| Peterborough | |
| Parliament: | uk |
| Year: | 1974 |
| Type: | Borough |
| Elects Howmany: | One |
| Electorate: | 72,273 (2023)[1] |
| Region: | England |
| European: | East of England |
| Year2: | 1918 |
| Abolished2: | 1974 |
| Type2: | County |
| Elects Howmany2: | One |
| Year3: | 1541 |
| Abolished3: | 1918 |
| Type3: | Borough |
| Elects Howmany3: | 1541–1885: Two 1885–1918: One |
Peterborough is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom since July 2024 by Andrew Pakes of the Labour Party. This changed from Conservative Party politician Paul Bristow who had been elected in 2019.
Its current form is the direct, unbroken successor of a smaller constituency that was created in the mid-16th century returning two Members of Parliament (MPs) using the bloc vote system of election and represented in the House of Commons of England until 1707, then in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and then in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885. From 1885 onwards, the seat has elected one MP using the first-past-the-post system.
The earliest known members representing Peterborough were in 1547, shortly after it had gained city status, when Peterborough Cathedral became the seat of the new diocese of Peterborough in 1541. The cathedral had been Peterborough Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries abolished it in 1539. The new city was not an ancient borough, nor a municipal borough until 1876; no charter survives granting the status of city or the right to Parliamentary representation or delimiting its boundary for electoral purposes.[2]
The centre of the city was an extra-parochial area called the "Minster Precincts" comprising the cathedral close. The commissioners appointed prior to the parallel Great Reform Act and Parliamentary Boundaries Act of 1832 reported that Peterborough's parliamentary boundary, as far as was then known, comprised the Minster Precincts and the south-eastern part of the surrounding parish of Saint John the Baptist, excluding the parish's northern and western townships of Longthorpe, Dogsthorpe (or Dodsthorpe) and Newark-with-Eastfield.[3] The borough franchise was scot and lot in the parish and householder in the Minster Precincts.[4] For parliamentary purposes, the rest of the Soke of Peterborough, north and west of the city, was in the county constituency of Northamptonshire; the area south of the River Nene was in Huntingdonshire; to the east, Thorney was in Cambridgeshire.
The 1832 acts extended the parliamentary borough of Peterborough to the entire parish of Saint John the Baptist (adding 48 qualifying properties[3]) and retained its two members.[3] (The rural portion of the Soke was included in the Northern division of Northamptonshire.) Under the Boundary Act 1868, the area of New Fletton and Woodstone (south of the River Nene) was transferred from Huntingdonshire. Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the borough's representation was reduced from two MPs to one.
In 1918 the parliamentary borough was abolished and replaced with a new division of the parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough,[6] including the whole of the Soke (which had been created as a separate administrative county by the Local Government Act 1888) and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of Northamptonshire, absorbing the bulk of the abolished Northern division, incorporating Oundle and extending down to and beyond Thrapston and Corby.
Designated as a county constituency under the revisions brought in for the 1950 general election by the Representation of the People Act 1948, with only minor changes to the boundaries of the constituency to reflect a rationalisation of the rural districts of Northamptonshire.
In 1965 the administrative counties of the Soke of Peterborough and Huntingdonshire were combined to form Huntingdon and Peterborough. At the next redistribution, which came into effect for the February 1974 general election, the constituency was redesignated as a Borough Constituency, composed of the local authorities which had comprised the Soke, together with the sparsely populated Rural District of Thorney, which was transferred from the administrative county/constituency of Isle of Ely. The parts in Northamptonshire were transferred to Wellingborough.
As a result of the Local Government Act 1972, the two counties of Huntingdon and Peterborough and Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely were merged to form the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire, with effect from 1 April 1974. However, the next redistribution did not come into effect until the 1983 general election, when areas to the south of the River Nene, including Fletton and the Ortons, which were now part of the expanded City of Peterborough, were transferred from the abolished constituency of Huntingdonshire. Mainly rural areas to the east (Thorney and Eye) and west (Barnack and Werrington) were transferred to the new constituencies of North East Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon respectively.
The next redistribution, which came into effect for the 1997 general election, saw the creation of North West Cambridgeshire, which took the areas to the south of the River Nene (City of Peterborough wards of Fletton, Orton Longueville, Orton Waterville and Stanground). Werrington was transferred back from Huntingdon.
Following their review of parliamentary representation in Cambridgeshire which came into effect for the 2010 general election, the Boundary Commission for England made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes, primarily the transfer back of Thorney and Eye from North East Cambridgeshire. There were also marginal changes to take account of the redistribution of City of Peterborough wards. These changes increased the electorate from 64,893 to 70,640.[10] On the enumeration date of 17 February 2000, the electoral quota for England was 69,934 voters per constituency.
Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency is as follows (as they existed on 1 December 2020):
Marginal loss due to further ward boundary changes.
