter to the FBI, accusing various people, including University of California, San Diego professor Fredric Jameson, of being foreign agents of Warsaw Pact powers.[40] He also wrote that Stanisław Lem was probably a false name used by a composite committee operating on orders of the Communist party to gain control over public opinion.[41]

At one point, Dick felt he had been taken over by the spirit of the prophet Elijah. He believed that an episode in his novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said was a detailed retelling of a biblical story from the Book of Acts, which he had never read.[42] He documented and discussed his experiences and faith in a private journal he called his "exegesis", portions of which were later published as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick. The last novel he wrote was The Transmigration of Timothy Archer; it was published shortly after his death in 1982.[43]

Personal life

Dick was married five times:

Dick had three children, Laura Archer Dick[46] (born February 25, 1960, to Dick and his third wife, Anne Williams Rubenstein), Isolde Freya Dick[47] (now Isa Dick Hackett) (born March 15, 1967, to Dick and his fourth wife, Nancy Hackett), and Christopher Kenneth Dick (born July 25, 1973, to Dick and his fifth wife, Leslie "Tessa" Busby).[48]

In 1955, Dick and his second wife, Kleo Apostolides, received a visit from the FBI, which they believed to be the result of Kleo's socialist views and left-wing activities.[49]

He physically fought with Anne Williams Rubinstein, his third wife. Dick wrote to a friend that he and Anne had "dreadful violent fights...slamming each other around, smashing every object in the house." In 1963, Dick told his neighbors that his wife was attempting to kill him and had her involuntarily committed to a psychiatric institution for two weeks.[50] After filing for divorce in 1964, Dick moved to Oakland to live with a fan, author and editor Grania Davis. Shortly after, he attempted suicide by driving off the road while she was a passenger.[51]

Politics

Early in life, Dick attended Communist Party USA meetings, but shifted more towards anti-communism and libertarianism as time passed. In an interview, Dick once described himself as a "religious anarchist".[52]

Dick generally tried to stay out of the political scene because of high societal turmoil from the Vietnam War. Still, he did show some anti-Vietnam War and anti-governmental sentiments. In 1968, he joined the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",[53] an anti-war pledge to pay no U.S. federal income tax, which resulted in the confiscation of his car by the IRS.[54] Dick was a critic of the U.S. federal government, regarding it to be just as "bad as the Soviet Union", and cheered on "a great decentralization of the government".

Dick's politics occasionally influenced his literature. Dick's 1967 short story "Faith of Our Fathers" is critical of communism. Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? condemns the eugenics movement.[55] In 1974, as a response to the Roe v. Wade decision, Dick also published "The Pre-persons", a satirical anti-abortion and anti-Malthusianism short story. Following the story's publication, Dick stated that he received death threats from feminists.[56]

Death

On February 17, 1982, after completing an interview, Dick contacted his therapist, complaining of failing eyesight, and was advised to go to a hospital immediately, but did not. The following day, he was found unconscious on the floor of his Santa Ana, California, home, having suffered a stroke. On February 25, 1982, Dick suffered another stroke in the hospital, which led to brain death. Five days later, on March 2, 1982, he was disconnected from life support.

After his death, Dick's father, Joseph, took his son's ashes to Riverside Cemetery in Fort Morgan, Colorado (section K, block 1, lot 56), where they were buried next to his twin sister Jane, who died in infancy. Her tombstone had been inscribed with both of their names at the time of her death, 53 years earlier.[57] Philip died four months before the release of Blade Runner, the film based on his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[58]

Style and works

Themes

Dick's stories typically focus on the fragile nature of what is real and the construction of personal identity. His stories often become surreal fantasies, as the main characters slowly discover that their everyday world is actually an illusion assembled by powerful external entities, such as the suspended animation in Ubik, vast political conspiracies or the vicissitudes of an unreliable narrator. "All of his work starts with the basic assumption that there cannot be one, single, objective reality", writes science fiction author Charles Platt. "Everything is a matter of perception. The ground is liable to shift under your feet. A protagonist may find himself living out another person's dream, or he may enter a drug-induced state that actually makes better sense than the real world, or he may cross into a different universe completely."[59]

Alternate universes and simulacra are common plot devices, with fictional worlds inhabited by common, working people, rather than galactic elites. "There are no heroes in Dick's books", Ursula K. Le Guin wrote, "but there are heroics. One is reminded of Dickens: what counts is the honesty, constancy, kindness and patience of ordinary people."[60] Dick made no secret that much of his thinking and work was heavily influenced by the writings of Carl Jung.[61] [62] The Jungian constructs and models that most concerned Dick seem to be the archetypes of the collective unconscious, group projection/hallucination, synchronicities, and personality theory. Many of Dick's protagonists overtly analyze reality and their perceptions in Jungian terms (see Lies, Inc.).

Dick identified one major theme of his work as the question, "What constitutes the authentic human being?"[63] In works such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, beings can appear totally human in every respect while lacking soul or compassion, while completely alien beings such as Glimmung in Galactic Pot-Healer may be more humane and complex than their human peers. Understood correctly, said Dick, the term "human being" applies "not to origin or to any ontology but to a way of being in the world."[64] This authentic way of being manifests itself in compassion that recognizes the oneness of all life. "In Dick's vision, the moral imperative calls on us to care for all sentient beings, human or nonhuman, natural or artificial, regardless of their place in the order of things. And Dick makes clear that this imperative is grounded in empathy, not reason, whatever subsequent role reason may play."[65] The figure of the android depicts those who are deficient in empathy, who are alienated from others and are becoming more mechanical (emotionless) in their behaviour. "In general, then, it can be said that for Dick robots represent machines that are becoming more like humans, while androids represent humans that are becoming more like machines."[66]

Mental illness was a constant interest of Dick's, and themes of mental illness permeate his work. The character Jack Bohlen in the 1964 novel Martian Time-Slip is an "ex-schizophrenic". The novel Clans of the Alphane Moon centers on an entire society made up of descendants of lunatic asylum inmates. In 1965, he wrote the essay titled "Schizophrenia and the Book of Changes".[67]

Drug use (including religious, recreational, and abuse) was also a theme in many of Dick's works, such as A Scanner Darkly and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch.[68] Dick himself was a drug user for much of his life. According to a 1975 interview in Rolling Stone,[69] Dick wrote all of his books published before 1970 while on amphetamines. "A Scanner Darkly (1977) was the first complete novel I had written without speed", said Dick in the interview. He also experimented briefly with psychedelics, but wrote The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965), which Rolling Stone dubs "the classic LSD novel of all time", before he had ever tried them. Despite his heavy amphetamine use, however, Dick later said that doctors told him the amphetamines never actually affected him, that his liver had processed them before they reached his brain.

Summing up all these themes in Understanding Philip K. Dick, Eric Carl Link discussed eight themes or "ideas and motifs":[70] Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem, Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and "Technology, Media, Drugs and Madness".

