Peyssonneliales Explained

Peyssonneliales is a monotypic order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae and the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae.[1] It contains only 1 known family, Peyssonneliaceae .[2]

The type species is Peyssonnelia

History

Genera Peyssonnelia and Sonderopelta were originally in order Gigartinales [3] but comparative morphology and rbcL and nuclear LSU rRNA sequence data showed that they were separate and therefore order Peyssonneliales was established in 2009 to hold them both.

Incendia was initially resolved as a monophyletic clade with full support for rbcL.[4] Then using robust rbcL phylogeny, order Peyssonneliales was lso resolved as monophyletic with well-supported main lineages.[5]

Description

Delineation of the various genera in the Peyssonneliaceae had mostly been based on vegetative characteristics.[5]

Peyssonneliales order algae are red, crustose, prostrate, and usually epilithic (growing on the surfaces of rocks). The crusts may be non-calcified throughout, calcified throughout, or partially calcified (with hypobasal calcification (situated posterior to the basal wall) between the attachment rhizoids). Calcium carbonate, if present, is in the mineral form aragonite (James et al., 1988). The lower surfaces of the crusts are partially to completely attached to the sub-stratum, either directly (i.e., without rhizoids) or by unicellular or multi cellular rhizoids. Prostrate growth is by radiating marginal rows of transversely dividing apical initials in the basal layer (multi axial). These growths then later divide vertically to form a single upper or lower perithallial cell (surrounding the thallus). The first section of the perithallial cells gives rise to simple or branched filaments that together form a loose to compact upper- only cortex or upper and lower cortices. Cortical cells have numerous discoid or ribbon- like chloroplasts.

The red algae colour comes from photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin). Then the various blends of relative amounts of these 3 and chlorophyll, influences the plant colour, which can vary from dark red to blue, brown, or greenish.[6]

Genera

As accepted by AlgaeBase (with number of species per genera);[7]

Former genera; Gymnosorus, Haematostagon, Lithymenia, Nardoa and Sonderopelta [7]

WoRMS doesn't accept the genera; Agissea, Brasilophycus, Olokunia, Piriora, Rhodowynnea and Squamaria.
It also notes; Cruoriopsis is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia,Haematostagon is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia,Lithymenia is accepted as synonym of PeyssonneliaSonderopelta is accepted as synonym of Sonderophycus.[8]

Distribution

The order has cosmopolitan distribution,[9] worldwide.[10] They are found in places such as Brazil,[4] [5] western Atlantic Ocean,[11] San Andres Island, (in the Caribbean Sea),[12] Jamaica (also in the Caribbean Sea),[13] Puerto Rico,[11] [14] Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean),[10] Hawaii,[15] [16] Azores (Atlantic Ocean),[17] Brittany in France,[18] southern Australia,[3] New Zealand,[19] also parts of Asia (near Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea and China).[20]

They can grow at low depths, from the Intertidal zone,[10] (between 90- in western Atlantic Ocean),[11] or down to depths as low as 288m (945feet) below sea level in the Pacific Ocean (near California).[10]

Members of Peyssonneliales can be found growing on hard substratum (bedrock),[10] or found growing on corals.[13]

Uses

Peyssonnelia has anti-viral abilities.[21]

Ecology

Peyssonneliaceae make thick, brown/dark red growths that may have a soft top above a hard base. Fish do not eat it, allowing it to grow and smother corals. Peyssonneliaceae also keep coral from successfully reproducing sexually by preventing coral larvae from settling.[22]

