Phase-out of polystyrene foam explained
In the late 20th and early 21st century, there has been a global movement towards the phase-out of polystyrene foam as a single use plastic (SUP). Early bans of polystyrene foam intended to eliminate ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formerly a major component.
Expanded polystyrene, often termed Styrofoam, is a contributor of microplastics from both land and maritime activities. Polystyrene is not biodegradeable but is susceptible to photo-oxidation, and degrades slowly in the ocean as microplastic marine debris. Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material, may mistake it for food, and show toxic effects after substantial exposure.
Full or partial bans of expanded and polystyrene foam commonly target disposable food packaging. Such bans have been enacted through national legislation globally, and also at sub-national or local levels in many countries.
Legislation around the world
National legislation
China banned expanded polystyrene takeout/takeaway containers and tableware in 1999, but later revoked the policy in 2013 amidst industry lobbying.[1] Haiti banned foam food containers in 2012 to reduce waste in canals and roadside drains. In 2019, the European Parliament voted 560 to 35 to ban all food and beverage containers made from expanded polystyrene throughout the European Union member states.[2] Canada amended its 'Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999' in 2022 to prohibit foodservice ware made of expanded or extruded polystyrene, and also polyvinyl chloride, black colored plastics, or oxo-degraded plastics. [3]
Summary
Subnational legislation
In Australia, over 97% of the population live in an area that bans expanded polystyrene. Between 2021-2023, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia enacted bans. [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64]
Nigeria's states of Lagos and Abia introduced bans in January 2024, with an initial transition period of three weeks.[65] The state of Oyo introduced a ban in March 2024.[66]
Municipal bans in the Philippines are in effect in Bailen,[67] Boracay,[68] Caloocan,[69] Cordova,[70] El Nido,[71] Las Piñas,[72] Makati,[73] Mandaluyong City,[74] Muntinlupa,[75] Quezon City,[76] and Tacloban.[77]
In the United Arab Emirates, the municipal government of Dubai announced a ban affecting polystyrene in 2025, and all single-use plastic food containers in 2026.[78]
Phaseout in the United States
As of June 2024, 11 U.S. states and two territories have passed statewide legislation to explicitly ban polystyrene foam:
- In 2019, Maryland was the first state to enact a ban, which went into effect on October 1, 2020.[79] Bans were also passed that year in Maine and Vermont, with both states' laws taking effect on July 1, 2021.[80] [81]
- In 2020, New York passed a ban that took effect on January 1, 2022, while New Jersey passed a ban that took effect on May 4, 2022.[82] [83]
- In 2021, Colorado passed a ban that took effect on January 1, 2024.[84] Virginia passed a ban on polystyrene food containers coming into force in July 2025 (for larger businesses) and July 2026 (for businesses with less than 20 locations). Washington also passed a polystyrene ban, effective starting in June 2023, with food serviceware prohibited starting June 1, 2024.[85]
- In 2023, Delaware, Oregon and Rhode Island all signed bans into law, with provisions set to take effect in each state in 2025.[86] [87] [88]
- Washington, D.C. banned polystyrene foam takeout containers on January 1, 2016. The ban was expanded on January 1, 2021, to include the retail sale of polystyrene foam.[89]
- American Samoa banned the import, sale, and distribution of polystyrene foam containers on February 6, 2024, taking effect 60 days later.[90]
In Hawaii, a de facto ban is in effect after every county enacted polystyrene bans except state-administered Kalawao County. Bans in Hawaii County took effect July 2019, followed by Kauai County, Maui County, and Honolulu County in 2022.[91] [92] [93] Maui separately banned polystyrene foam coolers, and the sale or rental of disposable bodyboards in 2022.[94] [95]
In California, the legislature passed SB54 in June 2022 as the Plastic Pollution Prevention and Packaging Producer Responsibility Act.[96] The law codifies extended producer responsibility (EPR) requirements for plastics, including a requirement that polystyrene be banned if recycling rates do not reach 25% by 2025. Recycling rates averaged 6% at passage, leading some to call the law a 'de facto ban', anticipating an inability to comply within three years.[97] [98]
Local legislation
Local bans have been enacted elsewhere, including in many large and small cities within the US:
- Alaska — In Alaska, the towns of Bethel, Cordova, and Seward have enacted bans.[99] [100] [101]
- California — At least 128 cities in California have an existing polystyrene ban in some form.[102] As of 2023, 12 counties — namely Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma have bans affecting the general public. Additionally, 27 municipalities in other counties, namely Arcata, Camarillo, Carlsbad, Carpinteria, Dana Point, Davis, Del Mar, Encinitas, Goleta, Imperial Beach, Laguna Beach, Newport Beach, Oceanside, Ojai, Oxnard, Palm Springs, Port Hueneme, San Clemente, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Solana Beach, South Lake Tahoe, Thousand Oaks, Truckee, Ventura, Vista, and Yountville have bans. Together these laws cover over 20.6 million people, or about 53% of the state's population. The city of Berkeley passed the nation's first polystyrene foodware ban in 1988, while also requiring all disposable foodware to be degradable or recyclable.