Pen names

Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillipps and Jack Dowland. "Some Kinds of Life" was published in October 1953 in Fantastic Universe under byline Richard Phillipps, apparently because the magazine had a policy against publishing multiple stories by the same author in the same issue; "Planet for Transients" was published in the same issue under his own name.[71]

The short story "Orpheus with Clay Feet" was published under the pen name Jack Dowland. The protagonist desires to be the muse for fictional author Jack Dowland, considered the greatest science fiction author of the 20th century. In the story, Dowland publishes a short story titled "Orpheus with Clay Feet" under the pen name Philip K. Dick.

The surname Dowland refers to Renaissance composer John Dowland, who is featured in several works. The title Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said directly refers to Dowland's best-known composition, "Flow, my tears". In the novel The Divine Invasion, the character Linda Fox, created specifically with Linda Ronstadt in mind, is an intergalactically famous singer whose entire body of work consists of recordings of John Dowland compositions.

Selected works

The Man in the High Castle (1962) is set in an alternative history in which the United States is ruled by the victorious Axis powers. It is the only Dick novel to win a Hugo Award. In 2015 this was adapted into a television series by Amazon Studios.[72]

The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965) utilizes an array of science fiction concepts and features several layers of reality and unreality. It is also one of Dick's first works to explore religious themes. The novel takes place in the 21st century, when, under UN authority, mankind has colonized the Solar System's every habitable planet and moon. Life is physically daunting and psychologically monotonous for most colonists, so the UN must draft people to go to the colonies. Most entertain themselves using "Perky Pat" dolls and accessories manufactured by Earth-based "P.P. Layouts". The company also secretly creates "Can-D", an illegal but widely available hallucinogenic drug allowing the user to "translate" into Perky Pat (if the drug user is a woman) or Pat's boyfriend, Walt (if the drug user is a man). This recreational use of Can-D allows colonists to experience a few minutes of an idealized life on Earth by participating in a collective hallucination.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) is the story of a bounty hunter policing the local android population. It occurs on a dying, poisoned Earth de-populated of almost all animals and all "successful" humans; the only remaining inhabitants of the planet are people with no prospects off-world. The 1968 novel is the literary source of the film Blade Runner (1982).[73] It is both a conflation and an intensification of the pivotally Dickian question: "What is real, what is fake? What crucial factor defines humanity as distinctly 'alive', versus those merely alive only in their outward appearance?"

Ubik (1969) employs extensive psychic telepathy and a suspended state after death in creating a state of eroding reality. A group of psychics is sent to investigate a rival organisation, but several of them are apparently killed by a saboteur's bomb. Much of the following novel flicks between different equally plausible realities and the "real" reality, a state of half-life and psychically manipulated realities. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the "All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels" published since 1923.[13]

Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (1974) concerns Jason Taverner, a television star living in a dystopian near-future police state. After being attacked by an angry ex-girlfriend, Taverner awakens in a dingy Los Angeles hotel room. He still has his money in his wallet, but his identification cards are missing. This is no minor inconvenience, as security checkpoints (staffed by "pols" and "nats", the police and National Guard) are set up throughout the city to stop and arrest anyone without valid ID. Jason at first thinks that he was robbed, but soon discovers that his entire identity has been erased. There is no record of him in any official database, and even his closest associates do not recognize or remember him. For the first time in many years, Jason has no fame or reputation to rely on. He has only his innate charm and social graces to help him as he tries to find out what happened to his past while avoiding the attention of the pols. The novel was Dick's first published novel after years of silence, during which time his critical reputation had grown, and this novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.[8] It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated for both a Hugo and a Nebula Award.

In an essay written two years before his death, Dick described how he learned from his Episcopal priest that an important scene in Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said – involving its other main character, the eponymous Police General Felix Buckman, was very similar to a scene in Acts of the Apostles,[42] a book of the New Testament. Film director Richard Linklater discusses this novel in his film Waking Life, which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time Out of Joint.

A Scanner Darkly (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural novels; in its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with reality after falling victim to Substance D, the same permanently mind-altering drug he was enlisted to help fight. Substance D is instantly addictive, beginning with a pleasant euphoria which is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and eventually total psychosis. In this novel, as with all Dick novels, there is an underlying thread of paranoia and dissociation with multiple realities perceived simultaneously. It was adapted to film by Richard Linklater.[74]

The Philip K. Dick Reader[75] is an introduction to the variety of Dick's short fiction.

VALIS (1980) is perhaps Dick's most postmodern and autobiographical novel, examining his own unexplained experiences. It may also be his most academically studied work, and was adapted as an opera by Tod Machover.[76] Later works like the VALIS trilogy were heavily autobiographical, many with "two-three-seventy-four" (2-3-74) references and influences. The word VALIS is the acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System. Later, Dick theorized that VALIS was both a "reality generator" and a means of extraterrestrial communication. A fourth VALIS manuscript, Radio Free Albemuth, although composed in 1976, was posthumously published in 1985. This work is described by the publisher (Arbor House) as "an introduction and key to his magnificent VALIS trilogy".[77]

Regardless of the feeling that he was somehow experiencing a divine communication, Dick was never fully able to rationalize the events. For the rest of his life, he struggled to comprehend what was occurring, questioning his own sanity and perception of reality. He transcribed what thoughts he could into an eight-thousand-page, one-million-word journal dubbed the Exegesis. From 1974 until his death in 1982, Dick spent many nights writing in this journal. A recurring theme in Exegesis is Dick's hypothesis that history had been stopped in the first century AD, and that "the Empire never ended". He saw Rome as the pinnacle of materialism and despotism, which, after forcing the Gnostics underground, had kept the population of Earth enslaved to worldly possessions. Dick believed that VALIS had communicated with him, and anonymously others, to induce the impeachment of U.S. President Richard Nixon, whom Dick believed to be the current Emperor of Rome incarnate.[78]

In a 1968 essay titled "Self Portrait", collected in the 1995 book The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, Dick reflects on his work and lists which books he feels "might escape World War Three": Eye in the Sky, The Man in the High Castle, Martian Time-Slip, Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb, The Zap Gun, The Penultimate Truth, The Simulacra, The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (which he refers to as "the most vital of them all"), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik.[79] In a 1976 interview, Dick cited A Scanner Darkly as his best work, feeling that he "had finally written a true masterpiece, after 25 years of writing".[80]

Adaptations

See main article: List of adaptations of works by Philip K. Dick.

