| Honorific Prefix: | Saint |
| Peter the Iberian | |
| Birth Date: | c. 417 |
| Death Date: | 2 December,[1] 491 |
| Feast Day: | 2 December (Georgian Church) 27 November & 1 December (Syriac Christianity)[2] 1 Kiahk (Oriental Orthodoxy) |
| Venerated In: | Eastern Christianity |
| Birth Place: | Kingdom of Iberia |
| Death Place: | Yavne-Yam, Palaestina Prima |
| Titles: | Bishop of Maiuma |
| Influences: | Zeno the Prophet, John the Laz |
| Influenced: | Severus of Antioch, John Rufus |
| Tradition: | Desert Fathers |
| Issues: | Christology |
Peter the Iberian (Georgian: პეტრე იბერი|tr) (c. 417-491) was a Georgian royal prince, theologian and philosopher who was a prominent figure in early Christianity and one of the founders of Christian Neoplatonism. Some have claimed that he is the author known conventionally as Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite.[3]
His accomplishments include founding the first Georgian monastery in Bethlehem and becoming the bishop of Maiuma near Gaza. The oldest Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions mention Peter with his father.
Peter was born into the royal Chosroid dynasty of the Kings of Iberia (Eastern Georgia)[4] and was initially named Murvan (alternatively, Nabarnugios), Prince of Iberia (Kartli). His father, King Bosmarios of Iberia, invited noted philosopher Mithradates from Lazica (also called John the Eunuch) to take part in Murvan's education. For a time, the child was kept hidden so as not to be delivered as a hostage to the Persians.[5]
In 423, at the age of about five, the prince was sent as a political hostage to Constantinople to ensure the loyalty of Iberia to the Byzantines rather than to the Persians.[6] Here he received a brilliant education under a personal patronage of the Roman empress Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II. When he was about twenty, the young prince, together with his mentor Mithradates, left the palace and made a pilgrimage to Palestine. It remains uncertain whether they had planned to return to Constantinople or if this was an escape, nevertheless their presence in Jerusalem was commonly known and they were not forced to return.
In Jerusalem, they were received by Melania the Younger, a famous ascetic whom Peter had met earlier in Constantinople and who might have inspired him to follow her. Melania bestowed upon them the monastic garb in a ceremony in the Anastasis and they became monks at her monastery on the Mount of Olives under their new names Peter and John.[7] Peter brought with him also relics of Persian martyrs, which were interred in a martyrion build by Melania on the mountain with patriarch Cyril of Alexandria conducting the ceremony, as well money which they used to build their own monastery (later called the monastery of the Iberians) and which they converted into a hostel for pilgrims after some time.[8]
It was the monk Zeno, called the Prophet, who recalled them to their monastic life and upon whose advice they departed to a monastery between Gaza and Maiuma. There, Zeno became Peter's spiritual guide and Peter became acquainted with the monastic circles in the region. According to his biographer, John Rufus, Peter refused to write to or receive letters from home lest it undermine his ascetic discipline.[4] At some point around 445, the bishop of Maiuma ordained Peter though Peter attempted to avoid serving as a priest in favour of monastic life.[9]
In 452, he was consecrated bishop of Maiuma by Patriarch Theodosius. He only served for six months before some Christians were banished by the decree of the local ruler. Peter escaped to Egypt, where he found refuge in the Enaton.
In the early 470s, Peter moved to Peleia near Ascalon where he continued ascetic activities, visiting various towns and villages of Palestine. Here he acquired great fame as a holy Father. He was called "pillar of Orthodoxy", "Great Peter", "the second Apostle Paul", "the second Moses" and "an exceedingly wonderful person".[10] He gained numerous followers and disciples. According to the medieval sources, he was an author of several famous religious works. However, none of them survived to be written under the name of Peter. For three years he lived at the hermitage of Hilarion, then for some time in a shack on the seashore near Azotus before moving on estate at Yavneh-Yam, port of ancient Iamnia, formerly belonging to Eudocia and now managed by a follower of his. He died there in 491 and was buried in his monastery near Gaza.[4]
Various eastern Churches think that he may have deviated from the Chalcedonian doctrine. These Churches (Armenian, Coptic, etc) believe that Peter the Iberian was a Miaphysite and an anti-Chalcedonian, whereas this view is not shared by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Although his biographies do not discuss this issue, some of the scholars who side with the Armenian sources accept the idea that he was an anti-Chaldeonian, while others do not. For example, David Marshall Lang believes in the possibility that he was a Monophysite,[11] while Shalva Nutsubidze and Ernest Honingmann believe that he was a Neoplatonic philosopher.[12]
Peter's Vita was written by his disciple, John Rufus (John of Beth Rufina), later his successor as bishop of Maiuma.[6]