- Connecticut — Hamden, Groton,[103] Norwalk,[104] Stamford,[105] and Westport[106] have all enacted bans. Hamden enacted the state's first ban in 1989, and continues to retain its original ordinance.[107] [108]
- Georgia — South Fulton banned single-use plastics in 2019.[109] Atlanta banned polystyrene at city-owned buildings, including Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[110]
- Illinois — Oak Park[111] and River Forest[112] have enacted bans. In 2023, the state legislature passed a ban affecting state agencies and universities.[113]
- Massachusetts — At least 66 municipalities have bans on polystyrene, including Abington, Acton, Amherst, Andover, Arlington, Athol, Attleboro, Brookline, Buckland, Cambridge, Chatham, Chelmsford, Concord, Dennis, Eastham, Easthampton, Essex, Fairhaven, Falmouth, Georgetown, Gloucester, Grafton, Great Barrington, Greenfield, Hadley, Hamilton, Hanson, Ipswich, Lee, Lenox, Lexington, Lincoln, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Marblehead, Maynard, Medford, Melrose, Nantucket, Newton, Northborough, Northampton, Orleans, Pittsfield, Provincetown, Raynham, Reading, Revere, Rockport, Salem, Saugus, Shrewsbury, Somerville, South Hadley, Stockbridge, Sudbury, Swampscott, Upton, Wayland, Wellfleet, Westborough, Westfield, Westford, Whitman, Williamstown, Winthrop, and Yarmouth.
- Minnesota — Minneapolis enacted a ban in 1989, and amended the largely unenforced ban in 2015.[114] [115] In 2017, the city of St. Louis Park effectively banned single-use polystyrene after mandating compostable, reusable, or locally recyclable packaging. [116] Saint Paul enacted a similar provision in 2022.[117]
- New Hampshire — Portsmouth enacted the first ban in New Hampshire in 2020.[118]
- New Mexico — Santa Fe County passed a ban on serving food, or packing eggs, baked goods, or produce in polystyrene containers, affecting unincorporated parts of the county.[119]
- Pennsylvania — The Boroughs of Ambler,[120] Narberth,[121] Newtown,[122] Phoenixville,[123] Swarthmore,[124] and Townships of Montgomery,[125] Newtown,[126] Solebury,[127] Tredyffrin,[128] Upper Merion,[129] Upper Moreland,[130] and Uwchlan[131] enacted bans.
- South Carolina — The city of Charleston adopted an ordinance in 2018, with the surrounding Charleston County adopting a similar ordinance the year after.[132] [133]
Proposed legislation
As of August 2023, proposed legislation banning polystyrene has passed at least one legislative chamber in two states and one territory. In Connecticut, SB 118 passed the state Senate in April 2022, but died when the session ended.[134] In Illinois, the state House passed HB2376 on March 21, 2023.[135]
The territory of the Northern Mariana Islands passed HB21-89 in its House of Representatives in 2020.[136]
In September 2021, Florida introduced a proposed phaseout of polystyrene foam food packaging.[137] Commissioner of Agriculture Nikki Fried, whose Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services oversees food safety in Florida, proposed a rule to phase out polystyrene in 40,000 grocery stores, food markets, convenience stores, and gas stations that the agency regulates in Florida. The Florida Legislature will consider the proposed rule in 2022.[138]
See also
Notes and References
- Web site: Ying Sun, Nina. Toloken, Steve . amp . China moves to end its 'ban' on PS food packaging. Plastics News. 10 June 2013. 21 March 2013.
- Web site: EU lawmakers back ban on single-use plastics, set standard for world. .
- Web site: Other Plastic Manufactured Items . 20 June 2023 .
- https://www.diariandorra.ad/noticies/nacional/2022/08/17/govern_aprova_prohibicio_dels_plastics_sol_us_205741_1125.html
- Web site: STAGES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STYROFOAM BAN . Antigua Nice . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/904 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment. Publications Office of the European Union. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Plastics ban on track for July 1 . 3 June 2020 . Eyewitness News . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Barbados joins other CARICOM countries in banning single-use plastic products . Jamaica Observer . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Belgium imposes phased ban on single-use plastics . The Brussels Times . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Belize prepares to ban single-use plastic and Styrofoam products by April 2019 . 7 February 2019 . The San Pedro Sun . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations (SOR/2022-138). 20 June 2023 . Department of Justice Canada. 2023-08-25.