Films

Several of Dick's stories have been made into films. Dick himself wrote a screenplay for an intended film adaptation of Ubik in 1974, but the film was never made. Many film adaptations have not used Dick's original titles. When asked why this was, Dick's ex-wife Tessa said, "Actually, the books rarely carry Phil's original titles, as the editors usually wrote new titles after reading his manuscripts. Phil often commented that he couldn't write good titles. If he could, he would have been an advertising writer instead of a novelist."[81] Films based on Dick's writing had accumulated a total revenue of over US$1 billion by 2009.[82]

Future films based on Dick's writing include a film adaptation of Ubik which, according to Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett, is in advanced negotiation.[86] Ubik was set to be made into a film by Michel Gondry.[87] In 2014, however, Gondry told French outlet Telerama (via Jeux Actu), that he was no longer working on the project.[88] In November 2021, it was announced that Francis Lawrence will direct a film adaptation of Vulcan's Hammer, with Lawrence's about:blank production company, alongside New Republic Pictures and Electric Shepherd Productions, producing.[89]

An animated adaptation of The King of the Elves from Walt Disney Animation Studios was in production and was set to be released in the spring of 2016 but it was cancelled following multiple creative problems.[90]

The Terminator series prominently features the theme of humanoid assassination machines first portrayed in Second Variety. The Halcyon Company, known for developing the Terminator franchise, acquired right of first refusal to film adaptations of the works of Philip K. Dick in 2007. In May 2009, they announced plans for an adaptation of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said.[91]

Television

It was reported in 2010 that Ridley Scott would produce an adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for the BBC, in the form of a miniseries.[92] A pilot episode was released on Amazon Prime Video in January 2015 and season 1 was fully released in ten episodes of about 60 minutes each on November 20, 2015.[93] Premiering in January 2015, the pilot was Amazon's "most-watched since the original series development program began." The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten-episode season, which was released in November, to positive reviews. A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016, with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season.[94]

In late 2015, Fox aired Minority Report, a television series sequel adaptation to the 2002 film of the same name based on Dick's short story "The Minority Report" (1956). The show was cancelled after one 10-episode season.[95]

In May 2016, it was announced that a 10-part anthology series was in the works. Titled Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams, the series was distributed by Sony Pictures Television and premiered on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom and Amazon Prime Video in the United States.[96] It was written by executive producers Ronald D. Moore and Michael Dinner, with executive input from Dick's daughter Isa Dick Hackett, and stars Bryan Cranston, also an executive producer.[97]

Stage and radio

Four of Dick's works have been adapted for the stage.

One was the opera VALIS, composed and with libretto by Tod Machover, which premiered at the Pompidou Center in Paris[98] on December 1, 1987, with a French libretto. It was subsequently revised and readapted into English, and was recorded and released on CD (Bridge Records BCD9007) in 1988.[99]

Another was Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said, adapted by Linda Hartinian and produced by the New York-based avant-garde company Mabou Mines. It premiered in Boston at the Boston Shakespeare Theatre (June 18–30, 1985) and was subsequently staged in New York and Chicago. Productions of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said were also staged by the Evidence Room[100] in Los Angeles in 1999[101] and by the Fifth Column Theatre Company at the Oval House Theatre in London in the same year.[102]

A play based on Radio Free Albemuth also had a brief run in the 1980s.

In November 2010, a production of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted by Edward Einhorn, premiered at the 3LD Art and Technology Center in Manhattan.[103]

A radio drama adaptation of Dick's short story "Mr. Spaceship" was aired by the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yleisradio) in 1996 under the name Menolippu Paratiisiin. Radio dramatizations of Dick's short stories Colony and The Defenders[104] were aired by NBC in 1956 as part of the series X Minus One.

In January 2006, a theatre adaptation of The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (English for Polish: Trzy stygmaty Palmera Eldritcha) premiered in Stary Teatr in Kraków, with an extensive use of lights and laser choreography.[105] [106]

In June 2014, the BBC broadcast a two-part adaptation of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? on BBC Radio 4, starring James Purefoy as Rick Deckard.[107]

Comics

Marvel Comics adapted Dick's short story "The Electric Ant" as a limited series which was released in 2009. The comic was produced by writer David Mack (Daredevil) and artist Pascal Alixe (Ultimate X-Men), with covers provided by artist Paul Pope.[108] "The Electric Ant" had earlier been loosely adapted by Frank Miller and Geof Darrow in their 3-issue mini-series Hard Boiled published by Dark Horse Comics in 1990–1992.[109]

In 2009, BOOM! Studios started publishing a 24-issue miniseries comic book adaptation of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[110] Blade Runner, the 1982 film adapted from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, had previously been adapted to comics as .[111]

In 2011, Dynamite Entertainment published a four-issue miniseries Total Recall, a sequel to the 1990 film Total Recall, inspired by Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale".[112] In 1990, DC Comics published the official adaptation of the original film as a DC Movie Special: Total Recall.[113]

Alternative formats

In response to a 1975 request from the National Library for the Blind for permission to make use of The Man in the High Castle, Dick responded, "I also grant you a general permission to transcribe any of my former, present or future work, so indeed you can add my name to your 'general permission' list."[114] Some of his books and stories are available in braille and other specialized formats through the NLS.[115]

As of December 2012, thirteen of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States are available in ebook form from Project Gutenberg. As of December 2019, Wikisource has three of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States available in ebook form which is not from Project Gutenberg.

Influence and legacy

Lawrence Sutin wrote a 1989 biography of Dick, titled Divine Invasions: A Life of Philip K. Dick.

In 1993, French writer Emmanuel Carrère published (French: Je suis vivant et vous êtes morts), which the author describes in his preface in this way:

The book you hold in your hands is a very peculiar book. I have tried to depict the life of Philip K. Dick from the inside, in other words, with the same freedom and empathy – indeed with the same truth – with which he depicted his own characters.
The book omits fact checking, sourcing, notes and index.[116] [117] [118] It can be considered a non-fiction novel about his life.

Dick has influenced many writers, including Jonathan Lethem[119] and Ursula K. Le Guin. The prominent literary critic Fredric Jameson proclaimed Dick the "Shakespeare of Science Fiction", and praised his work as "one of the most powerful expressions of the society of spectacle and pseudo-event".[120] The author Roberto Bolaño also praised Dick, describing him as "Thoreau plus the death of the American dream".[121] Dick has also influenced filmmakers, his work being compared to films such as the Wachowskis' The Matrix,[122] David Cronenberg's Videodrome,[123] eXistenZ, and Spider, Spike Jonze's Being John Malkovich, Adaptation, Michel Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,[124] [125] Alex Proyas's Dark City, Peter Weir's The Truman Show, Andrew Niccol's Gattaca, In Time,[126] Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys, Alejandro Amenábar's Open Your Eyes,[127] David Fincher's Fight Club, Cameron Crowe's Vanilla Sky, Darren Aronofsky's Pi,[128] Richard Kelly's Donnie Darko[129] and Southland Tales,[130] Rian Johnson's Looper,[131] Duncan Jones' Source Code, Christopher Nolan's Memento[132] and Inception,[133] and Owen Dennis' Infinity Train[134]

The Philip K. Dick Society was an organization dedicated to promoting the literary works of Dick and was led by Dick's longtime friend and music journalist Paul Williams. Williams also served as Dick's literary executor[135] for several years after Dick's death and wrote one of the first biographies of Dick, entitled .[136]

The Philip K. Dick estate owns and operates the production company Electric Shepherd Productions,[137] which has produced the film The Adjustment Bureau (2011), the TV series The Man in the High Castle[138] and also a Marvel Comics 5-issue adaptation of Electric Ant.[139]

Dick was recreated by his fans in the form of a simulacrum or remote-controlled android designed in his likeness.[140] [141] [142] Such simulacra had been themes of many of Dick's works. The Philip K. Dick simulacrum was included on a discussion panel in a San Diego Comic Con presentation about the film adaptation of the novel, A Scanner Darkly. In February 2006, an America West Airlines employee misplaced the android's head, and it has not yet been found.[143] In January 2011, it was announced that Hanson Robotics had built a replacement.[144]

