Peruvian Ribereño Spanish Explained
Peruvian coastal Spanish (Spanish; Castilian: Español costeño peruano), also known as Ribereño Spanish (Spanish; Castilian: Español ribereño) or Spanish from Lima (Spanish; Castilian: Español limeño), is the form of the Spanish language spoken in the coastal region of Peru. The dialect has four characteristic forms today: the original one, that of the inhabitants of Lima (known as limeños) near the Pacific coast and partially to the south (formerly from the historic centre from where it spread to the entire coastal region); the inland immigrant sociolect (more influenced by Andean languages); the Northern form, in Trujillo, Chiclayo or Piura; and the Southern form. The majority of Peruvians speak this dialect, as it is the standard dialect of Spanish in Peru.
Between 1535 and 1739, Lima was the capital of the Spanish Empire in South America, from where Hispanic culture spread, and its speech became one the most prestigious in the region,[1] [2] [3] as it was the home of the University of San Marcos.[4] Also, it was the city that had the highest number of titles of nobility from Castile outside of Spain.[5] Colonial people in Lima became used to living an ostentatious and courtly life style that people in the other capital cities of Spanish America did not experience, with the exception of Mexico City and later the city of Bogotá.
Phonetics and phonology
Labial! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
|---|
| Nasal | | pronounced as /ink/ | | pronounced as /ink/ | | pronounced as /ink/ | |
|---|
| Stop | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ |
|---|
| Continuant | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | | | pronounced as /ink/ |
|---|
| Lateral | | | pronounced as /ink/ | | | |
|---|
| Flap | | | pronounced as /ink/ | | |
|---|
| Trill | | | pronounced as /ink/ | | | |
|---|
- In Lima there is no loss of syllable-final pronounced as //s// before a vowel or the end of a sentence. It is only aspirated in a preconsonantal position. This is unique, by all the social classes in the whole Latin American coast. The pronunciation of ese is soft predorsal.
- The vibrants pronounced as //r// and pronounced as //ɾ// are realized as non-assibilated pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, respectively.
- The so-called yeísmo and seseo occur.
- There is no confusion of pronounced as //r// with pronounced as //l// in syllable-final position like the Caribbean countries and the lower sociolects of Chile.
- pronounced as //x// before pronounced as //e// and pronounced as //i// are pronounced as a soft palatal pronounced as /link/. The jota is velar: pronounced as /link/ (resembling Castilian) in emphatic or grumpy speech, especially before pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //o// and pronounced as //u//; it is sometimes pronounced as glottal pronounced as /link/
- If the word-final pronounced as //d// is not elided, it is hypercorrectively realized as a voiceless stop pronounced as /link/.
- Word-final pronounced as //n// is routinely retracted to velar pronounced as /link/ (the most highlighted Andalusian trait).
- Additional marginal consonants pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ exist for Native American, Chinese and Japanese loanwords as well as proper nouns.
Grammatical subject
Since the use of 'vos' instead of 'tú' as a familiar form of address was a marker of low social class in post-medieval Spanish, it exists throughout contemporary Latin America but it was never used in the capitals of the viceroyalties, such as Lima or Mexico City.
Prescriptive Limeño Spanish has adjusted considerably to more closely resemble the standard Spanish linguistic model, because of the city's disdain of the contact with the Andean world and autochthonous languages for centuries.
However, until the beginning of the 20th century, speech on the Northern Peruvian coast was similar in many ways with how individuals spoke on the Ecuadorian-Colombian coast. The most remarkable variation from the Castilian norm was the presence of 'vos', which was used to refer to one's family and is completely missing today. This part of Northern Peru also had a strong influence on the extinct Muchik or Mochica language.
Inland immigrants variation
The other main variety of Spanish from the coast of Peru is that which appeared after the linguistic influence from the Andean Highlands and of the rural environment into the coastal cities and the former 'Garden City' by the Great Andean Migration (1940–1980).
Its main characteristics are:
- The strong use of diminutives, double possessives and the routine use of 'pues' or 'pe' and 'nomás' in postverbal position.