- https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1163603 LEY NÚM. 21.368 REGULA LA ENTREGA DE PLÁSTICOS DE UN SOLO USO Y LAS BOTELLAS PLÁSTICAS, Y MODIFICA LOS CUERPOS LEGALES QUE INDICA
- Web site: Costa Rica to completely ban polystyrene due to environmental impact . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/costa-rica-polystyrene-styrofoam-ban-environment-microplastic-law-a9011531.html . 2022-05-26 . subscription . live . The Independent . 18 July 2019 . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Caribbean island of Dominica bans plastic and Styrofoam . 10 August 2018 . CNN . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Ecuador: Law on Restrictions on the Use of Plastic Enters into Force . Library of Congress . 2022-10-18.
- Web site: Ban on polystyrene to start next month . 19 July 2021 . . 2021-10-26.
- News: France bans plastic packaging for fruits and vegetables . 11 October 2021 . Reuters . 2021-10-26 . Clercq . Geert De .
- Web site: Germany bans single-use plastic straws, food containers . ABC News . 2021-11-01.
- Web site: Grenada Is Banning Styrofoam . 20 September 2018 . Caribbean Journal . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Styrofoam ban in effect from month-end . 4 March 2016 . Guyana Chronicle . 2021-10-26.
- Haiti bans plastic bags and styrofoam containers . The Christian Science Monitor . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Product Eco-responsibility (Amendment) Ordinance 2023 . Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . 2024-04-09.
- Web site: Iceland Bans Single-Use Plastics Starting in 2021 . 6 July 2020 . Iceland Review . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Govt bans manufacture, sale and use of identified single-use plastic items from July 1, 2022 . . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Banned from Irish shelves: Cotton bud sticks, plastic cutlery, plates, stirrers and straws . 7 July 2021 . Irish Examiner . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Styrofoam Ban Takes Effect . Jamaica Information Service . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Macao bans polystyrene takeaway boxes from 1 January 2021. 30 November 2020 . The Macao News . 2022-09-28.
- Web site: The Maldives bans production and sales of single-use plastics effective from 1st June 2022. Republic of Maldives Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Technology . 2022-09-28.
- Web site: STYROFOAM AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS PROHIBITION ACT 2016. Republic of the Marshall Islands Nitijela. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Environment Protection (Control of Single Use Plastic Products) Regulations 2020 . Mauritius Ministry of the Environment, Solid Waste Management and Climate Change. 2022-10-18.
- Web site: Per Public Law 21-76, One-Time-Use Disposable Styrofoam & Plastic Food Service Items Prohibited from Importation into the FSM Beginning July 1st, 2020; Such Items Already in the FSM Can Still Be Used . FSM GOVERNMENT. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Zero Waste Goals: Monaco Bans Single-use Cups and Containers. 18 June 2021 . Hello Monaco Magazine. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Plastic ban: the law has passed. 18 January 2020 . Aruba Today. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Styrofoam meal boxes banned on Bonaire from 1 August. 13 July 2022 . BES Reporter. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Enforcement starts on Single-Use Plastic Ban. 31 January 2022 .
- Web site: Ban on single use plastic now a fact. 13 April 2021 . Government of Sint Eustatius. 2022-09-28.
- name="Pacific Countries">Web site: Several Pacific Countries Announce Bans on Single-Use Plastic Bags . . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Plastic and Related Products Regulations 2022 . New Zealand Ministry for the Environment . 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Forskrift om begrensning i bruk av helse- og miljøfarlige kjemikalier og andre produkter (produktforskriften) . 2023-02-06.
- Web site: Several Pacific Countries Announce Bans on Single-Use Plastic Bags . . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: LEY QUE REGULA EL PLÁSTICO DE UN SOLO USO Y LOS RECIPIENTES O ENVASES DESCARTABLE . El Peruano . 2022-10-18.
- Web site: St Kitts and Nevis to ban use of styrofoam, plastic products. 29 November 2023 . Jamaica Observer. 2023-12-09.
- Web site: Saint Lucia to ban polystyrene, plastics . Government of Saint Lucia . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Styrofoam Ban Stakeholders Meeting . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Styrofoam ban now in effect in Samoa. 3 March 2021 . Pasifika Environews. 2023-02-06.
- Web site: Seychelles: Ban on Plastics Takes Effect . . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Ban on use of plastics goes into effect from March 31 . Colombo Page . 2021-10-26.