Film

In fiction

Music

Radio

Theater

Contemporary philosophy

Postmodernists such as Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson, Laurence Rickels and Slavoj Žižek have commented on Dick's writing's foreshadowing of postmodernity.[166] Jean Baudrillard offers this interpretation:

"It is hyperreal. It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different. And this is so not because Dick speaks specifically of simulacra. SF has always done so, but it has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication, whereas here the double has disappeared. There is no more double; one is always already in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or utopias as means for reflection. The simulation is impassable, unsurpassable, checkmated, without exteriority. We can no longer move 'through the mirror' to the other side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence."[167]

For his anti-government skepticism, Philip K. Dick was afforded minor mention in Mythmakers and Lawbreakers, a collection of interviews about fiction by anarchist authors. Noting his early authorship of The Last of the Masters, an anarchist-themed novelette, author Margaret Killjoy expressed that while Dick never fully sided with anarchism, his opposition to government centralization and organized religion has influenced anarchist interpretations of gnosticism.[168]

Video games

Awards and honors

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Dick in 2005.

During his lifetime he received numerous annual literary awards and nominations for particular works.

Philip K. Dick Award

See main article: Philip K. Dick Award. The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award that annually recognizes the previous year's best SF paperback original published in the U.S. It is conferred at Norwescon, sponsored by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, and since 2005 supported by the Philip K. Dick Trust. Winning works are identified on their covers as Best Original SF Paperback. It is currently administered by, John Silbersack, and Gordon Van Gelder.[176]

The award was inaugurated in 1983, the year after Dick's death. It was founded by Thomas Disch with assistance from David G. Hartwell, Paul S. Williams, and Charles N. Brown. Past administrators include Algis J. Budrys and David Alexander Smith.