Other sources

Notes and References

  1. Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers
  2. Denizot, M., 1968. Les algues floridées encroutantes (à l'éxclusion des Corallinacées). pp. [1]–310, 227 figs. Paris: Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Reference page. : 86, 308.
  3. Web site: Peyssonneliaceae, State Herbarium of South Australia . www.flora.sa.gov.au . 20 December 2022.
  4. Pestana . E.M. D.S. . Lyra . G.M. . Santos . Gabriel Do Nascimento . Santos . Cibele Conceicao Dos . Cassano . Valeria . Nunes . Jose Marcos De Castro . Integrative approach reveals underestimated Peyssonneliales diversity in Brazil: registering the first occurrence of Ramicrusta and Incendia, with the description of three new species . Phytotaxa . 15 April 2020 . 439 . 1 . 10.11646/phytotaxa.439.1.2. 218813278 .
  5. Pestana . Edilene Maria Dos Santos . Nunes . José Marcos de Castro . Cassano . Valéria . Lyra . Goia de Mattos . Taxonomic revision of the Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): Circumscribing the authentic Peyssonnelia clade and proposing four new genera and seven new species . Journal of Phycology . December 2021 . 57 . 6 . 1749–1767 . 10.1111/jpy.13207. 34448497 . 237321243 .
  6. Web site: Phylum Rhodophyta SeaNet . seanet.stanford.edu . 16 December 2022 . en.
  7. Web site: Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase . www.algaebase.org . 19 December 2022.
  8. Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Peyssonneliaceae Denizot, 1968 . www.marinespecies.org . 19 December 2022.
  9. Web site: Peyssonneliales . www.gbif.org . 15 December 2022 . en.
  10. Krayesky . David . Norris . James . Peyssonneliales; Peyssonneliaceae, In: Norris, J.N., Marine Algae of the Northern Gulf of California, II: Rhodophyta . Smithsonian Contributions to Botany . 14 November 2014 . 96 . 366–374.
  11. Yossi Loya, Kimberly A. Puglise and Tom C.L. Bridge (Editors)
  12. Santiago Herrera, Juan Armando Sanchez and Luisa Fernanda Dueñas (Editors)
  13. Pueschel . C.M. . Saunders . G.W. . Ramicrusta textilis sp. nov. (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), an anatomically complex Caribbean alga that overgrows corals. . Phycologia . 2009 . 48 . 6 . 480–491 . 10.2216/09-04.1. 86604885 .
  14. Ballantine . D.L. . Ruiz . H. . A new encrusting deep-water coral reef alga, Peyssonnelia incomposita (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea . Cryptogamie, Algologie . 2011 . 32 . 19–26 . 10.7872/crya.v32.iss1.2011.019. 85646094 .
  15. Sherwood . Alison R. . Cabrera . Feresa P. . Spalding . Heather L. . Alvarado . Erika A. . Smith . Celia M. . Hauk . Brian B. . Matadobra . Stephen J. . Kosaki . Randall K. . Paiano . Monica O. . Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta): new species in the genera Incendia and Seiria . Phytotaxa . 28 October 2021 . 524 . 1 . 14–26 . 10.11646/phytotaxa.524.1.2. 240206038 .
  16. Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Spalding, H.L. & Kosaki, R.K. (2020) Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta). 2. Sonderophycus copusii, a new species from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ALGAE 35: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.20
  17. Gabriel . Daniela . Schmidt . William . Krayesky . David . Harris . David . Fredericq . Suzanne . The crustose red algal genus Peyssonnelia (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta) in the Azores: from five to one species . Arqupelago - Life and Marine Sciences . 2015 . 32 . 1–9. 10400.3/3899 . free .
  18. Christian Wiencke (Editor)
  19. Nelson . Wendy . Ngauma . Bruce . Norman . Jerry H. . Ringham . Sandi . Sutherland . Judy . Agissea teruruhau sp. nov. (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta) and epiphyte Piriora waewaeiti gen. & sp. nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Manawatāwhi, New Zealand . Phycologia . 30 Sep 2022 . 1–18 . 10.1080/00318884.2022.2132054. 253791165 .
  20. Antoninovich Eduard Titlyanov, Viktorovna Tamara Titlyanova, Xiubao Li and Hui Huang
  21. Maria Hayes (Editor)
  22. PENNISI . ELIZABETH . 6 November 2023 . Algal outbreaks around the world are crowding out corals . Science.

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