- The redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly 'lo' (the so-called loismo)
- The bilabialization of pronounced as //f//
- Closed timbre
- Andean tone
Recent changes
This popular variety of Coastal Peruvian dialect is the result of not only Andean but also foreign influences: Anglicisms and Argentinisms are all very present in the lexicon.
Pitucos, young people from Lima's higher socioeconomic strata, have also developed a peculiar and mannered form of speaking, noticeable particularly in the way that they alter their tone of speaking.
Some common expressions
- Agarrar y + to do something (Agarré y le dije...)
- Parar (en) = to frequently be somewhere or to frequently do something (Paras en la cabina)
- Pasar la voz = to inform (e.g. "spread the word")
- De repente = perhaps, suddenly (depending on context)
- Ni a palos = no way (literally "not even clubbed")
Some common words
- Anticucho = typical food consisting almost always of grilled chicken or cow heart.
- Disforzarse = to be anxious.
- Tombo = police officer or soldier.
- Calato = nude.
- Chicotazo = whiplash.
- Fresco/a (or conchudo/a) = shameless person.
- Fregar (or joder) = to bother, to ruin.
- Gallinazo = a turkey vulture or black vulture.
- Garúa = tenuous rain.
- Guachimán = adaptation of the English word watchman, meaning the same.
- Huachafo = ridiculous, gaudy (said of clothing).
- Huasca = to be drunk.
- Alucina = a word that more or less means: "can you believe it?".
- Jarana = a party with folk music.
- Juerga = a party.
- Óvalo = a roundabout.
- Panteón = a cemetery.
- Penar = said of a place, to have ghosts roaming around.
- Pericote = a mouse.
- Poto = buttocks.
- Zamparse = to break into a place (as in a waiting line, or crashing a party), or to get drunk.
Some informal words of extended use
- Aguantar = to wait, to resist
- Causa = friend, pal
- Combi = small public transport van (ex. Toyota Hiace)
- Chibolo/a = child, adolescent (disrespectful if the person is older)
- Paltearse = to be embarrassed coming from the word for avocado (palta), to fear
- Pata = friend, pal
- Pollada = party where cheap food and drink is served in order to raise money (poor, low-class phenomenon similar to a potluck)
- Yara/Yaraza = be careful
Contributions by other ethnic groups
Peruvians of foreign blood, especially of Chinese and Japanese descent, from first and second generations have a tinge of their native languages' rhythm and intonation to Lima accent, but most of the younger generations have no trace of their ancestry languages' accent, if they speak it in the first place.
Slang
Some Peruvian slang comes from inverting the syllables of a word. This can be seen in words like 'fercho', which comes from the word 'chofer', driver, the word 'tolaca', which comes from 'calato'. Slang words do not always have to be the exact inverse of the original word: for example 'mica' comes from the word 'camisa', which means shirt. Or 'jerma' which comes from 'mujer' meaning woman.
Peruvian slang originally developed in the 1970s and 1980s with the experience of military dictatorships and the ever-present threat of terrorist activities from Maoist groups such as the MRTA and Sendero Luminoso.
External links
Notes and References
- Book: [[Ramón Menéndez Pidal|Menéndez Pidal]], Ramón . Sevilla frente a Madrid. Algunas precisiones sobre el español de América . 1964 . La Laguna . 99-165 . Universidad de La Laguna . Miscelánea Homenaje a André Martinet . III.
- [Rafael Lapesa|Lapesa]
- Book: Mackenzie, Ian . 2001 . University Of Newcastle upon Tyne . LINCOM Studies In Romance Linguistics . A Linguistic Introduction to Spanish . p. 135
- Book: Lapesa, Rafael . Historia de la Lengua Española . 1986 . Madrid .
- Web site: 25 May 2011 . 7 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120939/http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/19(1)/129.pdf . 1990 . Paul . Rizo Patrón . Bull. Inst. fr. Études andines,19, No 1 pp.129-163 . ”La nobleza de Lima en tiempos de los Borbones . “ El Virreinato del Perú tuvo un mayor volumen de títulos nobiliarios que el tenido por cualquier otro virreinato de la América hispana. Principalmente concentrados en Lima, sus poseedores tuvieron más peso y representatividad dentro de la población general de esta capital, en relación a otras regiones del imperio español”