See also

Bibliography

Primary bibliography

Secondary bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Young . Molly . The Essential Philip K. Dick - A nuclear-strength imagination powered his stupendous output. Here's where to start. . October 26, 2022 . . October 26, 2022 . October 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221026091010/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/26/books/best-philip-k-dick-novels.html . live .
  2. Web site: Kimbell . Keith . Ranked: Movies Based on Philip K. Dick Stories . Metacritic . November 20, 2013 . March 8, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055427/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/movies-based-on-philip-k-dick-stories . dead .
  3. News: O'Reilly . Seamus . Just because you're paranoid ... Philip K Dick's troubled life . . October 7, 2017. January 24, 2020 . August 9, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190809124138/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/just-because-you-re-paranoid-philip-k-dick-s-troubled-life-1.3243976 . live .
  4. News: Dancey-Downs . Katie . 8 facts about Philip K. Dick . July 23, 2022 . . July 23, 2022 . July 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723170702/https://www.salon.com/2022/07/23/8-facts-about-philip-k-dick_partner/ . live .
  5. Web site: Philip K. Dick . 2023-10-31 . Museum of Pop Culture . en.
  6. Web site: Philip K. Dick . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Petri . Liukkonen . Kuusankoski Public Library . Finland . https://web.archive.org/web/20070425103235/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/pkdick.htm . April 25, 2007 . dead .
  7. Web site: 1963 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. July 30, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120730134452/https://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1963. live.
  8. Web site: 1975 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. April 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233801/https://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1975. live.
  9. Web site: Behrens. Richard. Allen B. Ruch. Philip K. Dick. The Scriptorium. The Modern Word. March 21, 2003. April 14, 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080412044539/http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/dick.html. April 12, 2008. mdy-all.
  10. Web site: Boucher. Geoff. September 15, 2007. The future keepers. October 15, 2021. Los Angeles Times. en-US. October 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171446/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-15-et-dick15-story.html. live.
  11. Web site: Philip K. Dick - Biography, Books, & Facts . . November 14, 2021 . April 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429092158/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-K-Dick . live .
  12. Book: Chi Hyun Park . Jane . Yellow Future: Oriental Style in Hollywood Cinema . 2010 . University of Minnesota Press . 54.
  13. Grossman. Lev. ALL-TIME 100 Novels. Time. April 14, 2008. October 16, 2005. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406074522/https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/all/. live.
  14. Stoffman, Judy "A milestone in literary heritage" Toronto Star (February 10, 2007)
  15. Library of America Philip K. Dick: Four Novels of the 1960s
  16. Associated Press "Library of America to issue volume of Philip K. Dick" USA Today (November 28, 2006)
  17. Book: Kucukalic, Lejla. Philip K. Dick: canonical writer of the digital age. 27. Taylor and Francis. 2008. 978-0-415-96242-1.
  18. Web site: Sutin . Lawrence . Philip K. Dick . Author – Official Biography . Philip K. Dick Trust . 2003 . April 14, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080410161534/http://www.philipkdick.com/aa_biography.html . April 10, 2008 .
  19. The Search for Philip K Dick by Anne R Dick, Tachyon Publications 2010
  20. Web site: Vitale . Joe . Interview with Philip K. Dick . Philip K. Dick – Official Site . May 6, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120408231834/http://www.philipkdick.com/media_aquarian.html . April 8, 2012 .
  21. Sutin p.3
  22. Sutin, p. 53
  23. Dick, Philip K. "An Interview With America's Most Brilliant Science-Fiction Writer" Interview by Joe Vitale. Interview With Philip K Dick. Print Interviews. Web. October 22, 2011.
  24. Web site: Philip K. Dick: The Man And His Movies. HELEN. O'HARA. Empire. March 3, 2011 . April 17, 2020. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622062558/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/philip-k-dick-man-movies/. live.
  25. Book: Dick, Philip K.. Philip K. Dick: The Last Interview: and Other Conversations. December 15, 2015. Melville House. 9781612195278. Google Books. October 28, 2020. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045621/https://books.google.com/books?id=bp8mCgAAQBAJ&q=Philip+k+dick+last+girlfriend&pg=PT7. live.
  26. Book: Dick . Philip K. . Philip K. Dick: The Last Interview and Other Conversations . 2015 . Melville House . 978-1-61219-526-1 . 68.
  27. Web site: Breau . Yves . INTERVIEW PHILIP K. DICK (6:45 min). UbWeb . 24 January 2024.
  28. Book: Butler, Andrew M.. The Pocket Essential Philip K. Dick. Oldcastle Books. May 24, 2012. June 26, 2015. 9781842439197. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417050735/https://books.google.com/books?id=E1Te3BhJh9sC. live.
  29. Mad Flight of a Manic Phoenix, or: Philip K. Dick in Vancouver (1972). Cameron. R. Graeme. Amazing Stories. June 20, 2014. June 26, 2015. June 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150627042033/http://amazingstoriesmag.com/2014/06/mad-flight-manic-phoenix-philip-k-dick-vancouver-1972/. live.
  30. Web site: Heer . Jeet . May 2001 . Marxist Literary Critics Are Following Me!: How Philip K. Dick betrayed his academic admirers to the FBI. . March 16, 2022 . Lingua Franca . March 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220316202012/http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/print/0105/cover.html . live .
  31. Web site: When Philip K. Dick Reports You to the FBI: Thomas M. Disch's Camp Concentration – Black Gate. John. O'Neill. September 18, 2018. March 16, 2022. en-US. March 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220316202006/https://www.blackgate.com/2018/09/18/vintage-treasures-camp-concentration-by-thomas-m-disch/. live.
  32. [Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human]
  33. [Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night]
  34. [Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon]
  35. Web site: The drugs did work. Philip. Purser-Hallard. August 11, 2006. The Guardian. December 14, 2016. December 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221101636/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/12/sciencefictionfantasyandhorror.philipkdick. live.
  36. Web site: Admin . System . Philip K Dick and the Vesica Piscis " From Around The Web " Mindscape magazine . Mindscapemagazine.com . March 30, 2012 . November 12, 2013 . November 12, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131112112258/http://mindscapemagazine.com/2012/03/philip-k-dick-and-the-vesica-piscis/ . live .
  37. "Prophets of Science Fiction: Philip K. Dick". The Science Channel. Aired Wednesday, November 17, 2011.
  38. Green, Ronald S. "The Gnosis of 2-3-74" Philip K. Dick and Philosophy: Do Androids Have Kindred Spirits?, edited by D. E. Wittkower, Chicago: Open Court, (2011) p. 183–192.
  39. Web site: Mike Jay - Paranoid Android. Literary Review. April 6, 2020. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406192105/https://literaryreview.co.uk/paranoid-android. live.
  40. Dick, Philip K. 'The Selected Letters of Philip K. Dick: 1974', Underwood-Miller, 1991, p. 235
  41. http://culture.pl/en/article/philip-k-dick-stanislaw-lem-is-a-communist-committee "Philip K. Dick: Stanisław Lem is a Communist Committee"
  42. Web site: The Religious Affiliation of Science Fiction Writer Philip K. Dick. Famous Science Fiction Writers / Famous Episcopalians. Adherents.com. July 25, 2005. April 14, 2008. March 30, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231324/http://www.adherents.com/people/pd/Philip_K_Dick.html. dead.
  43. News: Tritel . Barbara . 1985-12-01 . IN SHORT: FICTION . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-04-13 . 0362-4331 . April 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413094256/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/01/books/in-short-fiction-193885.html . live .
  44. Web site: Phil and Jack. March 23, 2009. August 25, 2021. April 9, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072026/http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/columns/phil-and-jack/. live.
  45. Web site: Interview Anne Mini. September 30, 2021. October 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111018175137/http://www.dickien.fr/dossiers/annemini/interview_anne_mini_dick.html. live.
  46. Web site: Philip K. Dick's Estate Sues Moviemakers. October 31, 2011. April 6, 2020. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406203916/https://www.courthousenews.com/philip-k-dicks-estate-sues-moviemakers/. live.
  47. Book: Arnold, Kyle. The Divine Madness of Philip K. Dick. May 2, 2016. Oxford University Press. 9780190498313. Google Books. October 28, 2020. April 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210417045623/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5lHDAAAQBAJ&q=Isolde+freya+dick&pg=PT59. live.
  48. News: Brown . Karina . Philip K. Dick's Ex Battles Stepdaughters Over Rights . January 27, 2022 . Courthouse News Service . April 16, 2009 . January 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220127171841/https://www.courthousenews.com/philip-k-dicks-ex-battles-stepdaughters-over-rights/ . live .