The current constituency is composed of built-up areas of Peterborough to the north of the River Nene, as well as rural areas to the east and north and comprises approximately 60% of the electorate of the local authority of the City of Peterborough.[12] Remaining parts of the city, composed of residential areas to the south of the River Nene and rural areas to the west of Peterborough form part of the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.
In the unreformed House of Commons the franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Originally the Dean of Peterborough and Cathedral Chapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of Minster Precincts were burgesses and so entitled to vote. By the interregnum, the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough. By 1835 this was 576, or about one per cent of the population.[13] Bribery was general until the introduction of the secret ballot under the Ballot Act 1872. Votes were cast by spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, erected on the Market Place (now Cathedral Square).[14]
In 1832 the Great Reform Act enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £10 or more and the Second Reform Act extended this to all householders paying £10 or more in rent per annum, effectively enfranchising the skilled working class, so by 1868 the percentage of voters in Peterborough had risen to about 20% of the population.[15] The Third Reform Act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and the Fourth Reform Act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election. However, full electoral equality would not occur until the Fifth Reform Act ten years later.
According to the 2001 census, the population count of Peterborough constituency is 95,103 persons, comprising 46,131 males and 48,972 females. 67.56% of those aged 16–74 are economically active, including 5.92% unemployed; a further 12.26% are retired and 3.08% students. Of a total 39,760 households, 63.80% are owner occupied, fewer than the regional (72.71%) and national (68.72%) averages.[16] Turnout at the 2005 general election was 41,194 or 61.0% of those eligible to vote, below the regional (63.6%) and national (61.3%) figures.
Peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547. Before the civil war, many were relatives of the clergy; then for two hundred years after the restoration there was always a Fitzwilliam, or a Fitzwilliam nominee, sitting as member for Peterborough, making it a Whig stronghold.[17] Representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.[18]
One of the earliest incumbents, Sir Walter Mildmay, member for Peterborough from 1553 to 1554, subsequently became Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1559 to 1589. Later, in the nineteenth century, William Elliot, Whig member from 1802 until his death in 1819, was Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1806 and 1807; the Hon. William Lamb (later the 2nd Viscount Melbourne), Whig member from 1816 to 1819, became Home Secretary in 1830 then Prime Minister from 1834 to 1841; and Sir James Scarlett (later the 1st Baron Abinger), Whig member from 1819 to 1830, was, from 1827, Attorney General for England and Wales.[19]
From the formal merger of the breakaway Liberal Unionists with the Conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of rural North Northamptonshire in 1918, Peterborough has been predominantly Conservative; however, it has elected Labour MPs several times from 1929 onwards.
Lord Burghley, as he then was, succeeded the socialist writer and illustrator, Frank Horrabin, who was born in the city and elected under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald in 1929.[20] David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter, winner of 400m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics, member of the International Olympic Committee for 48 years and chairman of the organising committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics, was the Conservative member from 1931 to 1943.
In 1966, in one of the closest polls in UK history, Sir Harmar Nicholls held the seat by three votes after seven recounts. Nicholls was the Conservative member from 1950 to 1974, when he lost in the October election of that year to Labour's Michael Ward, having held on by just 22 votes after four recounts in the election eight months earlier.[21] The growth in the New Town from 1967 may in part account for Labour's victory here in 1974. In 1979, however, Ward lost the seat to the Conservative Brian Mawhinney, who would represent Peterborough for the entire duration of the incoming Conservative government and was a Cabinet Minister and Conservative Party Chairman during the second Major government (1992–97).
The seat was made more competitive in the 1997 boundary review by the formation of the North West Cambridgeshire seat, which incorporated the rural land outside Peterborough and several Conservative-inclined wards from the city. Since its formation, North West Cambridgeshire has been one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, whilst Peterborough was ranked 93rd in the Conservatives's one hundred most vulnerable seats (the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change of government) and 73rd on Labour's target list; these factors led Mawhinney to stand in North West Cambridgeshire instead. He retired as an MP in 2005 and was created Baron Mawhinney, of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire.
Helen Clark (née Brinton) won the seat for Labour in 1997. She was defeated by Conservative candidate Stewart Jackson at the 2005 election, following which it was widely reported that Clark was planning to defect to the Conservative Party,[22] an announcement which was not popular locally.[23] However, by early June it emerged that while she had left the Labour Party, she had not in fact joined the Conservatives and did not intend to.[24]
Jackson was re-elected in 2010 with an increased majority, which then fell in 2015. In 2017, Labour's Fiona Onasanya won a majority of 607; this result marked the first time since 1929 that Peterborough voted Labour in an election where the Conservatives won the national popular vote, and the first time it has ever elected a Labour MP in a year in which Labour did not form the government. Furthermore, Peterborough became one of five constituencies – the others being Croydon Central, Enfield Southgate, Leeds North West and Reading East – which elected Labour MPs in 2017 having not done so since 2001.