- https://gov.sr/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/sb-2019-no-44-besch-min-hi-wijz-besl-negatieve-lijst.pdf TBESCHIKKING van de Minister van Handel, Industrie en Toerisme van 25 april 2019 no. 910, houdende nadere wijzigingvan het Besluit Negatieve Lijst
- Web site: Taiwan to ban polystyrene cups from July 2022. 22 December 2021 . Taiwan News . 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Thailand's plastic ban prompts producers to be eco-friendly . Nikkei Asia . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Government approves ban of Styrofoam in T&T by 2019 . Ministry of Planning and Development, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Waste Management (Prohibition On The Importation Of Single-Use Plastic) Regulation 2019 . Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development, Government of Tuvalu . 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Far-reaching ban on single-use plastics in England . Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs . 2023-01-19.
- Web site: Single use plastics ban . Scottish Government . 2023-01-19.
- Web site: The Environmental Protection (Single-use Plastic Products) (Wales) Bill. Welsh Government. 2023-01-19.
- Web site: Ban on polystyrene comes into full effect Nov 1. Turks and Caicos Weekly News. 2022-09-28.
- Web site: Single use plastic: How do bans differ across the UK and EU?. House of Commons Library. 2023-01-19.
- Web site: Zimbabwe bans polystyrene food packs citing health risks . 4 August 2017 . Africa News . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Single-use plastics.
- Web site: Single-use plastic guidance for industry (food service ware items). October 2022 .
- Web site: Single-use plastic items ban. 1 September 2023 .
- Web site: BANNED ITEMS 2022.
- Web site: Single-use plastics ban applies 1 February 2023. 31 January 2023 .
- Web site: WA Plan for Plastics single-use plastic bans 2022-25. November 2023.
- Web site: Nigeria's Polluted Economic Hub Lagos Bans Styrofoam, Plastics. 22 January 2024 .
- Web site: Oyo govt joins Lagos, declares ban on use of Styrofoam for food. 11 March 2024 .
- Web site: Plastics, styrofoam banned in Cavite town. 24 October 2023 .
- Web site: Boracay reopening: Disposable plastic items banned. 10 September 2018.
- Web site: Caloocan joins LGUs banning plastic. 31 October 2013.
- Web site: Cordova to ban single-use plastic and styrofoam food containers. 29 January 2023.
- Web site: Calls mount for stricter implementation of anti-plastics law in El Nido.
- Web site: Las Piñas follows neighbor in enforcing ban on plastics. 13 January 2012.
- Web site: Makati set to implement plastic ban starting June 20. 29 May 2013.
- Web site: Mandaluyong to implement total ban on plastic bags in 2014. 17 December 2013.
- Web site: MMDA Chairman Commends Muntinlupa for Anti-Plastic and Styrofoam Measure. 21 January 2011.
- Web site: Plastic Bags and Single-Use Plastics Ban in Quezon City. 21 March 2021.
- Web site: Tacloban bans plastic, styrofoam.
- Web site: Single use plastic bags and products banned from January 1, 2024 in Dubai. 31 December 2023 .
- Web site: Maryland Will Ban Styrofoam Starting Oct. 1 . NPR . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Maine's Ban of Polystyrene Foam Takes Effect on July 1 . U.S. News . 2021-10-26.
- Web site: Single-Use Products Law . Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation . 2021-11-01.
- Web site: State ban on some materials to take effect New Year's Day . 22 October 2021 . . 2021-10-27.
- Web site: NEW JERSEY'S BAN ON SINGLE-USE PLASTIC PRODUCTS TAKES EFFECT IN ONE YEAR . . 2021-11-01.
- Web site: Colorado lawmakers OK ban on single-use plastic bags, polystyrene in stores . 8 June 2021 . . 2021-11-02.
- Web site: Washington state bans polystyrene foam, clamps down on other plastics. 20 May 2021 . 2022-09-23.
- Web site: SB 543 Enrolled.
- Web site: 2023 – S 0014 SUBSTITUTE B.
- Web site: Senate Bill 51.
- Web site: Foam Free DC . DC.gov . 2021-11-01.
- Web site: Governor signs “Polystyrene Foam Container Ban” into law. 12 February 2024.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 17-63.
- Web site: Ordinance 1079.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 4457: Polystyrene Foam Food Containers.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 5084.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 5326: Disposable Bodyboards.
- Web site: SB-54 Solid waste: reporting, packaging, and plastic food service ware.
- Web site: Newsletter: California lawmakers put the brakes on plastics. What does it mean for the rest of us?. . July 2022 .
- Web site: California sets the nation's toughest rules for the reduction of plastics. .