  49. Sutin, pp. 83–84
  50. News: Philip K. Dick's Masterpiece Years. Scott. Timberg. The New York Times. November 22, 2010. April 6, 2020. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406191457/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/books/23philip.html. live.
  51. Book: Arnold, Kyle . The Divine Madness of Philip K. Dick . 53–56 . May 2, 2016 . 978-0190498313 . Oxford University Press . June 16, 2018 . May 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200524030951/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5lHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 . live .
  52. Dick . Philip K. . Panter . Gary . Gary Panter . Panter . Nicole . Jeter . KW . May 1980 . The Philip K. Dick / Punk Rock Connection . . May 30, 2023.
  53. "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest". New York Post. January 30, 1968.
  54. Web site: 2015-12-01 . IRS Property Seizures Against War Tax Resisters - National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee . 2023-04-13 . nwtrcc.org . en-US . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155009/https://nwtrcc.org/resist/consequences/irs-property-seizures-war-tax-resisters/ . live .
  55. Pottle. Adam. Segregating the Chickenheads: Philip Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and the Post/humanism of the American Eugenics Movement. Disability Studies Quarterly. 33. 3. 2013. 10.18061/dsq.v33i3.3229. January 11, 2023. January 11, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230111235223/https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3229/3262. live.
  56. News: Salyer. Jerry. Philip K. Dick's "The Pre-Persons": Abortion & Dystopia. The Imaginative Conservative. 20 July 2019. January 11, 2023. January 11, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230111232709/https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2019/07/philip-k-dick-pre-persons-abortion-dystopia-jerry-salyer.html. live.
  57. Sutin, pg. 289
  58. Web site: 'Blade Runner' Is Still the Truest Philip K. Dick Adaptation. October 5, 2017. June 2, 2021. The Ringer. Harvilla. Rob. live. June 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215645/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2017/10/5/16428092/blade-runner-philip-k-dick-adaptation.
  59. Book: Platt, Charles. Charles Platt (science-fiction author). Dream Makers: The Uncommon People Who Write Science Fiction. Berkley Publishing. 1980. 0-425-04668-0.
  60. Web site: Criticism and analysis. Gale Research. 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/20070307193543/http://www.stud.hum.ku.dk/rydahl/pkd/PKDcritic1.htm. March 7, 2007. April 20, 2007. dead.
  61. Book: Carrère, Emmanuel . I Am Alive and You Are Dead: A Journey Into the Mind of Philp K. Dick . 2004 . Metropolitan Books . New York . 0-8050-5464-2 .
  62. http://www.philipkdick.com/media_sfeye87.html A Conversation With Philip K. Dick
  63. Book: Dick, Philip K.. I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon. 1985. Doubleday. 0-385-19567-2. 2.
  64. Book: Dick, Philip K. . The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings . Vintage . 1995 . Sutin . Lawrence . 212.
  65. Taylor, Angus (2008). "Electric Sheep and the New Argument from Nature", in Jodey Castricano (ed.), Animal Subjects: An Ethical Reader in a Posthuman World. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 188.
  66. Web site: Taylor . Angus . 1975 . Philip K. Dick and the Umbrella of Light . June 4, 2022 . Philip K. Dick . 33 . June 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051030/https://philipdick.com/mirror/essays/umbrellaoflight.pdf . live .
  67. Sutin, npg
  68. Kick over the Scenery. London Review of Books. July 3, 2008. 30. 13. Burt. Stephanie. August 25, 2021. August 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210825225641/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v30/n13/stephanie-burt/kick-over-the-scenery. live.
  69. Williams. Paul. The Most Brilliant Sci-Fi Mind on Any Planet: Philip K. Dick. Rolling Stone. November 6, 1975. November 10, 2014. June 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140626113849/http://www.philipkdickfans.com/mirror/articles/1974_Rolling_Stone.pdf. live.
  70. Book: Link, Eric Carl . Understanding Philip K. Dick . . 2010 . 978-1-57003-855-6.
  71. Levack, Daniel (1981). PKD: A Philip K. Dick Bibliography, Underwood/Miller, pp. 116, 126
  72. Web site: Isa Hackett, Daughter of Philip K. Dick, Discusses Amazon's 'Man in the High Castle'. The New York Observer. November 19, 2015. August 26, 2021. August 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210826221331/https://observer.com/2015/11/isa-hackett-daughter-of-philip-k-dick-discusses-amazons-man-in-the-high-castle/. live.
  73. ^ Sammon, Paul M. (1996). Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner. London: Orion Media. p. 49. .
  74. Web site: A Scanner Darkly. 2006. Directed by Richard Linklater | MoMA. August 25, 2021. April 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220420150627/https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3284. live.
  75. Book: Dick, Philip K.. Philip K. Dick Reader, The. 1997. Citadel Press. New York, NY. 0-8065-1856-1.
  76. Web site: Machover. Tod. Tod Machover. Valis CD. MIT Media Lab. April 14, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080312210723/http://web.media.mit.edu/~tod/Tod/valiscd.html. March 12, 2008. dead.
  77. Book: Dick, Philip K. . Philip K. Dick . 1985 . Radio Free Albemuth . registration . New York . Arbor House . Rear dust jacket . 0877957622.
  78. Book: The Divine Madness of Philip K. Dick. 978-0-19-049830-6. Arnold. Kyle. May 2, 2016. Oxford University Press . September 20, 2021. April 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230428155005/https://books.google.com/books?id=cptHDAAAQBAJ&q=Nixon+emperor+of+rome+philip+k+dick&pg=PA139. live.
  79. Philip K. Dick, "Self Portrait", 1968, (The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, 1995)
  80. http://philipkdick.com/media_sfreview.html AN INTERVIEW WITH PHILIP K. DICK
  81. Web site: Knight. Annie. John T Cullen. the staff of Deep Outside SFFH. About Philip K. Dick: An interview with Tessa, Chris, and Ranea Dick. Deep Outside SFFH. Far Sector SFFH. November 2002. April 14, 2008. February 19, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080219195229/http://www.farsector.com/hot_content1.htm. live.
  82. Web site: Philip K. Dick Films . Philip K. Dick Trust . August 11, 2009 . September 3, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100822135308/http://www.philipkdick.com/films_intro.html . August 22, 2010 .
  83. Kermode, Mark. On the Edge of Bladerunner. TV documentary. Channel 4 . UK . July 15, 2000.
  84. Web site: Letter to Jeff Walker regarding 'Blade Runner' . May 31, 2016 . Dick . Philip K. . https://web.archive.org/web/20031213103657/http://www.philipkdick.com/new_letters-laddcompany.html . December 13, 2003.
  85. 7 Past and Future Philip K. Dick Adaptations. Robert. Capps. Wired. October 7, 2010. www.wired.com. April 5, 2020. September 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922214306/https://www.wired.com/2010/10/7-past-and-future-philip-k-dick-adaptations/. live.
  86. Web site: Roberts . Randall . calendarlive.com . calendarlive.com . November 12, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071211064053/http://www.calendarlive.com/books/cl-et-dick15sep15%2C0%2C5604716.story?coll=cl-books-features . December 11, 2007 .
  87. Web site: Ubik (2010) – Preview . Sci-Fi Movie Page . November 12, 2013 . July 28, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130728225907/http://www.scifimoviepage.com/upcoming/previews/ubik.html . live .
  88. Web site: Michel Gondry Abandons Ubik. Empire. Owen. Williams. May 6, 2014. August 25, 2021. August 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210825221206/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/michel-gondry-abandons-ubik/. live.
  89. Web site: Pedersen . Erik . November 8, 2021 . 'Vulcan's Hammer': Francis Lawrence Directs Film Version Of Philip K. Dick Novel In Works From New Republic . April 4, 2022 . Deadline . en-US . December 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211208161554/https://deadline.com/2021/11/vulcans-hammer-film-philip-k-dick-novel-francis-lawrence-new-republic-1234869982/ . live .
  90. Web site: February 28, 2022 . What happened to Disney's King of the Elves? . April 4, 2022 . Douglas . Laman . Collider . en-US . April 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061815/https://collider.com/king-of-the-elves-what-happened-disney/ . dead .
  91. http://www.firstshowing.net/2009/05/12/philip-k-dicks-flow-my-tears-the-policeman-said-being-adapted/ Philip K. Dick's 'Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said' Being Adapted
  92. News: Ridley Scott to return to work of sci-fi icon for BBC mini-series: Blade Runner director to executive produce four-part BBC1 adaptation of Philip K Dick's The Man in the High Castle . Sweney . Mark . October 7, 2010 . The Observer . December 12, 2016 . December 2, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161202023815/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/oct/07/ridley-scott-sci-fi-philip-k-dick-bbc-drama . live .
  93. Web site: Watch The Man in the High Castle - Season 1 | Prime Video. www.amazon.com. September 8, 2017. March 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305164620/http://www.amazon.com/The-New-World/dp/B00RSGFRY8/. live.
  94. 'Man in the High Castle' Renewed For Season 4; Unveils Season 3 Premiere Date & Trailer – Comic-Con. Patten. Dominic. Deadline. July 21, 2018. July 22, 2018. July 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722023010/https://deadline.com/2018/07/man-in-the-high-castle-season-4-renewal-season-3-teaser-comic-con-1202431142/. live.
  95. Web site: Palmer . Katie . November 3, 2020 . Minority Report season 2 release date: Will there be another series of Minority Report? . express.co.uk . Express . September 11, 2021 . September 11, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210911225946/https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1354231/minority-report-season-2-release-date-another-series-minority-report-fox-evg . dead .
  96. Web site: Amazon Grabs U.S. Rights to Bryan Cranston's 'Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams' Anthology Series. Cynthia Littleton. Variety. February 14, 2017. December 12, 2017. April 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170424234338/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/philip-k-dick-bryan-cranston-electric-dreams-anthology-series-1201987470/. live.
  97. Web site: Bryan Cranston to Star in Philip K. Dick Series From 'Outlander's' Ron Moore. Lodderhose. Diana. May 10, 2016. Variety. May 11, 2016. May 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160510202606/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/bryan-cranston-boards-electric-dreams-for-sony-and-channel-4-1201770073/. live.
  98. Web site: Hear VALIS, an Opera Based on Philip K. Dick's Metaphysical Novel | Open Culture. August 25, 2021. August 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210825221840/https://www.openculture.com/2016/08/hear-valis-an-opera-based-on-philip-k-dicks-metaphysical-novel.html. live.
  99. Web site: Machover's VALIS This Way Comes . The Boston Musical Intelligencer . 2023-08-30 . 2024-08-17.
  100. Web site: evidEnce room – past productions. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207094749/http://www.evidenceroomtheater.com/past.html. February 7, 2012. May 28, 2012.
  101. News: Foley. Kathleen. 'Flow My Tears' Has Hallucinatory Style. May 28, 2012. Los Angeles Times. April 22, 1999. October 15, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121015154138/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/22/entertainment/ca-29736. live.
  102. Web site: Archived NTK email newsletter from 11 June 1999 . June 11, 1999 . Ntk.net . November 12, 2013 . January 20, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120164444/http://www.ntk.net/1999/06/11/ . live .
  103. News: Jason . Zinoman . A Test for Humanity in a Post-Apocalyptic World . . December 3, 2010 . December 28, 2010 . March 25, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325122204/http://theater.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/theater/04android.html . live .
  104. Book: The Defenders. Project Gutenberg. August 28, 2020. August 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021825/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28767. live.
  105. Web site: Przedstawienie Trzy stygmaty Palmera Eldritcha. encyklopediateatru.pl. October 10, 2016. October 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161011060953/http://www.encyklopediateatru.pl/przedstawienie/38116/trzy-stygmaty-palmera-eldritcha. live.
  106. Web site: Trzy stygmaty Palmera Eldritcha – Stary Teatr. Gazeta Wyborcza. October 10, 2016. September 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170914041134/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,35796,3115115.html?disableRedirects=true. live.
  107. Web site: Episode 1, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, Dangerous Visions – BBC Radio 4. September 20, 2018. October 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181013235553/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b046j873. live.
  108. Web site: MARVEL BRINGS PHILIP K DICK'S ELECTRIC ANT TO LIFE IN NEW SERIES . philipkdick.com . July 24, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120812121407/http://philipkdick.com/media_pr-072408.html . August 12, 2012 .
  109. https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/25/sdcc-08-philip-k-dick-comes-to-marvel SDCC 08: PHILIP K. DICK COMES TO MARVEL
  110. http://philipkdick.com/media_pr-040709.html Philip K. Dick Press Release – BOOM! ANNOUNCES DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP?
  111. Web site: Alex. Carnevale. Blade Runner Started, And Ended, As A Comic Book. io9. October 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20160613235526/https://io9.gizmodo.com/5059235/blade-runner-started-and-ended-as-a-comic-book. June 13, 2016. live. mdy-all. July 15, 2017.
  112. http://www.dynamite.com/htmlfiles/viewProduct.html?PRO=C725130167316 TOTAL RECALL #1 (OF 4)
  113. http://www.comicvine.com/total-recall-1/4000-271271/ Total Recall #1
  114. The Selected Letters of Philip K. Dick, 1975–1976. Novato, California : Underwood-Miller, 1993 (Trade edition) p. 240
  115. Web site: Home Page of the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) . Loc.gov . October 28, 2013 . November 12, 2013 . October 20, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185103/http://www.loc.gov/nls/index.html . live .
  116. News: Sean . O'Hagen . What a clever Dick . The Observer . UK . June 12, 2005 . April 15, 2008 . May 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080522183832/http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/sciencefiction/0,6121,1504386,00.html#article_continue . live .
  117. News: Charles . Taylor . Just Imagine Philip K. Dick . . June 20, 2004 . April 15, 2008 . May 24, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080524031010/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DC1430F933A15755C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all . live .
  118. News: Michael . Berry . The dead no longer lie in grave silence . San Francisco Chronicle . July 4, 2004 . April 15, 2008 . May 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080522072854/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F07%2F04%2FRVGBG7BT361.DTL . live .
  119. You Don't Know Dick by Jonathan Lethem, Bookforum Web site: Bookforum | summer 2002 . August 23, 2023 . January 16, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101347/http://www.bookforum.com/archive/sum_02/lethem.html . dead . (Summer 2002)
  120. Fredric Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions, London and New York: Verso, 2005, p. 345; p. 347.
  121. News: Biography and Memoir Reviews . Between Parentheses by Roberto Bolaño: review . The Daily Telegraph . November 12, 2013 . December 30, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131230124331/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/biographyandmemoirreviews/9160698/Between-Parentheses-by-Roberto-Bolano-review.html . live .
  122. Web site: Scriptorium – Philip K. Dick . Themodernword.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080412044539/http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/dick.html . April 12, 2008 . July 28, 2008 .
  123. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/07/14/bfdick14.xml&page=4 How Hollywood woke up to a dark genius
  124. Web site: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Sal Cinquemani. September 25, 2004. Slant Magazine. April 17, 2020. July 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180704202513/https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/review/eternal-sunshine-of-the-spotless-mind. live.
  125. Web site: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Peter Bradshaw. The Guardian. April 30, 2004. December 12, 2016. March 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170301141851/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/apr/30/dvdreviews.shopping4. live.
  126. Web site: SDCC TRAILER: Timberlake and Seyfried on the run in IN TIME. https://web.archive.org/web/20120405183037/http://veryaware.com/2011/07/sdcc-trailer-timberlake-and-seyfried-on-the-run-in-in-time/. dead. April 5, 2012. July 22, 2011.
  127. Web site: Alejandro Amenábar Fernando Cantos. January 9, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306171318/http://screenwritersforhire.com/tag/alejandro-amenabar-fernando-cantos/. March 6, 2012. dead.
  128. https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032847/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn//A6396-2002Jul26 Philip K. Dick's Future Is Now
  129. http://archive.salon.com/ent/movies/review/2001/10/30/donnie_darko/ Donnie Darko
  130. http://www.cinema-scope.com/cs27/int_peranson_kelly.html Richard Kelly's Revelations: Defending Southland Tales.
  131. Web site: Noir to near-future: 'Looper' director Rian Johnson talks sci-fi, Twitter, and the fate of film. Bryan Bishop. August 30, 2012. The Verge. September 8, 2017. July 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731032126/https://www.theverge.com/2012/8/30/3245174/rian-johnson-interview-looper-brick-future-of-film. live.
  132. The Second Coming of Philip K. Dick. Frank Rose. December 1, 2003. WIRED. March 11, 2017. March 17, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140317004142/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/philip_pr.html. live.
  133. https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/540040/could_inception_trigger_a_new_wave_of_scifi_cinema.html Could Inception trigger a new wave of sci-fi cinema?
  134. Web site: Not_A_Ferret . August 9, 2019 . What are some of you… . October 19, 2022 . r/InfinityTrain . October 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221022014215/https://www.reddit.com/r/InfinityTrain/comments/co6u6w/owen_and_maddie_here_ask_us_anything/ewga5ah/ . live .
