| Petaluma River | |
| Name Etymology: | Coast Miwok |
| Map: | Petaluma River Watershed.jpg |
| Map Size: | 250 |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | United States |
| Subdivision Type2: | State |
| Subdivision Name2: | California |
| Subdivision Type3: | Region |
| Subdivision Name3: | Sonoma and Marin counties |
| Subdivision Type5: | City |
| Subdivision Name5: | Petaluma, California |
| Length: | 18miles |
| Discharge1 Location: | Petaluma (USGS gage station 11459000) |
| Discharge1 Min: | 0cuft/s |
| Discharge1 Avg: | 17cuft/s |
| Discharge1 Max: | 9620cuft/s |
| Source1 Location: | 1.50NaN0 southwest of Cotati, California |
| Source1 Coordinates: | 38.305°N -122.7175°W |
| Source1 Elevation: | 332feet |
| Mouth: | San Pablo Bay |
| Mouth Location: | 50NaN0 east of Novato, California |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 38.1106°N -122.4875°W |
| Mouth Elevation: | 0feet |
| Basin Size: | 370 km² (140 sq. miles) |
| Tributaries Left: | Lichau Creek, Lynch Creek, Washington Creek, Adobe Creek |
| Tributaries Right: | San Antonio Creek |
The Petaluma River is a river in the California counties of Sonoma and Marin that becomes a tidal slough for most of its length. The headwaters are in the area southwest of Cotati. The flow is generally southward through Petaluma's old town, where the waterway becomes navigable, and then flows another 100NaN0 through tidal marshes before emptying into the northwest corner of San Pablo Bay.
The word Petaluma may derive from the Miwok words pe’ta, flat, and luma, back. The Miwok people lived in Sonoma County for more than 2500 years. Petaluma was the name of a village on a low hill east of Petaluma creek and north east of the present day town of Petaluma.The first recorded exploration of the Petaluma River was by Captain Fernando Quiros in October, 1776. While other members of his Spanish expedition collected adobe and timber for the new Presidio of San Francisco and for the Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores), Quiros and his sailors tried unsuccessfully to sail from San Pablo Bay to Bodega Bay.[1] Petaluma River was named Petaluma Creek until the early 1960s.[2]
Located in southern Sonoma County, California, and a portion of northeastern Marin, the Petaluma River Watershed drains 146sqmi.[3] The watershed is approximately 19miles long and 13miles wide with the City of Petaluma near its center. At 2295feet, Sonoma Mountain is the highest point in the watershed, and its western slopes drain to the Petaluma River by way of tributaries such as Lichau Creek, Lynch Creek, Washington Creek, and Adobe Creek. The lower 12miles of the Petaluma River flow through the Petaluma Marsh, the largest remaining salt marsh in San Pablo Bay. The marsh covers 5000acres and is surrounded by approximately 7000acres of reclaimed wetlands.[3] In the marshes west of Lakeville, the river is joined by San Antonio Creek, at which point it becomes the boundary between Marin County and Sonoma County. The river flows under State Route 37 at Green Point and enters northwest San Pablo Bay just north of Petaluma Point.
While the river's source lies over 300-2NaN-2 above sea level, it descends to 500NaN0 within about 0.4-2NaN-2. The river is fully tidal 110NaN0 from its mouth, indicating its slight gradient through the marshes below Petaluma. The United States Army Corps of Engineers dredges this section to keep it navigable by gravel barges and pleasure craft.
The Petaluma River Watershed hosts several federally endangered animals including the salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), and Ridgway's rail (Rallus obsoletus). Endangered flora include soft bird’s-beak (Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis), Baker’s stickyseed (Blennosperma bakeri), Burke’s goldfields (Lasthenia burkei), showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), and Sebastopol meadowfoam (Limnanthes vinculans).[3]
Steelhead (Oncorhyncus mykiss) that spawn and rear in the Petaluma River watershed are wild, not hatchery, stock.[4] Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are seen in the main stem of the Petaluma River and The United Anglers of Casa Grande High School have seen chinook at the turning basin, near the Lynch Creek confluence. The high school students constructed a salmonid hatchery in 1993[5] and in 2002 74 Chinook salmon returned to spawn in the Adobe Creek tributary.[6]
The marshes provide an important wildlife habitat and fish hatchery. However, since the onset of intensive immigration in the mid-1850s, the water quality has diminished, partly due to overgrazing and other agricultural uses. Pollutants present in the river include nitrates, phosphates, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and sediment.[7] Urban runoff, particularly from the City of Petaluma, adds heavy metals and hydrocarbons to the river.[8] Starting about 1990, material steps were taken to mitigate the pollution.
Because the Petaluma River is relatively well-protected, most of the pollution comes from nearby storm drains. It is up to the people of Petaluma to keep the river clean.
Because most of the length of the waterway is tidal and urban/suburban, there is a significant collection of tidally deposited debris along the banks. Despite the poor aesthetics including turbidity, the water quality is not particularly poor.[9]
It has been alleged that the greatest threat to the Petaluma River is the planned Dutra asphalt plant. The reported concerns involve the "loud noises it will create" that will scare away the birds and "throw off the entire ecosystem".[10]
The following bridges span the Petaluma River moving upstream from San Pablo Bay through Petaluma: the Black Point Railroad Bridge (NWP), California State Route 37, Haystack Landing Bridge (NWP), U.S. 101, D Street, Washington Street, Lakeville Street, NWP, Payran Street, NWP, Oak Drive, Corona Road, Petaluma Boulevard North, and Rainsville Road.[11] The longest highway span, the 4-lane Route 37 bridge, is 2183feet long and was built in 1958. The oldest public bridge, built in 1925, is a 114feet concrete triple span carrying two lanes of Petaluma Boulevard North.[12]
Removal and replacement of the U.S. Route 101 highway bridge over the river began in 2013. The existing bridge was an 866 feet long, twin reinforced concrete box girder bridge (with a pre-cast I girder span over the river) that was built in 1955. It had two lanes of traffic in each direction, limited sight lines, and no shoulders. The new bridge is a 907 feet long, precast, post-tensioned spliced concrete girder design with three lanes of traffic in each direction and standard shoulders.[13] Construction completed in mid-2016.[14]