- Web site: Chapter 8.12 PLASTIC BAGS AND POLYSTYRENE CONTAINERS.
- Web site: City of Cordova, Alaska Substitute Ordinance 1137.
- Web site: Chapter 9.35. Plastic Bags and Polystyrene Containers.
- Web site: Newsom signs nation's most sweeping law to phase out single-use plastics and packaging waste. Los Angeles Times. 30 June 2022. 2022-09-23.
- Web site: Chapter 199 Polystyrene Container Restriction.
- Web site: Article II Use and Sale of Polystyrene Products.
- Web site: Stamford mayor signs ban on foam containers that starts in April. 22 October 2020 .
- Web site: Chapter 46: Solid Waste Management Article VII: Single Use Plastic Food Service Product.
- Web site: § 122.02 PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS; UTENSILS AND CONTAINERS TO BE OF POLYSTYRENE.
- News: Hamden Is First Town to Ban Plastic Foam. The New York Times . 13 August 1989 . McCarthy . Peggy .
- Web site: CHAPTER 12. - SINGLE-USE PLASTICS REGULATIONS.
- Web site: City of Atlanta Georgia Ordinance 19-O-1418.
- Web site: 20-8-4: POLYSTYRENE FOAM PACKAGING PROHIBITED.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 3905. 11 September 2023.
- Web site: Public Act 103-0470.
- Web site: Didn't Minneapolis ban foam packaging decades ago?. 16 April 2014 .
- Web site: CHAPTER 204. ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION: ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PACKAGING.
- Web site: Zero Waste Packaging Ordinance.
- Web site: Green To Go Packaging Initiative.
- Web site: Portsmouth Styrofoam Ban Takes Effect, With Little Enforcement For Now. 31 December 2020 .
- Web site: Santa Fe County Board of County Commissioners Ordinance No. 2024-06. 26 March 2024.
- Web site: Single Use Plastics Borough of Ambler.
- Web site: Single-Use Product Ordinance.
- Web site: Council Meeting March 12, 2024 .
- Web site: Ordinance 2024 - 2377.
- Web site: Ordinance 4 of 2023.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 23-337.
- Web site: Newtown Township Enacts Ban On Certain Single-Use Plastics. 7 December 2023 .
- Web site: Ordinance No. 2022-003.
- Web site: HR-454 Plastic Bag Ordinance.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 2023-890.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 1744.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 2022-06.
- Web site: Number 2018-146.
- Web site: Ordinance No. 2085.
- Web site: CT Senate passes bill that bans single-use Styrofoam and trays in schools and restaurants. 21 April 2022 .
- Web site: HB2376.
- Web site: House OKs bill to ban foam food containers.
- Web site: Commissioner Nikki Fried Announces Rulemaking to Phase Out Polystyrene in Florida Stores, Markets / 2021 Press Releases / Press Releases / News & Events / Home – Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. 2022-01-03. www.fdacs.gov.
- Web site: Powers. Scott. 2021-12-10. Nikki Fried sending polystyrene rules to Legislature. 2022-01-03. Florida Politics. en-US.
- Web site: Governor signs “Polystyrene Foam Container Ban” into law. 12 February 2024.
- Web site: hb21-1162.
- Web site: July 6, 2021 . HOUSE BILL 21-1162 CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS .
- Web site: 2021 . C.R.S. 25-17-506. Prohibition on use of expanded polystyrene food containers. .
- Web site: Senate Bill 51.
- Web site: D.C. ACT 20-385.
- Web site: D.C.ACT23-223.
- Web site: 38 MRSA Chapter 15-A.
- Web site: Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Food Service Products Ban.
- Web site: CHAPTER 117.
- Web site: TITLE 30 Expanded Polystyrene Foam Container and Polystyrene Loose Fill Packaging Ban.
- Web site: Enrolled Senate Bill 543.
- Web site: 2023 – S 0014 SUBSTITUTE B.
- Web site: Foam containers, plastic stirrers banned at RI restaurants. 26 June 2023 .
- Web site: Title 10: Conservation and Development Chapter 159: Waste Management Subchapter 1: General Provisions.
- Web site: Virginia assembly approves ban on foam to-go containers . 25 February 2021 . . 2021-11-01.
- Web site: 2024 Special Session I Budget Bill - HB6001 (Chapter 2). Virginia Legislative Information System . 2024-06-14.
- Web site: § 10.1–1424.3. Expanded polystyrene food service containers prohibited; civil penalty.
- Web site: Budget Amendments – HB30 (Conference Report).
- Web site: RCW 70A.245.070 Expanded polystyrene prohibitions—Penalty. .