  135. Web site: R.I.P. Paul Williams, pioneering music journalist and Philip K. Dick's literary executor. io9. March 28, 2013 . April 6, 2020. April 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200406205822/https://io9.gizmodo.com/r-i-p-paul-williams-pioneering-music-journalist-and-p-461838276. live.
  136. Web site: Wallace Harris. James. April 15, 2016. The Biographies of Philip K. Dick. live. May 6, 2021. May 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210506153433/https://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2016/04/biographies-philip-k-dick/.
  137. News: Boom! to Collect 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?' . July 7, 2015 . Publishers Weekly . November 28, 2015 . November 27, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151127030843/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/comics/article/67404-boom-to-collect-do-androids-dream-of-electric-sheep.html . live .
  138. News: Amazon's 'Man in the High Castle' TV series has made Philip K. Dick's original book a bestseller . November 20, 2015 . Business Insider . November 28, 2015 . November 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123170405/http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-man-in-the-high-castle-tv-series-philip-k-dick-book-2015-11 . live .
  139. News: Dee Rees To Adapt Philip K. Dick's 'Martian Time-Slip' . October 17, 2013 . Deadline Hollywood . November 28, 2015 . December 8, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143409/http://deadline.com/2013/10/dee-rees-philip-k-dick-martian-time-slip-613431/ . dead .
  140. About The Philip K. Dick Android Project: A Note from Laura and Isa. Philip K. Dick Trust. June 24, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20120812121725/http://philipkdick.com/media_android-062405.html. August 12, 2012. April 14, 2008.
  141. Nova ScienceNow, "Next Big Thing"
  142. Web site: PKD Android. June 11, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20091001204846/http://www.pkdandroid.org/. October 1, 2009. dead.
  143. News: Waxman. Sharon. A Strange Loss of Face, More Than Embarrassing. The New York Times. June 24, 2006. April 14, 2008. June 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120605044634/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/24/movies/24andr.html. live.
  144. News: Lamar. Cyriaque. The Lost Robotic Head of Philip K Dick Has Been Rebuilt. io9. January 12, 2011. January 12, 2011. January 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110114022527/http://io9.com/5731075/the-lost-robotic-head-of-philip-k-dick-has-been-rebuilt. live.
  145. Web site: "Arena" Philip K Dick: A Day in the Afterlife (TV Episode 1994). timotheyido. April 9, 1994. IMDb. July 21, 2018. February 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170210205942/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1056525/. live.
  146. News: Koehler. Robert. Review: 'Your Name Here'. April 3, 2014. Variety. July 7, 2008. April 7, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407151545/http://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/your-name-here-2-1200508531/. live.
  147. News: Fischer. Martha. Another Dick Biopic!. April 3, 2014. Moviefone. August 8, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071902/http://news.moviefone.com/2006/08/08/another-dick-biopic/. April 7, 2014. dead.
  148. News: Buchanan. Jason. Your Name Here (2008). April 2, 2014. AllMovie. May 7, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140507082320/http://www.allmovie.com/movie/your-name-here-v468284/. live.
  149. News: Kemp. Cal. CineVegas X: Matthew Wilder Interview – 'Your Name Here'. April 2, 2014. Collider. June 17, 2008. April 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401014210/http://collider.com/entertainment/interviews/article.asp/aid/8239/tcid/1. dead.
  150. IMDb "Full credits"
  151. Web site: "Prophets of Science Fiction" Philip K. Dick (TV Episode 2011). November 23, 2011. IMDb. July 21, 2018. February 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211234242/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2092743/. live.
  152. Disch, Thomas M. The Word of God. San Francisco:Tachyon, 2008
  153. Crumb, Robert. "The Religious Experience of Philip K. Dick," Weirdo #17 (Last Gasp, Summer 1986).
  154. News: What if? Alternative history's butterfly moments reach lift-off. The Guardian. September 13, 2017. September 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035101/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/feb/10/alternative-history-butterfly-moments-reach-take-off-amazon-man-in-high-castle. live.
  155. Web site: Código 7. February 8, 2018. IMDb. July 21, 2018. March 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170312061943/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt5579182/. live.
  156. Web site: Stuart Hamm "Radio Free Albemuth" | Guitar Nine. www.guitar9.com. April 10, 2020. November 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125090713/https://www.guitar9.com/column/stuart-hamm-radio-free-albemuth. live.
  157. Web site: The Dowland Shores of Philip K. Dick's Universe. CD and digital download album release. July 23, 2016. July 8, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160708194713/http://leventeth.wix.com/thedowlandshores. live.
  158. Web site: Interviews. Pitchfork. August 2002. April 17, 2020. December 22, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131314/http://pitchfork.com/features/interviews/5866-el-p/. dead.
  159. Web site: Hugh Cornwell – Interview. pennyblackmusic.co.uk. April 25, 2015. September 4, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011037/http://www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk/magsitepages/Article/4743/Hugh-Cornwell-Interview. dead.
  160. Book: Foege, Alec. Confusion Is Next: The Sonic Youth Story. St. Martin's Griffin. 1994. 163.
  161. Web site: Rebecca Bengal . ALBUMS Sister Sonic Youth 1987 . Pitchfork . Condé Nast . 24 February 2023 . REVIEWED: May 9, 2019 The band was also reading the cultishly metaphysical science fiction writer Philip K. Dick, whose mordant, visionary works and traumatic life experiences were very much in the air during Sister's creation. . January 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220113044322/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/sonic-youth-sister/ . live .
  162. Web site: Blind Guardian Interview. blindguardian.fisek.com.tr. October 6, 2017. August 12, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110812133948/http://blindguardian.fisek.com.tr/interviews/iv7.html. live.
  163. https://www.songfacts.com/facts/clutch/x-ray-visions
  164. Web site: Stephen Keyworth – The Two Georges – BBC Radio 4 Extra. BBC. September 20, 2018. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223064800/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b046p07q. live.
  165. Web site: Core Member Profile Victoria Stewart . May 20, 2008 . The Playwrights' Center . March 4, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080520090036/http://www.pwcenter.org/profile.asp?userid=93 . May 20, 2008 . dead .
  166. Book: Myriam Díaz-Diocaretz, Stefan Herbrechter. The Matrix in theory. 136 . Rodopi . 2006 . 978-90-420-1639-2 .
  167. Simulacra and Science Fiction . Jean . Baudrillard . Science Fiction Studies . May 26, 2007 . June 8, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070608060844/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/55/baudrillard55art.htm . live .
  168. Book: Killjoy, Margaret. Mythmakers and Lawbreakers. AK Press. Stirling. 2009. 978-1-84935-002-0. 318877243. 209.
  169. Web site: Stellaris' upcoming espionage systems are changing ahead of the 3.0 'Dick' patch. March 28, 2021. PCGamesN. March 18, 2021 . en-GB. March 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210320194954/https://www.pcgamesn.com/stellaris/3-0-dick. live.
  170. Web site: Californium: A game about the many (sur)realities of Philip K. Dick . Cassandra . Kraw . November 13, 2015 . May 12, 2016 . . April 26, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160426230010/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/11/californium-the-many-surrealities-of-philip-k-dick/ . live .
  171. Web site: 1965 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. May 16, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041637/https://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1965. live.
  172. Web site: 1968 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. March 16, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090316125857/http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1968. live.
  173. Web site: 1974 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. March 12, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190312195551/https://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1974. live.
  174. Web site: 1982 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. April 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404161525/https://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?Year=1982. live.
  175. Web site: 1978 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without End. June 26, 2009. July 9, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090709212409/http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1978. live.
  176. Web site: Philip K. Dick Award . The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Awards . Locus Publications . March 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090412205849/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Pkd.html . April 12, 2009 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Philip K. Dick".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.