| Peter Randolph | |
| Office: | Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi |
| Term Start: | June 25, 1823 |
| Term End: | January 30. 1832 |
| Appointer: | James Monroe |
| Predecessor: | William Bayard Shields |
| Successor: | Powhatan Ellis |
| Birth Name: | Peter Randolph |
| Birth Place: | Nottoway County, Virginia |
| Death Place: | Woodville, Mississippi |
| Education: | College of William & Mary read law |
Peter Randolph (1779 – January 30, 1832) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi.
Born in Nottoway County, Virginia, Randolph attended the College of William & Mary, and read law to enter the bar in 1806. He was in private practice in Nottoway County from 1806 to 1812, during which time he also served as a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia State Militia from 1807 to 1810, and as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He was a Judge of the General Court of Virginia for the 5th Circuit from 1812 to 1820. He then moved to Woodville, Mississippi, where he was a planter and continued his private practice from 1820 to 1823.
Randolph received a recess appointment from President James Monroe on June 25, 1823, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi vacated by Judge William Bayard Shields. He was nominated to the same position by President Monroe on December 5, 1823. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9, 1823, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 30, 1832, due to his death in Woodville.