| Election | Senior member | Junior member | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1542 | Sir Thomas Moyle[25] | ||
| 1547 | Sir Wymond Carew, died and replaced in 1552 by John Campanett[26] | Richard Pallady[27] | |
| March 1553 | Not known | Not known | |
| Oct. 1553 | Sir Walter Mildmay[28] | Sir William FitzWilliam[29] | |
| April 1554 | John Gamlin (Gamblin, Gamlyn)[30] | Giles Isham | |
| Nov. 1554 | William Liveley[31] | Gilbert Bull | |
| 1555 | John Mountsteven | ||
| 1558 | Thomas Hussey | ||
| 1559 | Robert Wingfield Jr. | ||
| 1562 | John FitzWilliam | ||
| 1571 | William Fitzwilliam[32] | Henry Cheke, sat for Bedford and replaced by Brian Ansley | |
| 1572 | Robert Wingfield Jr., died and replaced in 1581 by Sir William FitzWilliam | Hugh FitzWilliam died and replaced 1576 by Humphrey Mildmay | |
| 1584 | James Scambler | ||
| 1586 | |||
| 1589 | Thomas Howland | ||
| 1593 | William Hacke | ||
| 1597 | Alexander Neville | ||
| 1601 | Goddard Pemberton | ||
| 1603 | Edward Wymarke | ||
| 1614 | Roger Manwood | ||
| 1621 | Mildmay Fane[33] | Walter Fitzwilliam | |
| 1624 | Sir Francis Fane[34] | Laurence Whitaker | |
| 1625 | Sir Christopher Hatton | ||
| 1626 | Mildmay Fane, Lord Burghersh | ||
| 1628 | |||
| The Short Parliament (April–May 1640) | |||
| April 1640 | William FitzWilliam, 2nd Baron FitzWilliam | ||
| The Long Parliament (1640–1648), the Rump Parliament (1648–1653) and the Barebone's Parliament (1653) | |||
| Nov. 1640 | Sir Robert Napier, 2nd Baronet | ||
| The First Protectorate Parliament (1654–1655); one member only | |||
| 1654 | Col. Alexander Blake[35] | ||
| The Second (1656–1658) and Third (1659) Protectorate Parliaments | |||
| 1656 | Francis St John | ||
The Tories (or Abhorrers) and Whigs (or Petitioners) originated in the Court and Country parties that emerged in the aftermath of the civil war, although it is more accurate to describe them as loose tendencies, both of which might be regarded as conservative in modern terms.[36] Modern party politics did not really begin to coalesce in Great Britain until at least 1784.
In 1832 the Tory Party evolved into the Conservative Party and in 1859 the Whig Party evolved, with Radicals and Peelites, into the Liberal Party. In opposition to Irish home rule, the Liberal Unionists ceded from the Liberals in 1886, aligning themselves with the Conservatives. The Labour Party was later founded, as the Labour Representation Committee, in 1900.
| Election | Member | Party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1885 | Hon. John Wentworth-FitzWilliam[66] | Independent Liberal | ||
| 1886 | Liberal Unionist | |||
| 1889 by-election | Liberal | |||
| 1895 | Liberal Unionist / Conservative | |||
| 1906 | Sir Granville Greenwood[67] | Liberal | ||
| 1918 | parliamentary borough abolished | |||
The parliamentary borough of Peterborough was abolished under the Representation of the People Act 1918, and the name was transferred to a division of the new parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough.[6] The Peterborough division became a county constituency in 1950.
| Election | Member | Party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | Sir Henry Brassey, 1st Baronet[68] | Coalition Conservative | ||
| 1929 | J. F. Horrabin[69] | Labour | ||
| 1931 | David Cecil, Lord Burghley[70] | Conservative | ||
| 1943 by-election | Conservative | |||
| 1945 | Labour Co-operative | |||
| 1950 | Sir Harmar Nicholls[71] | Conservative | ||
| Feb. 1974 | county constituency abolished | |||
Peterborough was redefined as a borough constituency with effect from the February 1974 general election. Successors of the historic parliamentary boroughs, the spending limits for election campaigns are slightly lower than in county constituencies.
| Election | Member | Party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb. 1974 | Sir Harmar Nicholls | Conservative | ||
| Oct. 1974 | Labour | |||
| 1979 | Conservative | |||
| 1997 | Labour | |||
| 2005 | Conservative | |||
| 2017 | Fiona Onasanya | Labour | ||
| 2018 | Independent | |||
| 2019 by-election | Lisa Forbes | Labour | ||
| 2019 | Paul Bristow | Conservative | ||
| 2024 | Andrew Pakes | Labour Co-op | ||
| 2019 notional result[75] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Vote | % | |
| 21,955 | 46.5 | ||
| 19,622 | 41.5 | ||
| 2,316 | 4.9 | ||
| 2,102 | 4.5 | ||
| 713 | 1.5 | ||
| Others | 524 | 1.1 | |
| Turnout | 47,232 | 65.4 | |
| Electorate | 72,273 | ||
General Election 1939–40Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected: