Persecution of Amhara people explained

Native Name:Amharic: የዐማራውን ዘር የማጥፋት ጭፍጨፋ በኢትዮጵያ
Native Name Lang:Amharic
Time:Ongoing
Motive:Anti-Amhara sentiment, anti-Orthodox sentiment, ethnic federalism, ethnic nationalism
Duration:Over three decades
Date:1990s–present
Location:Ethiopia
Type:
  • Ethnically targeted massacres
  • Ethnically motivated mass violence
  • Ethnic federalism and restructuring
  • Annexation
  • Self determination
  • Ethnic cleansing
Participants:
Outcome:
  • Series of massacres
  • 2 to 6 million could not be traced: fatalities and enforced disappearances part of this figure[1] [2]
  • 11 million+ war attack survivors with critical need, 2 million+ displaced[3] [4]
  • Widespread rape, weaponized sexual & gender-based violence, induced infertility
  • Destruction of many villages, towns, cities, harvest, farm animals

Since the 1990s, the Amhara people of Ethiopia have been subject to ethnic violence, including massacres by Tigrayan, Oromo and Gumuz ethnic groups among others, which some have characterized as a genocide.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Large-scale killings and grave human rights violations followed the implementation of the ethnic-federalist system in the country.[15] In most of the cases, the mass murders were silent[16] with perpetrators from various ethno-militant groups—from TPLF/TDF,[17] OLF–OLA,[18] [19] and Gumuz armed groups.

Ethnically motivated attacks[20] against the Amhara have been reported,[21] with mass graves being discovered in various locations.[22] The results of two consecutive National Census Analyses and a report by CSA head Samia Gutu revealed that over 2 million Amhara could not be traced. The figure is generally associated with the decades-long massacres and enforced disappearances of the Amhara people.[22] From the ongoing nature of the violence, the actual number is expected to be higher.[23]

The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) among other groups were formed in the 1970s with a manifesto and plan, for Tigray to secede from Ethiopia. Previous resentments between ethnic Tigray and Amhara rulers were seeking recognition as the legitimate defender of Ethiopianism was reported. The Tigray manifesto is criticized for incorporating polarizing contents that symbolize the Amhara people as the responsible ethnic group for socio-economical, and country-level political and historical issues.[24] Violence against ordinary Amhara, its intellectuals, and civic leaders started in the early 1990s, with the armed Liberation Front groups occupying many parts of the country.[21]

At the end of the 17-year communist era in 1991, the ethnic-nationalist groups such as the TPLF controlled full power and this regime change triggered a series of attacks against the Amhara. The TPLF became the dominant power and ruled the country for twenty-seven years as the EPRDF coalition—a political entity that evolved from the Marxist–Leninist rebels movement.[25] However, the authoritarian regime collapsed in 2018 with several unrests and tensions built during its period.[26] [27]

Following the 2018 EPRDF political reform, the Oromo-led Prosperity Party secured the position to rule the country,[28] A power struggle occurred between the former and current ruling parties which led to the Tigray War. Reports show that a pro-TPLF youth group carried out the massacre of Amhara civilians in the town of Mai-Kadra.[16] [9] [29] Following the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) recapture of most of Tigray which lead to the subsequent withdrawal of government forces, the TDF invaded the Amhara and the Afar regions in July 2021, massacring and causing severe destructions that are reported as serious war crimes against civilians.[19] The Mai Kadra and other massacres in the Amhara region that occurred since the start of the war has expanded the map and volume of the mass killings the already occurring violations in various places: Oromia, Benishangul-Gumuz (Metekel Zone), Tigray, the SNNPR, and the Amhara region.[30]

Background

The Amhara and Agew peoples coexisted and shared historical and cultural values for centuries. Similar to other Ethiopian nationals, both groups contributed to building the Nation and they also made contributions to the nation's long historical accounts— they live in most parts of Ethiopia.[31] Since agriculture is the main source of food in the country, Amhara and Agew farmers earn income from producing staples. Due to the frequent drought occurrence, they are, however, stricken by poverty— more than 80 percent of them are traditional farmers.[32] [33] [34] In some instances, these groups are mis-presented as Orthodox Christians, although, significant proportion of them are Muslims and Jews.[35] Both groups have been exposed to similar existential risks— including the systematic massacres and crimes disclosed in this article. However, claims of genocide against the Agew people requires an independent report.[19]

Perpetrators

The controversial section in the 1994 constitution,[36] [37] ethnic self-determination to secede from the nation, is described by experts as the root cause of ethnic-based violence in the country. Reports discussed that the perpetrators were generally organized, in some cases they can be identified by the victims, and in others, the attackers were unknown to them. The actors demonstrated mixed motives: ethnic origin (with these common religions in Ethiopia: Christian, Muslim and Jews), religious origin (Orthodox Christians), or both.[26] [27] The armed groups mobilize from region to region with alleged collaboration with local government officials, and are from these groups[19]

Timeline

The four major Amhara genocidal timelines include:

  1. The rebel movements can be characterized as Manifesto preparation period that influenced the ethnic federalist constitution, with campaigns, reprisal, and guerrilla wars
  2. The launch of massacres across many regions under Tigray Region and the TPLF regime that ruled Ethiopia from 1991 to 2018
  3. The scaled-up simultaneous mass killings in many regions under the Oromo-led Prosperity Party ruling began in 2018, and
  4. Expansion of Amhara mass killings with the Tigray War since November 2020

Pre-1991: The manifesto rhetoric and historical accounts

There are over eighty ethnic groups in Ethiopia that have been living together through history. In the 1970s the ethno-nationalist insurgents were created under the TPLF leadership with Marxist–Leninist manifesto seeking Autonomy, Self-Rule, and for some, Hegemony.[39] [40] [41] [42] The groups were the TPLF (Tigrayan People's Liberation Front), OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front), and WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front).[43] The doctrine consists of anti-Amhara rhetoric that portrays the group as the all-time-sole-ruler.[44] [45] However, the divisive narratives are disapproved by most and taken as the political mechanism used to introduce ethnic sensitivities.[46] For leadership in the southeastern and southwestern parts of Ethiopia, history reflects that those with Oromo or the assimilated Oromized backgrounds exercised ruling outside of their traditional jurisdictions including in the partial northcentral part of the country where most Amhara and others lived.[47] [48] [49] Records show that the era of Zemene Mesafint and onwards central governance was diverse.[50] The aggression of the Oromo that followed the Islamic invasions in the 16th century and subsequent Oromo settlements to central Ethiopia brought some changes to parts of the historical jurisdictions occupied by others— renaming of lands and rivalry. The documented Oromo assimilation and expansion mechanisms involve "Mogassa and Gudifecha",[51] [52] typically described by the member of the group as methods of "adopting" other ethnic groups. The controversial assimilating process involves the unbreakable oath: to hate what the group hate; to like what the group like; to fight what the group fight; to go where the group goes; to chase what the group chases.[53]

There are over fifty six ethnic constituents who have been living in the southern regions. The groups practice ancient customs to elect their leaders and generally maintained traditions. Historians recorded exceptional cases in which several tribes were assimilated into the Oromo group.[54] In general terms, natural ethnic tensions and ruling rivalries occurred in the country throughout history. However, the complex groups developed traditional approaches to coexisting. Despite ethnic differences, intermarriages and collaborative customs between the various groups have been practiced in most instances. Reports show that these constituents united when external threats were projected against the country.[55] [56]

1991— 2018: TPLF rule and Article 39

In 1991, the TPLF-dominated ruling was established as the EPRDF coalition with a new constitution and subsequent regional demarcations.[57] [58] The controversial Article 39, Nations, Nationalist, and People Self-determination is part of the constitution and grants rights for any ethnic group to secede and form a Nation.[59] [60] During this period, polarizing contents were thought of in schools and promoted through the system.[61]

Annexations

The Greater Tigray autonomy[62] that was designed by the TPLF involved the annexation of lands from neighboring former provinces of Gonder and Wollo, with a coastal possession strategy from Eritrea.[63] [64] Immediately after TPLF secured governmental power in 1991,[65] the Raya-Alamata[66] and Welkait[67] [68] [69] were annexed into the Tigray region. These lands have been ruled as southern and western parts of Tigray for three decades. Following the outbreak of the Tigray War, Amhara forces occupied these disputed territories – with reported tension in these area. Metekel is also another strategic land from the point of view of accessing the Nile river and annexed to the Benishangul-Gumuz region from the former Gojjam Province. Similarly, the Dera and surrounding lands in Shewa, Amhara region are also forcefully administered under the Oromia region following the Oromo-led ruling since 2018. These annexations are protested by the Amhara and described as systematic measures taken for accessing various resources in the Amhara region. One instance is the Tana Beles national project which incorporated the Lake Tana, and Beles rivers of the Nile— both in the Amhara region. In addition, the GERD became the largest Nile hydroelectric project with significant geopolitical influence on the Horn of Africa.[70] [71] With the ongoing large-scale mass violence against the Amhara and Agew who live in the annexed regions, many expressed grave concerns about the lack of political and economic representations and fear for their security.[72] [73] [74]

Massacres and crackdowns

The 27-year rule of the TPLF regime has been characterized as a repressive system[75] [76] with many forms of massacres, enforced disappearances, and systematic destructive measures taken against the Amhara, and other ethnic groups. Reports showed that mass killings of the Amhara started in the Assosa zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz region in the Metekel zone (which was then part of Gojjam Province) in 1990. After the 1991 power control by the TPLF and insurgents, mass violence and crackdowns on Amhara intellectuals and its public figures launched. A political opponent who was also a medical professor and surgeon, Asrat Woldeyes was imprisoned and abused along with other members of the All Amhara People Organization (AAPO) civic group.[77] [78] The cause of the elderly doctor Asrat's death is associated with the lack of timely medical treatment following the abuse that he endured during and after his imprisonments.[79] [80] TPLF ruled the country for nearly three decades with multiple rigged elections[81] [82] that led to mass violence and killings of innocent people in Addis Ababa, abuses, and torture against journalists and public figures in various regions, including in the Amhara region.[83] [84] See Massacres by region, for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

2018— present: Transition to the Oromo-Led Prosperity Party

Reports showed that many hoped for peace when the TPLF regime was replaced with a new Prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, who was also the 2019 Nobel Peace prize awardee. He came to power[85] from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP)— that he has been serving as the chairman. Many of the expressed concerns over his administration[86] include domination of Oromo-based power in his council, ministerial and parliamentary circles, impunity of perpetrators,[87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] with concerns over repressive ruling as in the case of the TPLF's authoritarian regime.[94] [95] As of July 6, 2022, this period is active with large scale massacres in Wollega, Oromia— see the Amhara massacres in 2022–2023.

State incitements

Oromia reportedly became one of the hostile regions for the Amhara to live in, since the ethno-nationalist insurgents took power in 1991, but more so, since the new Oromo-led regime came to power in 2018. Abiy's governmental decision to bring the exiled and fully armed Oromo rebels back [96] [97] [98] and controversial diaspora activists was condemned for lack of disarming measures and for subsequent widespread hate speeches against the Amhara.[99] This event led to the parallel Amhara mass killings in various locations. The OLA, which was formerly the military wing of the OLF – carried out similar massacres in the 1990s.[100] In addition, the polarizing and open remarks made at a large Oromo public gathering by the Oromia President, Mr. Shimelis Abdissa heavily criticized. His speech, "We broke the Neftegna or Amhara" was broadcast on national television.[101] [102] Such incitements are believed to be the reasons for the launch of waves of violence against Amhara in many regions, with no obvious punitive measures and the lack of formal acknowledgments from officials.[103] See The June 14th Parliamentary speeches, for another reported instance of politically charged statement given by Abiy Ahmed Ali.

The Burayu and Shashemene massacres

These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia. The Burayu massacre occurred on the outskirt of Addis Ababa in September 2018. The Oromo Querro youth groups reportedly carried out the mass violence against non-Oromo residents from the Dorzes, Gamos, and other ethnicities including the Amhara. This was one of the first violence that occurred after Abiy took power.[104] [105] [106] Reports show that the perpetrators demonstrated mixed motives— ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. For the 2019 Shashemene massacre in Oromia, witness statements revealed that the attacking mobs were coordinated. Primarily the Amhara,[107] [108] and Orthodox Christians from other ethnic groups— from Guraghe, Wolayita, Tigrayans, Oromo, and others were murdered in this violence.[109] [110] Due to these mass killings, Christian religious leaders were abused and killed, churches turned to ashes, and treasures and literary works were destroyed.[111] Similar heinous acts were orchestrated in many regions by the various perpetrators. Statements disclosed that the killers demanded conversion to Islam when executing Orthodox Christians from Amhara.[110]

This was followed by mass violence following the assassination of an ethnic Oromo singer, Hachalu Hundessa,[112] in 2020. Although the ethnic origin of the shooter was not disclosed at the time of the attack, Oromo youth mobilized and started to attack Amhara civilians blaming them for the death of the singer - demonstrating pre-meditated and coordinated violences against Amhara and Orthodox groups. As a result of this mass violence, over 200 people were massacred by armed Oromo groups with no clear punitive measures.[113] The government accused OLA rebels for these massacres.[114]

Abductions and massacres

Another mass murder occurred in Oromia when a controversial Oromo political elite, Jawar Mohammed, made a social media call to his supporters, complaining government's decision to remove the personal guards assigned to him. Following his call at night, organized Oromo actors came out and reportedly massacred Amhara— at least 86 people were killed.[115] [116] In parallel to the mass killings in Oromia,[117] [118] the abduction of 17 University Amhara students in 2019 by the OLA from Dembi Dolo University, and in other places were also reported. The families of these girls communicated that their children never returned.[119] As of May 2022, this case remained open with no obvious action from officials. Other forms of abductions include— Amhara kidnapping in Wollega, Oromia, and other OLA targeted parts of the Amhara region. In addition, a series of mass killings and displacements of Amhara,[120] Agew, and other groups, have been reported in the Benishangul-gumuz & Metekel, and the Southern SNNP regions.[121] [122] [123] These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

The Ataye massacre

Multiple attacks have been launched by the OLA and other Oromo militant groups with aggression into the Amhara Region in North Shewa— in Efrata Ena Gidim, and Kewet districts. The attacks included door-to-door mass executions in Ataye, Shewa Robit, Jewuha, Senbete, Majete, Molale, and the surrounding villages.[124] Ataye was once a vibrant Amhara business and a tourist town before the series of attacks carried out in late 2020. The three consecutive mass violence within a short time reportedly ruined the majority of the city.[125] [126] [127]

Ataye was in the process of recovery from the Ataye clashes when it faced its the third destruction as a result of the TDF-OLA joint offensive that occurred in November 2021.[128] [129] Similarly, Majete and the surrounding towns were reportedly pillaged frequently by the OLA militants. Witness statements revealed that perpetrators were equipped with snipers and artillery when attacking ethnic Amhara civilians.[130] [131] Surviving IDPs reported systematic collaborations between the killers and alleged state officials. These frequent attacks in the Northern Shewa are associated with acts of expansion and ethnic cleansing.[132]

In April 2021 a series of demonstrations were held in the Amhara region with a lead slogan, Beka or Amharic: በቃ or NoMore, asking government officials for protective measures— for the waves of Amhara massacres that occurred in many locations. In response to these events, arbitrary detention and abuses were reported.[133] [134] [135] [136] These are selected cases from the series of Amhara mass murders in various regions— see Massacres by region for locations of crimes across Ethiopia.

Annexation, ethnic restructuring and violence in Addis Ababa

At the start of the 2018 Prosperity ruling, attacks in and around Addis Ababa, the Capital of Ethiopia, began with the Burayu mass killings of non-Oromo residents, which caused many to flee the area.[105] [137] [138] Forced removal of the Amhara,[139] [140] property destructions, mass Oromo transfer from other areas with settlement programs,[141] frequent attacks against residents by the Oromo Querro youth,[142] [143] police shootings, murders, and abuses of those turnout to public and religious celebrations, with plain Green-Yellow-Red tri-color cloth or items, are some of the reported violence against citizens.[144] Serious concerns have been expressed against the controversial and aggressive annexation mechanisms imposed on the Capital Addis Ababa— to annex it to the Oromia region.[145] Analyses indicated that the "special interest" claims[146] of the Oromo regime is tied with terms agreed upon between some ethno-nationalist groups before coming to power. Some of the actions include the enforcement of new policies and systematic administrative changes to Addis Ababa and its surrounding jurisdictions. These measures have faced resistance from residents, and civil voices— the Balderas Party.[147] [148] Previously disclosed annexations following the Tigray regional demarcation included forceful integrations of Welkait and Raya-Alamata to Tigray, the Metekel zone to Benishangul-Gumuz,[149] [150] and Dera, to the Oromia region.[151] [152] See The June 14th Parliamentary speeches, that is described as politically charged statements given by Abiy Ahmed Ali against Addis Ababa.

2020—present: Tigray War

Reports show that the scale of Amhara mass murders in the high-risk Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz regions intensified with the parallel Tigray War that began in November 2020. At the beginning of the war, the Samri youth group reportedly executed between 600 and 1500 ethnic Amhara civilians in the town of Mai-Kadra. After 9 months of fighting in the Tigray region, the Tigray Defense Forces retook most of Tigray and advanced towards and invaded the neighbouring Amhara and Afar regions in July 2021— massacring civilians in the occupied areas.[153] [154] Reports uncover that villages burned down, various forms of sexual violence committed against women and children, livestock killed, institutions and service centers ransacked, and harvests burned down. Over 2 million Amhara IDPs[155] [156] [157] [158] fled to the south but case reports showed that those who stayed behind were gang-raped at gunpoint, looted, and abused.[159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] Witness accounts also exposed that Tigray rebels coerced Amhara children as frontline war shields. The government was criticized for underestimating the Tigray forces, and announcing victory while the attacks continued in both Amhara and Afar regions.[169] [170]

Strategic retreat directives

The Amhara militias such as Fano and other forces who fought against the Tigrayan rebels in the Amhara region stated that they were ambushed with military directives, which led the TDF forces to advance.[171] [172] Some of the accusations include Oromo extremists' infiltration into key federal military positions. Questionable commands including for fighters to retreat south, leaving weapons and armored vehicles behind, were heavily criticized.[173] In December 2021, numerous international organizations made calls to their citizens for urgent evacuation from Ethiopia, while the TDF moved towards Addis Ababa.[174] In Wollo, North Shewa, and the Afar region, the TDF and the Oromo Liberation Army carried out joint mass attacks against Afar and Amhara people.[175] With no cost one can put on the lives of many innocent people, recovery from the brutal destructions in both regions is estimated to take years.[176]

Afar and the Southern groups

In July 2021, the TDF began shelling the Afar region to control the strategic route connecting to the Djiboutian border but faced heavy resistance.[177] [178] Repeated attacks were launched against Afar pastoralists, civilians mass murdered, many have been raped, towns and villages looted, institutions ransacked, with cases of weapon-induced body burns of children.[179] [180] [181] Following the withdrawal of Tigrayan forces, reports covered that the TDF discarded explosives in public areas— resulting in numerous deaths and injuries of children in the Afar Region.[182] [183] The war crimes and other grave human rights violations against the Afar people require an independent article or report.

Of the eighty ethnicities in Ethiopia, the Amhara and the Oromo are the most populous groups.[184] However, most southern ethnic groups are relatively small in number, and lack representations in the political space and the military structure. Therefore, they remain at risk of silent atrocities and possible cultural genocide.[185] [186] [187] The Tigrayan minority, however, dominated government power and ruled the country for twenty-seven years from 1991 to 2018. In addition to the massacres against the Amhara and Afar people, the TPLF regime reportedly committed the Gambela massacre, against the Anuak minority in 2003, and massacres in Ogaden during the insurgency.[188] [189] With the new Oromo-led regime from 2018 onwards,[190] serious concerns have been expressed for the Amaro or Korre ethnic groups and other southerners[191] [192] with numerous killings against these groups, and the violation of coercing the minorities under the Oromo assimilation mechanisms.[193] [194] [51]

The alleged crimes against the Amhara

The three decades-long alleged crimes against the Amhara[65] may fall under the definition of genocide according to the UN Genocide Convention[195] and the ICC Rome Statute articles.[196]

I. Genocidal Acts (Article 6 of the Rome Statute)

Across many regions, ethnically motivated,[197] targeted, and organized gruesome mass killings have been committed against the Amhara— causing serious bodily and mental harm[198] [199] using rape, sexual and gender-based violence, enforced pregnancy, and other forms of attacks. Manner of killings includes dismemberment, immolation, point-blank executions, and enforced miscarriages with lacerations,[200] [201] [202] and creating deplorable living conditions in the annexed and outside of the Amhara region by preventing them from accessing medical treatments.[203] [204] [205] Other acts include the enforced removal of Amhara[206] through evictions, burning of their homes and their harvest, and looting of farm animals with the destruction of hospitals, schools, water sources, and other necessities. Additionally, witnesses reported prohibition from speaking and learning their language in the annexed and other regions.

II. Crimes Against Humanity (Article 7 of the Rome Statute)

In Mai-Kadra, a Tigrayan militia ordered the Amhara to stay in the house before they were mass murdered and looted.[207] [208] [209] [210] Researchers from Gondar University exhumed bodies in thousands in Welkait where the territory was annexed and under the control of the Tigray Region.[211] [212] [213] [214] Additional mass graves of the Amhara exist in various regions and awaiting exhumation. In many of the places, survivor statements revealed that perpetrators were coordinated, organized and brought name lists when carrying out door-to-door executions.[215] [216] In most of the violence, ethnic Amhara have been separated from other groups and executed— both Muslims and Christians were murdered and buried together against their religious practices.[108] In other cases, the perpetrators targeted Orthodox Christians.[217] The Amhara are victims of abduction, enforced removal[218] and disappearance,[219] [220] detention, torture, enslavement, and blockades.[221] [222] [223] Rape, sexual violence, and enforced pregnancy and targeted infertility sterilization cases are also reported.[224] [162] Deplorable living conditions were created against the group causing preventable death by exposing them to high-risk infectious environments and denying malaria treatments and other critical medical care. Other systematic oppressions such as persecution, physical and mental abuses with arbitrary imprisonments are reported.[225]

III. War Crimes (Article 8 of the Rome Statute)

In addition to the Mai-Kadra massacre, Tigray forces invaded Amhara and executed civilians since June 2021.[226] with cases accompanied by sadistic acts, physical abuse and torture, and verbal abuse or dehumanization including regular use of ethnic slurs and humiliation which inflicted irreparable physical and psychological trauma on survivors. Numerous victims died as a result of this specific violence. In addition, civilian properties were pillaged, and schools and health facilities, villages, towns, cities, farm animals, harvests, and religious institutions were ransacked. Witness accounts also exposed Tigray rebels for coercing Amhara children as frontline war shields.[227] [228] The Oromo OLF-OLA armed groups created an alliance with the Tigray TPLF rebels and pillaged many Amhara and Afar towns. In addition to civilians mass murders, the attacks caused the displacement of millions of Amhara, Agew, and Afar people with over 11 million Amhara seeking urgent needs.[229] [230] Mass graves of the victims were discovered and being exhumed in many shelled towns and villages.[212] [231]

Partial list of massacres by Tigrayan forces

The massacres perpetrated by the TPLF are organized by location from North Gondar to North Shewa zones of the Amhara Region

  1. Chenna massacre
  2. Mai Kadra massacre
  3. Kobo massacre
  4. North-Gonder: Aderkay massacre[232]
  5. North-Gonder: Debark massacre, Deria Debark massacre[233]
  6. South-Gonder

Debretabor massacre[234]

  1. South-Gonder: Gayint area massacres(Este massacre, Farta massacre, Guna Begemider/Gassey massacre)[235]
  2. Wag Hemra massacre (Tsagbji Tsata massacre, Qedamit massacre)[236] [237]
  3. North-Wollo: Raya Kobo massacre (Kobo town massacre, Gobeye massacre, 027 Keble massacre, Aradum massacre, Nigus Galle massacre, Ayub Village massacre)[238] [239]
  4. North-Wollo

Raya Alamata massacre (Waja massacre)[240]

  1. North-Wollo: Woldya massacre (Piassa massacre, Hamusit massacre, Tinfaz massacre)[241] [242]
  2. North-Wollo: Wadla Gashena massacre, Delanta Beklo Manekia massacre, Flakit massacre, Meket massacre [243] [244]
  3. North-Wollo: Hara Gubalafto massacre[245]
  4. North-Wollo: Habru Wurgessa massacre, Libo massacre, Mersa massacre [246]
  5. North-Wollo: Wuchale massacre, Haik massacre[247] [248] [249]
  6. South-Wollo

Dessie Zuria massacre, Jama and Kalla massacre, Kutaber massacre, Legambo massacre, Tenta massacre, Woreillu massacre[250]

  1. South-Wollo: Kombolcha massacre, Kalu massacre, Tehuledere massacre, Worebabo massacre [251] [252] [253]
  2. North-Shewa: Antsokiya Gemza Massacre
  3. North-Shewa: Debre Sina massacre, Shew Robit massacre [254]

A partial list of massacres in the Afar region by Tigray forces

  1. Galikoma massacre

Massacres by region

The Table covers most locations of the mass violence against the Amhara people in Ethiopia. Due to the scale and the dynamic nature of the massacre, the list requires frequent updating.

!Region or Province!Zone, District, or County
Oromia, Hararghe and Western ShewaWollega

East Wollega, West Wollega,Horo Gudru,[255] [256] Kelem[257] [258]

East Hararghe

Gelemso, Anchar, Daro Lebu, Wefi Dance and others

West Hararghe

Gara Muleta, Asebot Monastery, Gelemso, Bedeno, Weter and others

Dire Dawa[259]

Arusi or Arsi: Shashemene, Arba Gugu and others

Bale

Jimma

Ambo and its surroundings

Benishangul-GumuzAssosaMetekel

Kamashi[260]

Annexed-lands in TigrayWelkait: Mai-Kadra and others[261]
Amhara

War-related and other situations

North Shewa

Efratana Gidim, Kewet, Antsokiya Gemzu, and others[262] [263]

Gonder

Gonder city, North and South Gonder[264] [265]

Gojjam: Bahir Dar city and others[266]

Bethe-Amhara Wollo: North and South Wollo[267] [268]

Southern SNNPRGura Ferda

Bench–Sheko and others

OthersGambelaSomali

National and international reactions

Reports of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission are generally taken as credible with some questions of independence.[269] [270] On the other hand, the state-owned media are criticized for selectively covering atrocities committed by the opposing Tigray forces while excluding the massacres carried out by the Oromo and Gumuz perpetrators.[271] [272] [273] [274] Other independent voices that expose the mass violence by all perpetrator groups are frequently arrested and persecuted.[275]

In previous cases, high-level coverages were given by international groups on OLA (which was then the military wing of the OLF) atrocities it had perpetrated against the Amhara people in Arba Gugu, Bedeno, Harer, and across the Oromia region in the 1990s. However, the violations since 2018 received generally low coverage and inadequate preventative campaigns with delayed responses for Amhara, Agew, and Afar IDP cases.[276] Related to the Tigray War, major international media and rights groups were expelled from the country. Government accusations include disinformation and misleading social media propaganda.[277] [278] In addition, war and other reports of the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch groups have been criticized for quality and reportedly biased statements released in favor of the Tigray rebels.[279] [280] In some cases, international reports with unverified information were released.[273] [281]

In another case, social media censorship and account suspensions with organized reporting brought challenges to several activists. However, similar platforms were abused for hate incitements.[282] One of the 2019 mass killings of the Amhara in the Oromia region was triggered after a social media call made by an Oromo activist, Jawar Mohammed. Following his post at night, organized Oromo actors stormed out and reportedly murdered at least 86 people, mostly Amhara.

The NoMore campaign

In April 2021, the Amhara human rights demonstrations took place in the region using a social movement slogan, Beka or Amharic: በቃ or NoMore.[134] In late 2021, the same slogan has been used by Pan-African activists to campaign against Western measures on the ruling Prosperity Party— protesting the HR 6600[283] and other United States resolutions and bills.[284] [285] However, the victim side criticized the movement as a state funded, politically motivated, selective campaign that neglected the mass violence and abuses against the Amhara in the country. This movement reportedly reduced its effort following the release of high-profile TPLF and OLF political prisoners with amnesty in January 2022— with possible peace negotiation between the ruling Prosperity party, TPLF and the OLA.[286] [287] However, questions have been raised about the nature of the negotiation with the same groups who have already been designated as terrorist groups by the Ethiopian government.[288]

Amhara massacres in 2022–2023

The June 14th Parliamentary speeches

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali addressed the Ethiopian parliament on June 14, 2022, just four days before the waves of the Amhara massacres in various zones and villages in Wollega, the Oromia region.[289] Abiy is an Oromo himself and came to power from the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) that he has been serving as the chairman in addition to his primary role as the Prime Minister of the ruling Prosperity Party. The parliament session was broadcast live on television.

Abiy's argument highlighted the default Oromo eligibility and entitlement for a high share in comparison with the other ethnic groups; his speech on these topics lasted from 3:33 to 3:40 hours of the session and were criticized as an inflammatory and politically charged factor that prompted violence— the June to July 2022 Amhara massacres by the OLA, with alleged collaboration with the regional state officials.[290] [291] [292] [293]

One of his speeches emphasized that, as one of the majority ethnic groups, the Oromo have not received the large shares they deserved in the political and economic space— in security, leadership, workforce, business, and other sectors, while adding that the Amhara are the group that dominates the majority of positions in these structures. The statement included that the Oromo farmers have not been earning a quarter of what they deserved, commenting that "this is not right." Abiy also presented accusations against residents of Addis Ababa for what he described as deep-rooted hate against the Oromo. He added that the school systems and communities in Addis Ababa have been accommodative of foreign languages such as French, Greek, Italian, German, Turkish, English, and others, while "hating and refusing" the Oromo language in the school and various systems— stressing that those who are hesitant for adopting the Oromo language while practicing alien systems may not be called Ethiopians. These statements of Abiy have been condemned for triggering further ethnic tension that is believed to revive the already fragile ethnic violence and intolerance in the Oromia and other regions where the Amhara are a minority and targeted.[294] See State incitements, for prior reports on inflammatory speeches by others.

The Tole and Gimbi massacres

One of the 2022 deadliest massacres of the Amhara occurred on 18 June in the place named Tole and neighboring villages, in Gimbi Wollega of the Oromia region. The government blamed rebels, and witnesses accused the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) as perpetrators but the OLA accused government forces. Witnesses from the area have stated that ethnic Amhara have been selected and "killed like chickens"— they counted over 230 bodies. They feared that the numbers could be higher since many Amhara have been abducted and could not be traced. Residents expressed serious concerns about the continuation of the attack if the Federal army leave the areas. Due to a lack of protection, the Amhara community requested assisted relocation to escape further attacks by the OLA.[295]

Numerous international reports revealed that the scale of the targeted killings is larger in multiple Gimbi villages where the massacres occurred than what initial reports covered on June 18, 2022.[296] More victims were identified, and the number of counted bodies increased with days, from 230 to over 500, possibly higher.[297] [298] Informal statements reported over 3000, however, an independent field investigation is needed for a complete list of the victims.

The OLA has been massacring the Amhara since the early 1990s. Due to conflict with the former TPLF regime, the Oromo rebels remained exiled until the Nobel Prize Awardee, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed brought them back from Eritrea when he took power in 2018. These groups returned armed and were also accused of vandalizing over eighteen banks in the Oromia region with no clear punitive measures from the government. Large-scale killings of the Amhara have been carried out by the same group since then.[299]

Motives of the perpetrators vary from location to location— ethnic origin, religious origin, or both. In the Gimbi massacres, the name list indicated that the majority of the victims were Muslim Amhara. Reports covered that those who hid in the mosque were surrounded and murdered.[298] Most of the ethnic Amhara inhabitants in Gimbi were migrants from the Wollo Province who were resettled by the former communist government, the Derg regime, after drought and famine hit the province.[149] Similarly, the Shashemene massacre in July 2020 demonstrated another religious motive. In this attack, Orthodox Christians predominantly from Amhara and others from different ethnic groups were also targeted. On the other hand, in The Ataye massacre and other locations, both Muslim and Orthodox Amhara were executed and mass-buried together, despite religious differences.

The Kellem massacre

On July 4, 2022, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) made calls for an urgent reinforcement of government security forces following the massacres that occurred against the minority Amhara people in Kellem, which is one of the zones in Wollega, Oromia. The specific Amhara villages are also known as Mender 20 and Mender 21 in the Hawa Gelan Woreda. This violence occurred within two weeks from the June 2022 Gimbi massacre that claimed the lives of several hundred innocent Amhara. Both Kellem and Gimbi are close to each other and are around 400 kilometers away from the capital, Addis Ababa. EHRC never disclosed the number of the victims but reported that the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) was the responsible attackers. One of the patterns that witnesses and reports highlighted was that communications are generally down in the areas where killings were carried out, indicating possible coordination rather than a coincidence.[300]

Attacks in Efrata ena Gidim (Ataye area)

Reports show that since 2018, this became the fourth attack against the Amhara civilians in the Efrata ena Gidim Woreda in the Northern Shewa of the Amhara region that started on 10 July 2022 and continued for several days, in the Arso Amboa (Zembo), and Wayena kebeles near Ataye town.[301] [302] The violence claimed at least 17 civilian lives and many injured and hundreds displaced, along with a siege that led to property damages, including the burning of residential homes. Many of the victims were farmers, and witnesses described the return of the violence and initiations of the attacks in the hot spot conflict areas by the OLA, in the borderline between the Oromia Zone where ethnic Oromo live within the Amhara region, and the local Amhara farmers. IDPs and survivors in Debre Berhan, Shewa Robit, Mahale Meda, and other areas expressed fear for their security for returning to their homes. Many of them expressed that they lost their loved ones due to repeated attacks. Records show that there are unresolved frequent territorial and administrative disputes between the Oromia special zone and the Amhara region in which the Oromo exercised autonomy since its creation in 1995 by the former TPLF regime.

War in Amahara

During the War in Amhara that started in 2023, drone strikes in late 2023 mostly killed civilians, according to media reports.[303]

Calls from various voices

Preventative measures and early warning efforts are expected to limit further ethnic-based destructions against targeted ethnic groups.[304] [305] The diasporas and others in the country made calls to the rights, humanitarian, accountability, and other influential groups to take action. Although the Amhara and Agew massacres have been going on for over thirty years, many expressed that the case has not received adequate campaign and media coverage.[306] [307] However, due to the scale and frequency of the attacks, progress has been observed in the number of reports. Despite political interest or country profile, such "marginalized" human rights cases require timely root cause assessment for the implementation of preventative measures, accountability mechanisms, and providing humanitarian needs.[308] [309]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Abegaz . Berhanu . March 2015 . Three Million Amara are Missing: An Analysis based on the 1994 and the 2007 Ethiopian Population Censuses . 4 June 2022 . Docplayer.
  2. Genocide of Amhara . 16 August 2016 . 10 May 2022 . YouTube.
  3. Web site: 21 March 2022 . Ethiopia: More Than 11 Million People in Amhara State in Need of Food Assistance, Region Hosting 263,000 IDPs . 11.6 million people in the region alone are in need of food aid. . 26 May 2022 . AllAfrica.
  4. Web site: 12 November 2021 . Internally Displaced People exceeding to 2 million in Amhara Region . 10 May 2022 . Addis Insight . en-US.
  5. Web site: Johnson . Robert . 2022-10-05 . Amharas, The occulted ongoing genocide in Ethiopia -europeantimes.news- . 2023-07-30 . europeantimes.news . en-GB.
  6. Book: Africa, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on . Looking Back and Reaching Forward: Prospects for Democracy in Ethiopia : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, September 17, 1992 . 1993 . It was this genocidal activity perpetrated singularly on the Amhara people since the take over of Transitional government; The acts of genocide that was being carried out in the provinces of Arsi, Harrarge and South Shewa . U.S. Government Printing Office . 105 . 978-0-16-040175-6 . en.
  7. Web site: Lemkin Institute Statement on the Ongoing Violence Against the Amhara People . Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention . https://web.archive.org/web/20221222053802/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-the-ongoing-violence-against-the-amhara-people . 22 December 2022 . live.
    • Book: Tesfaw, Muluken . [<!--Not stated--> The Amhara Holocaust: Accounts of the Hidden Genocide of the Amhara People in Ethiopia: 1991- 2015 ]. 19 April 2022 . Talem Publishers . B09YCBX9W3.
    • Book: Alehegn, Derese . [<!--Not stated--> A study of the genocide and ethnic cleansing of the Amhara ethnic: Genocide and ethnic cleansing of the Amhara ]. 19 April 2022 . LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing . 978-6202797498.
  9. Web site: Ethiopia: In the shadow of the elections, Amharas are massacred in silence . 21 June 2021 . en-GB . 23 May 2022 . European Times.
  10. Web site: Berhanu . Girma . 13 April 2022 . Victims And Victimization In Ethiopian Politics: Targeting The Amhara On Three Fronts – OpEd . 22 June 2022 . Eurasia Review News Analysis.
  11. Web site: 18 August 2015 . Genocide Committed against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone, Special Report on Genocide against the Amara (Amhara) . 12 May 2022 . Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization.
  12. Lyons . Terrence . 24 June 2019 . Transnational Advocacy: Genocide or Terrorism? . Genocide Studies and Prevention. International Association of Genocide Scholars . 13 . 2 . 14–21 . 10.5038/1911-9933.13.2.1702 . 198579764 . 10 May 2022. free .
  13. Web site: 4 December 1991 . The Hidden Massacre of Amharas & Christians in Arsi . 10 May 2022 . Ethiopian Information Service Network (S.H.I.N.E).
  14. Book: Yeshaw, Tekle . [<!--Not stated--> {{lang|am|ምጽአተ ዐማራ}} Mitsaete Amhara ]. 2016 . Moresh Wegenie Amara Organization . 978-0-578-18351-0 . Gaithersburg, MD, USA . am . The Plight of the Amara.
  15. Web site: 16 September 2022 . ACCOUNTABILITY: GENOCIDE OF AMHARA IN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA . 16 January 2023 . Nile Journal.
  16. Web site: A Quest for Identity and Geographic Restoration of Wolkait-Tegede: Forceful Annexation, Violation of Human Rights and Silent Genocide . 16 January 2016 . Amhara Council.
  17. Web site: Study finding detailing mass atrocities TPLF committed on people of Amhara unveiled . 2023-01-16 . Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C . 6 September 2022 . en-US.
  18. Web site: 2022-10-05 . Amharas: The occulted ongoing genocide in Ethiopia . 2023-01-16 . en-GB.
  19. Web site: Review . Eurasia . 2022-07-01 . Ethiopia: Mass-Atrocities, Genocide In Oromia Region Against Amhara People – OpEd . 2023-01-16 . Eurasia Review . en-US.
  20. Web site: October 2020 . RECENT GENOCIDAL VIOLENCE IN OROMIA REGION: A Partial Documentation of Casualties Following Assassination of Oromo Vocalist Hachalu Hundessa . 16 January 2023 . The National Movement of Amhara (NaMA).
  21. Web site: 1 December 1993. Ethiopia: Information on the treatment of Amharas in Addis Ababa . 10 May 2022 . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  22. Web site: 26 June 2022. Statement of the Ethiopian Dialogue Forum on the Amhara Genocide . 16 January 2023 . Ethiopian Dialogue Forum.
  23. Web site: Genocide Committed Against the Amara (Amhara) in Ethiopia, specifically in Benshangul-Gumuz Regional State, Metekel Zone . 16 January 2023 . Moresh Wogene via Genocide Watch.
  24. Web site: Haileeysus . Akalu . 25 Years of Ethiopians Suffering: The Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocide of The Amara People . 16 January 2023 . EthioPatriots.
  25. Bitew . Geremew . The Tragedy of Colonialism in a Non-Colonised Society: Italy's Historical Narratives and the Amhara Genocide in Ethiopia . 13 January 2023 . Journal of Asian and African Studies . 2023 . 10.1177/00219096221147002 . 255728651 .
  26. Web site: 22 July 2022 . As a brutal civil war rages, Ethiopians in Oakland ask why the world isn't tuning in . 16 January 2023 . The Oaklandside.
  27. Web site: Foley . Ryan . 20 April 2021 . Protesters urge Biden admin. to take action against Ethiopia for genocide of Amhara, Orthodox Christians . 22 June 2022 . The Christian Post . en-US.
  28. Web site: 26 August 2020 . Atrocities Committed Against Innocent Civilians in the Arsi and Bale Regions of Ethiopia . 16 January 2023 . EthioPanorama.
  29. 1 November 2022 . "It Only Reopens Old Wounds": Lived Experiences of Amhara Genocide Survivors From the Maikadra Massacre in Ethiopia . 10.1177/10443894221127067 . 16 January 2023. Bihonegn . Adugna Abebe . Mekonen . Aleminew Abebe . Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services . 104 . 31–46 . 253293924 .
  30. Adugna . Bihonegn . Aleminew . Mekonen . "It Only Reopens Old Wounds": Lived Experiences of Amhara Genocide Survivors From the Miakadra Massacre in Ethiopia . Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services . 2022 . 104 . 31–46 . 10.1177/10443894221127067 . 253293924 . 16 January 2023.
  31. Web site: 2021 . Welcome to Amhara Region Culture and Tourism Bureau Official Website . 12 May 2022 . Visit Amhara . en-US.
  32. Merid . Anteneh . Bekele . Daniel . 12 August 2019 . Determinants of Poverty in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Tenta Woreda (District), Amhara Region . Journal of Sustainable Rural Development . 3 . 1–2 . 3–14 . 10.32598/JSRD.02.02.40 . 212833581 . 10 May 2022. free .
  33. Web site: May 2019 . UNICEF Budget Brief, Amhara Regional State, 2007/08 – 2015/16 . 10 May 2022 . United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
  34. News: 12 April 2019 . Ethiopian farmers struggle to scratch a living in warming highlands . en . Reuters . 12 May 2022.
  35. Web site: 18 November 2021 . All Ethiopian Jews must be brought home to Israel . 30 May 2022 . The Jerusalem Post . en-US.
  36. Getasew . Endalew . Adugna . Molla . Endris . Hussen . Addisalem . Bayeh . 8 December 2022 . Ethnic Politics and Violation of Basic Civil Rights of Amharas in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of the Post 1991 Ethiopia: Actors, Causes, Consequences, and Challenges . International Journal on Minority and Group Rights . -1 . aop . 1–26 . 10.1163/15718115-bja10097 . 255334089 . 19 January 2023. free .
  37. Web site: 9 March 2017 . Hearing: Democracy Under Threat in Ethiopia . 19 January 2023 . United States House of Representatives.
  38. Web site: Zenebe . Beyene . 21 July 2020 . Ethiopians, Mired In Identity-Based Violence, Should Look At Rwanda's History . 16 January 2023 . Religion Unplugged.
  39. News: Mead . Walter . 16 November 2020 . Tribalism Isn't Going Anywhere . en-US . The Wall Street Journal . 14 May 2022 . 0099-9660.
  40. Web site: 12 July 2010 . Ethiopia: the Tigrean Insurgency . 15 May 2022 . Central Intelligence Agency . en.
  41. News: May 1983 . People's Democratic Programme Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Adopted by the Second Organizational Congress of the TPLF May 1983 (earlier version is 1976) . MIA: History: Encyclopedia of anti-Revisionism On-Line . 15 May 2022.
  42. Book: 1 July 2009 . A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991): Revolt, Ideology, and Mobilisation in Ethiopia . Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 155714134 .
  43. Web site: 25 April 2021 . EVIL DAYS 30 YEARS OF WAR AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA . 22 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  44. Sertse Dengel . Yonas . April 2013 . Ethiopian Opposition Political Parties and Rebel Fronts: Past and Present . Seminar paper on Democracy and Governance in Ethiopia . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia . Addis Ababa University Department . 1–3 . 10.13140/2.1.2887.1047.
  45. Web site: 27 January 2018 . Genocide starts with the rhetoric of hate, and we can't forget that on Holocaust Memorial Day . 12 May 2022 . The Independent . en.
  46. Web site: Hunegnaw . Abinet . Mistaken Identity of the Amhara People and the Quest for Organized Resistance against TPLF Atrocities . 10 May 2022 . ethiopatriots.com.
  47. Book: Abune, ZenaMarkos . Gedle Abune Zena Markos . 2012 . am . Addis Ababa . Birhan Ena Selam Printing Press . 51–60.
  48. Wemlinger . Cherri . August 2008 . IDENTITY IN ETHIOPIA: THE OROMO FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY . MA . Chapter 3: Identity, Culture, and Religion . Washington State University . http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/c_wemlinger_080108.pdf . 12 May 2022.
  49. Web site: 1 October 1997 . Ethiopia: Information on the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) including its leaders, name of president since 1985, whether the office in Dire Dawa is open, procedure for membership, whether AAPO issues identity cards and maintains membership lists, address, phone and fax numbers of office in Addis Ababa . 10 May 2022 . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  50. Web site: Tebeje . Alyou . 3 September 2020 . Abiy Ahmed: The 7th Oromo Prime Minister of Ethiopia . 21 May 2022 . Encyclopædia Britannica . en-US.
  51. Jalata . Asafa . 2 March 2020 . Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview . Sociology Publications and Other Works . University of Tennessee . 10 May 2022.
  52. Hassen . Mohammed . The Oromo of Ethiopia, 1500–1850: With special emphasis on the Gibe region . 1983 . PhD . SOAS University of London . 10.25501/SOAS.00029226 . 158159150 . uk.bl.ethos.412253 .
  53. Book: Hurst, Black . Being and Becoming Oromo . 1996 . The Red Sea Press . 6th . Lawrenceville, NJ . 239–249 . Adopting an ambiguous position . 12 May 2022.
  54. Hussein . Jeylan . 2006 . A Critical Review of the Political and Stereotypical Portrayals of the Oromo in the Ethiopian Historiography . Nordic Journal of African Studies . 15 . 256–276 . 53380960 .
  55. Web site: Hoh . Anchi . 31 March 2020 . Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and the Battle of Adwa: A Pictorial History . 25 May 2022 . Library of Congress.
  56. Steward . Joseph . The Battle For The Battle of Adwa: Collective Identity and Nation Building . 2020 . MA . City University of New York, New York . 10 May 2022.
  57. News: Krauss . Clifford . 28 May 1991 . ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL . en-US . The New York Times . 12 May 2022 . 0362-4331.
  58. Web site: 25 November 2020 . Rise and fall of Ethiopia's TPLF – from rebels to rulers and back . 12 May 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  59. Web site: Ethiopia's Constitution of nineteen ninety-four . 27 April 2022 . Constitute Project.
  60. Web site: Brown . Ed . 29 May 2020 . The United Nations, Self-Determination, State Failure and Secession . 12 May 2022 . E-International Relations.
  61. 28 July 2009 . Ethiopia's "Leap in the Dark": Federalism and Self-Determination in the New constitution. . 10 May 2022 . Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/S0021855300005866 . Brietzke . Paul H. . Journal of African Law . 39 . 19–38 . 145071574 .
  62. Web site: 18 June 2021 . Ethiopia: Situation in Tigray . 12 May 2022 . House of Commons.
  63. Web site: 18 July 2018 . The politics of ports in the Horn: War, peace and Red Sea rivalries African Arguments . 21 May 2022 . African Arguments . en-GB.
  64. Web site: Eritrea-Ethiopia: IRIN Focus on Assab- Eritrea . 21 May 2022 . United Nations High Commission for Refugees . en.
  65. Web site: 9 March 2017 . Democracy under threat in Ethiopia hearing First Session, 9 March 2017 Serial No. 115-9 . 24 May 2022 . U.S. House of Representatives.
  66. Web site: 30 December 2020 . Ethiopia's Tigray conflict revives bitter disputes over land . 27 May 2022 . France 24 . en.
  67. Web site: 9 November 2016 . Ethiopia: After a year of protests, time to address grave human rights concerns . 27 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  68. Web site: Dozens killed as police use excessive force against peaceful protesters in Ethiopia . 27 May 2022 . Amnesty International USA . en-US.
  69. Web site: 7 December 2020 . Ethiopia: protestors in Maikadra, Alamata demand justice . 21 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  70. Web site: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project, Benishangul-Gumuz . 21 May 2022 . water-technology.net.
  71. Web site: 2 July 2021 . The Second Filling of the GERD Reservoir . 21 May 2022 . Wilson Center . en.
  72. Web site: Metekel Conflict . 15 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory . en-US.
  73. Web site: February 2020 . Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission Ethiopia: The political situation . 10 May 2022 . Harvard Political Review . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524132223/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1247841/download . dead .
  74. Web site: 20 December 2020 . Ethiopia: At least 100 dead in latest surge of violence against ethnic minorities . 10 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  75. Web site: 3 December 2007 . UN: Atrocities Fuel Worsening Crisis in Horn of Africa . 8 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  76. "One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure": Violations of Freedom of Expression and Association in Ethiopia . 24 March 2010. 10 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  77. Web site: Asrat Woldeyes . 15 May 2022 . The University of Edinburgh . en-US . 19 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220519123401/http://uncover-ed.org/asrat-woldeyes/ . dead .
  78. Web site: Asrat Woldeyes (1928–1999) . 15 May 2022 . The University of Edinburgh . en.
  79. News: Physician Asrat Woldeyes Dies . en-US . The Washington Post . 29 May 2022 . 0190-8286.
  80. Web site: Barder . Brian . 25 May 1999 . Asrat Woldeyes . 29 May 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  81. Web site: 23 June 2015 . Dispatches: Alarm Bells for Ethiopia's 100% Election Victory . 14 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  82. Web site: 15 June 2005 . Ethiopia: Crackdown Spreads Beyond Capital . 12 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  83. Web site: February 1993 . Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1992, ETHIOPIA . 12 May 2022 . US Department of State.
  84. Web site: 1 May 2006 . Ethiopia: A Sociopolitical Assessment . 14 May 2022 . United Nations High Commission for Refugees . en.
  85. Web site: Gardner . Tom . Rosser . Charlie . 25 September 2018 . 'Abiy Ahmed is our miracle': Ethiopia's democratic awakening . 17 May 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  86. Web site: Lashitew . Addisu . 8 November 2019 . Ethiopia Will Explode if it Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics . 17 May 2022 . Foreign Policy . en-US.
  87. Web site: 23 June 2022 . Bachelet urges prompt investigation into killings in western Ethiopia . en . 26 June 2022 . United Nations Human Rights.
  88. Web site: 4 July 2022 . Kellem Wollega Zone- Oromia Region: EHRC Calls for an Urgent Reinforcement of Government Security Forces . en . 4 July 2022 . Ethiopian Human Rights Commission.
  89. Web site: 21 June 2022 . Civilians Killed in Ethiopia . en . 26 June 2022 . US Department of State.
  90. Web site: 25 June 2022 . 'Total bloodbath': Witnesses describe Ethiopia ethnic attack . en . 26 June 2022 . Associated Press.
  91. Web site: Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council on Ethiopia . 26 May 2022 . United Nations.
  92. Web site: Ethiopia: Accountability past and present: Human rights in transition . 1 April 1995 . 10 May 2022 . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  93. Web site: 28 years in power and rights violated with impunity . 28 May 2019 . en . 20 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  94. Web site: 2019 . The Council of Ministers . 20 May 2022 . pmo.gov.et.
  95. Web site: Halakhe . Abdullahi Boru . 7 April 2020 . Abiy's efforts to unify Ethiopia could lead to its disintegration . 17 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  96. Web site: 22 March 2022 . Country policy and information note: Oromos, the Oromo Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army, Ethiopia, March 2022 (accessible) . 20 May 2022 . UK Government . en.
  97. Web site: 15 September 2019 . Exiled rebel leader returns home to Ethiopia to 'play a role in the reconstruction of the country' . 25 May 2022 . The World from PRX . en.
  98. News: 15 September 2018 . Exiled leader of Ethiopian rebel group returns home amid reforms . en . Reuters . 25 May 2022.
  99. YeJawar Mohammed awozagabi nigigir . am:የጃዋር መሐመድ አወዛጋቢው ንግግር . 15 November 2016 . am . Jawar Mohammed's Controversial speech on how Muslims Oromos attack Christians . 28 May 2022 . YouTube.
  100. Web site: 1993 . Human Rights Developments, ETHIOPIA . 22 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  101. Web site: 11 August 2020 . Ethiopia : The People who are being slaughtered for no reason . 27 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  102. Web site: The Controversy Surrounding Shimelis Abdisa Speech . 29 May 2022 . ezega.com . en.
  103. Web site: Alemayehu . Hewan . 13 July 2020 . Despair following violent ethnic based killings in some parts of Oromia, Ethiopia . 12 May 2022 . Addis Zeybe . en.
  104. Web site: 2 April 2019 . Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Freedom of Assembly . 20 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  105. Web site: Mob killings split Ethiopians as political fault lines test Abiy's big tent . 26 September 2018 . en-US . 20 May 2022 . Ethiopia Insight.
  106. Web site: 19 September 2018 . Toll from Ethiopia bloodshed at least 58: rights group, source . 30 May 2022 . France 24 . en.
  107. Web site: Ethnic Amharas Massacred in Ethiopia . 12 May 2022 . Torture Abolition And Survivors Support Coalition International . en-US.
  108. Web site: 16 July 2020 . 'We have nothing': Ethiopia's ethnic unrest leaves destruction in its wake . 12 May 2022 . France 24 . en.
  109. Web site: Fantahun . Arefaynie . 6 July 2020 . Ethnically-motivated attacks in Shashemene and elsewhere . 12 May 2022 . Ethiopia Observer . en-US.
  110. YeNeftegna lij yeAmhara lij egna meret lay aywoledem belew ye9wer nefsetur balebetun belijochu fit . am:የነፍጠኛ ልጅ የአማራ ልጅ እኛ መሬት ላይ አይወለድም ብለው የ9ወር ነፍሰጡር ባለቤቴን በልጆቸ ፊት . 6 August 2020 . am . Killers said no Amhara Child will be Born, and cut open and murdered pregnant women . 25 May 2022 . YouTube.
  111. Eyalekesku bileminachew bileminachew tuten meret lay...! BeHarer ena beAlemmaya yederese zegnagn gdiya ena katelo! . am:እያለቀስኩ ብለምናቸው ብለምናቸው ጡቴን መሬት ላይ! በሀረር እና በአለማያ የደረሰ ዘግናኝ ግድያ እና ቃጠሎ! . 11 August 2020 . am . The Heinous massacres in Alem-Maya, Harer . 25 May 2022 . YouTube.
  112. Web site: 3 August 2020 . How a musician's death unleashed violence and death in Ethiopia . 12 May 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  113. Web site: Collins . Sam . 15 July 2020 . Ethnic Attacks in Ethiopia Spark Global Criticism . 12 May 2022 . The Washington Informer . en-US.
  114. Web site: 17 July 2020 . Ethiopian Rebel Group Denies Role in Singer's Death . 12 May 2022 . VOA . en.
  115. Web site: 1 April 2020 . Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence . 20 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  116. Web site: 9 November 2020 . Justice, not repressions, will break Ethiopia's waves of violence . 20 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  117. Web site: 2 November 2020 . Armed group attacked village killing ethnic Amharas, destroying homes . 10 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  118. Web site: April 2021 . UNTOLD MASSACRES AGAINST ETHNIC AMHARAS IN ETHIOPIA . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  119. Web site: 25 March 2020 . Ethiopia universities close as whereabouts of 17 Amhara students remain unknown . 15 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  120. Web site: 21 February 2022 . In-depth analysis: Displaced by months-long violence, hundreds of Amhara community members from western Oromia seek refuge in Addis Abeba and Arsi zone . 26 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  121. Web site: 23 October 2020 . Bench Sheko Gura Farda massacre:at least 31 innocent civilians killed . 12 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  122. Web site: EPO Weekly: 12–18 February 2022 . 22 February 2022 . en-US . 24 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  123. Web site: 8 October 2021 . Abductions and Killings of ethnic Amhara civilians by the Oromo Liberation Army in East Wollega and Horo Gurudu Wollega Zones of Oromia Region from 28 August to 29 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  124. Web site: 8 April 2021 . At least 194 Amharas killed, 212 wounded in 'deadliest' OLF attack on North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  125. Web site: 17 April 2021 . Amhara Genocide : Ataye hit hard as Oromo radical forces launch attack . 20 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  126. Web site: 25 April 2021 . Death toll from violence in Ethiopia's Amhara 'may be 200' . 20 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  127. Web site: 26 April 2022 . EPO Weekly: 16–22 April 2022 . 24 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory . en-US.
  128. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian report. Humanitarian Bulletin Ethiopia Issue #6 26 April– 10 May 2021.
  129. Web site: Over 1.5 Billion Birr Needed To Rebuild Ataye Town And Environs: Committee . Fana Broadcasting Corporate . 24 May 2021.
  130. Web site: 4 November 2020 . OLF-Shene, TPLF Should be Labeled as Terrorists, MPs Ask – Ethiopian Monitor . 10 May 2022 . Ethiopian Monitor.
  131. Web site: Woldie . Engidu . Residents say OLF soldiers kill several in Majete, Ataye and Kemise . 8 April 2019 . ESAT Ethiopian News.
  132. Web site: 22 July 2020 . Recent violence in Ethiopia's Oromia region shows hallmark signs of ethnic cleansing, says MRG . 26 May 2022 . Minority Rights Group . en-GB.
  133. Web site: EPO Monthly: April 2021 . 13 May 2021 . en-US . 20 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  134. Web site: 20 April 2021 . News: Protests happening in multiple cities in Amhara region denouncing reports of targeted attacks against Amhara community . 20 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  135. News: Death toll from clashes between Ethiopian Amhara, Oromo groups rises to 50 -residents . 20 April 2021 . en . 20 May 2022 . Reuters.
  136. Web site: Protest against Amhara genocide in Washington DC . 7 April 2021 . en-US . 20 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News.
  137. Web site: Ethiopia: Investigate police conduct after deaths of five people protesting ethnic clashes . 17 September 2018 . en . 20 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  138. Web site: Zelalem . Zecharias . Mass Arrests of thousands in Addis Ababa slammed by Amnesty International . 26 September 2018 . en-US . 20 May 2022 . OPride.com.
  139. Web site: 26 February 2021 . Ethnically motivated evictions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: "We are evicted because of our Amhara identity" . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  140. Web site: 26 May 2022 . Annual Human Right Report: NEGLECTED MASSACRES AGAINST AMHARAS, May 2022 . 16 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA) . en-US.
  141. Web site: November 2019 . Ethiopia COI Compilation . 10 May 2022 . Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation.
  142. Web site: Violence and looting on the outskirts of Addis Ababa . 16 September 2018 . en-US . 20 May 2022 . Ethiopia Observer.
  143. Web site: Ethiopia: Abiy's First Year as Prime Minister, Review of Accountability and Justice . 8 April 2019 . en . 20 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  144. Web site: 22 January 2022 . News: Oromia Police shot dead two, injure several others at Timket festival over flag controversy . 20 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  145. Web site: 21 October 2019 . Massive informal settlements reported in Addis Ababa, radicalized Oromo youth disrupt meeting in Koye Feche . 20 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  146. Web site: 1 July 2017 . Oromia Special Interest Law: Who owns Addis Ababa? . 25 May 2022 . OPride.com . en-US.
  147. Web site: February 2021 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 10 May 2022 . Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken.
  148. Web site: 18 July 2020 . Ethiopia must account for all people arrested since killing of Hachalu Hundesa . 25 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  149. Web site: Resettlement . 10 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  150. Web site: Birhanu . Tsegaye . 29 December 2020 . The murky politics behind the Metekel massacres . 15 May 2022 . Ethiopia Insight . en-US.
  151. Web site: 12 January 2021 . 11 January 2021 . Ethiopia: Understanding Oromia's mayhem after Hachalu's murder . 27 May 2022 . The Africa Report.com . en-US.
  152. Web site: August 2020 . Ethiopia Situation Report . 10 May 2022 . The University of Nottingham.
  153. Web site: 10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Ethiopia . 21 May 2022 . ACLED . en-US.
  154. Web site: 11 March 2022 . 750 civilians killed in Amhara in half of 2021: Rights body . 26 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  155. Web site: 19 November 2021 . UNHCR IDP Response Scale Up-Amhara Fact Sheet November 2021 . 20 May 2022 . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . en.
  156. Web site: Report on Massacre of Amhara civilians in Gashena town of Amhara Region by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) . 26 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  157. Web site: Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) War on Amhara People: 24 July 2021 . 23 July 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  158. Web site: Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: 3 August 2021 . 2 August 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  159. Web site: Weaponized Rape by Tigrayan paramilitary forces and militias in Ethiopia's Amhara Region . 16 March 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  160. Web site: 9 November 2021 . Ethiopia: Survivors of TPLF attack in Amhara describe gang rape, looting and physical assaults . 12 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  161. Web site: 9 December 2021 . Ethiopia: Tigray Forces Summarily Execute Civilians . 10 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  162. Web site: Ethiopia: Tigrayan forces murder, rape and pillage in attacks on civilians in Amhara towns . 16 February 2022 . en . 12 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  163. Web site: Special Report: Sexual and Gender Based Violence in North and South Gonder Zones of Amhara Region by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) militias . 31 October 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  164. Web site: Update on the massacre of Amharas in Were Babu Woreda, Debub (South) Wollo Zone by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) . 15 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  165. Web site: Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Unlawful Shelling of Debre Tabor City: 20 August 2021 . 19 August 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  166. News: Dahir . Abdi Latif . Tigray Rebels Executed Dozens of Civilians, Report Says . 10 December 2021 . en-US . 12 May 2022 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  167. Web site: 10 February 2022 . War crimes of TPLF forces in North Wollo Zone in Ethiopia's Amhara Region . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  168. Web site: Massacre of Amhara civilians in Kobo town and surrounding areas in the North Wollo Zone of Amhara Region by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) . 26 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  169. Web site: Felbab-Brown . Vanda . 1 February 2022 . Still far from peace in Ethiopia . 25 May 2022 . Brookings . en-US.
  170. Has the Ethiopian govt underestimated the strength of the Tigray People's Liberation Front . 18 November 2020 . 10 May 2022 . YouTube.
  171. Web site: 30 October 2021 . Ethiopian forces retreat from strategic town: residents . 21 May 2022 . France 24 . en.
  172. News: Mersie . Ayenat . Fick . Maggie . 13 July 2021 . Ethiopia: Tigray forces push south as Amhara militias mobilise . en . Reuters . 21 May 2022.
  173. Siltawi mafegfeg woyenis? . am:ስልታዊ ማፈግፈግ ወይንስ? . 27 July 2021 . en . Was it a strategic retreat? . 21 May 2022 . YouTube.
  174. News: Walsh . Declan . Marks . Simon . Ethiopia Declares State of Emergency as Rebels Advance Toward Capital . 2 November 2021 . en-US . 21 May 2022 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  175. Web site: Hamza . Marishet Mohammed . 2 September 2021 . TPLF–OLA alliance is a prelude to Tigray's secession . 20 May 2022 . Ethiopia Insight . en-US.
  176. Web site: Ethiopia's Amhara region shattered after weeks of war . 21 May 2022 . Frontline . 18 December 2021 . en . Deutsche Welle.
  177. Web site: 'Afar has been raided': Suffering stalks Ethiopia's forgotten front web . 17 February 2022 . France 24 . en . 21 May 2022.
  178. Web site: 7 February 2022 . Tigray accused of launching an attack into Afar to sever links to Djibouti . 21 May 2022 . Eritrea Hub . en-US.
  179. Peace talks in Ethiopia: Tensions remain high in Tigray region . 19 June 2022 . YouTube.
  180. News: 9 February 2022 . Fighting in Ethiopia's Afar region displaces 300,000, aid blocked to Tigray . en . Reuters . 21 May 2022.
  181. Web site: 25 February 2022 . Ethiopia: Afar region the new front in the civil war as Tigray violence subsides . en-US . 21 May 2022 . The Africa Report.com.
  182. News: Paravicini . Giulia . 27 April 2022 . Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia . en-US . Reuters . 21 May 2022.
  183. Web site: Children are being killed and maimed by discarded explosives in Ethiopia . 21 May 2022 . Guardian TV.
  184. Web site: 8 February 2009 . Core document forming the initial part of the reports of States parties: International human rights instruments : Ethiopia . 21 May 2022 . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . en.
  185. Web site: 18 February 2014 . Ethiopia: Land, Water Grabs Devastate Communities . 21 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  186. Web site: 5 April 2017 . Ethiopia: No Justice in Somali Region Killings . 21 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  187. Web site: 12 June 2008 . Ethiopia: Army Commits Executions, Torture, and Rape in Ogaden . 21 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  188. Web site: 23 March 2005 . Ethiopia: Crimes Against Humanity in Gambella Region . 21 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch . en.
  189. Web site: Ethiopia: Targeting the Anuak: The December 2003 Massacre . 21 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  190. Web site: 15 July 2019 . Ethnic violence fuels cycles of displacement in Ethiopia . 29 May 2022 . Doctors Without Borders – USA . en.
  191. Web site: 10 February 2022 . Analysis: "Hundreds" killed, thousands displaced in recurring armed attacks in Amaro Special Wereda, Southern region; latest attack leaves three dead, four injured . 21 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  192. Assoma . Awoke . THE KORE OF ETHIOPIA: A HISTORICAL SURVEY . January 1985 . BA . Hawassa University . 28 May 2022.
  193. Web site: West Guji Conflict . 24 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory . en-US.
  194. Web site: 13 May 2021 . Oromo gunmen invade more Koore districts in Ethiopia's south . 24 May 2022 . Awasa Guardian . en-US.
  195. Web site: 2008 . CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE . 10 May 2022 . United Nations.
  196. Book: 2011 . Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . 12 May 2022 . International Criminal Court . 978-92-9227-232-6.
  197. Bemeraab Wollega zone Babo Gambela woreda betefetseme yezer matfat megabit 22 2013 amete meheret. am:በምዕራብ ወለጋ ዞን ባቦ ጋምቤል ወረዳ በተፈፀመ የዘር ማጥፋት መጋቢት 22 2013 አ/ም . 31 March 2021 . am . Genocide in Western Wollega Zone, Babo Gambela district and other places . 28 May 2022 . YouTube.
  198. Web site: 28 March 2021 . Unknown number of Amhara people killed in ethnically motivated attacks in Southern Ethiopia . 1 June 2022 . apanews.net . en.
  199. Amharas in Maikadra traumatized by massacre . 17 July 2021 . en . 12 May 2022 . YouTube.
  200. Web site: 23 December 2020 . Ethiopia: At least 100 dead surge of violence against ethnic minorities . 23 May 2022 . Amnesty International . en.
  201. Web site: 12 January 2021 . 11 January 2021 . At least 150 members of the force were housed at Dera's stadium, minutes away, as the carnage unfolded . 10 May 2022 . The Africa Report.
  202. Amhara Genocide Sterilization Amhara People . 4 September 2016 . am . 18 May 2022 . YouTube.
  203. News: McNeil . Donald G. Jr. . Candidate to Lead the W.H.O. Accused of Covering Up Epidemics . 13 May 2017 . en-US . 23 May 2022 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  204. Web site: International Organizations Leadership Recruitment Policies: the Failed Experiment of Dr. Tedros A. Ghebreyesus Candidacy for WHO Director General Position . April 2017 . 10 May 2022 . Amba Professional Union (APU).
  205. Web site: Dahir . Abdi Latif . 18 May 2017 . The lead candidate for the world's top health job is being accused of covering up deadly epidemics . 23 May 2022 . Quartz . en.
  206. Web site: 21 March 2022 . Ethiopia: More Than 11 Million People in Amhara State in Need of Food Assistance, Region Hosting 263,000 IDPs . 26 May 2022 . allAfrica.com . en.
  207. Web site: 7 December 2021 . Villagers describe 'massacre' in Amhara region . 3 January 2023 . Ethiopia Observer.
  208. Questions linger among the corpses of an Ethiopian massacre . 26 November 2020 . en . 12 May 2022 . YouTube.
  209. Book: Ethiopia: Events of 2020 . 14 December 2020 . Human Rights Watch . 10 May 2022.
  210. Web site: 30 March 2021 . ETHIOPIA 2020 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT . 10 May 2022 . Ethiopian Human Rights Commission.
  211. News: 14 May 2022 . Ethiopian Region Claims 7,000 Civilians Killed by Tigray Forces . en . 15 May 2022 . Bloomberg L.P..
  212. News: Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Mass graves found – Amhara officials . 8 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . BBC News.
  213. News: Researchers Discover more Mass Graves of Ethnic Amharas . 5 April 2022 . 10 May 2022 . Walta Information.
  214. Mass Crimes of the TPLF: U of Gondar Researchers Unearth Mass Graves and Underground Prisons . 18 April 2022 . 12 May 2022 . YouTube.
  215. Web site: 6 July 2020 . Ethiopia,Oromo region: police confirm death toll from attack reached 166 . 23 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  216. Web site: 207 killed in latest Ethiopia massacre – Ombudsman . 28 May 2022 . apanews.net . en.
  217. Web site: 13 July 2020 . Archbishop Henok speaks out about massacre of Orthodox Christians . 29 May 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News . en-US.
  218. News: 3 August 2021 . Fighting displaces 200,000 in Ethiopia's Amhara region -U.N. aid chief . en . Reuters . 26 May 2022.
  219. News: Marks . Simon . Dahir . Abdi Latif . 30 January 2020 . Abduction of Ethiopian Students Fuels Anger at the Government . en-US . The New York Times . 15 May 2022 . 0362-4331.
  220. Web site: 22 February 2022 . In-depth analysis: Attacks by armed group from Amhara state continue to displace thousands in Western Oromia . 26 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  221. News: 23 May 2022 . Ethiopia arrests 4,000 in Amhara region crackdown, local state media report . Reuters . 26 May 2022.
  222. Web site: Civil rights activists in Welkait give hope for peace and democracy in Ethiopia . Sonja . John . 13 September 2021 . The London School of Economics and Political Science.
  223. Web site: DIVIDE, DEVELOP, AND RULE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ETHIOPIA.CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW & ADVOCACY . June 2018 . 12 May 2022 . University of Wyoming College of Law.
  224. Web site: 16 February 2022 . Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara . 10 May 2022 . Amnesty International.
  225. Web site: EU should not tolerate Ethiopia's repression . 18 February 2009 . 10 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  226. Web site: Stench of death: villagers flee site of Ethiopia mass killings . 15 September 2021 . en . 15 May 2022 . France 24.
  227. How U.S. Media Whitewashes TPLF Atrocities to Push Regime Change In Ethiopia, w/ Jemal Countess . 22 November 2021 . 10 May 2022 . YouTube.
  228. Web site: 8 October 2021 . Conflict Primary Source Of Ethiopia's IDP Camps In Amhara . 10 May 2022 . Getty Images.
  229. Web site: Ethiopia – Northern Ethiopia Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 9 Dec 2021 – Ethiopia . 23 May 2022 . ReliefWeb . 9 December 2021 . en.
  230. Web site: UN leadership in Ethiopia visits IDPs in Amhara Region . 23 May 2022 . United Nations Sustainable Development Group . en .
  231. Mass Crimes of the TPLF: U of Gondar Researchers Unearth Mass Graves and Underground Prisons . 18 April 2022 . 12 May 2022 . YouTube.
  232. Web site: 8 October 2022 . War Crimes of TPLF in occupied Adarkay Woreda of Amhara Region . 3 January 2023 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  233. Web site: 9 September 2021 . Tigray forces killed 120 civilians in village in Amhara - Ethiopia officials . 3 January 2023 . Reuters.
  234. Web site: 9 September 2021 . Tigray rebels killed dozens of civilians: Ethiopia rights body . 3 January 2023 . Aljazeera.
  235. Web site: 18 September 2021 . Ethiopia: TPLF Terrorism Expands, Civilians Massacred – OpEd . 3 January 2023 . Eurasia Review.
  236. Web site: 12 September 2022 . Terrorist TPLF Demolished Ziquala's Qedamit Health Center And Schools . 3 January 2023 . Fana Broadcasting Corporation.
  237. Web site: 28 April 2021 . News: Armed forces from Tigray launch attack inside Amhara region; local officials admit the attack, say casualties include civilians. 3 January 2023 . Addis Standard.
  238. Web site: 10 October 2022 . Tigray rebels tortured and killed civilians in renewed fighting, survivors claim . 3 January 2023 . The Guardian.
  239. Web site: 24 September 2022 . Update on atrocities committed against Amhara civilians committed by Tigrayan forces during latest round of invasion of Raya Kobo Woreda and surrounding area . 3 January 2023 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  240. Web site: 29 June 2022. EPO WEEKLY: 18-24 JUNE 2022 . 3 January 2023 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  241. Web site: 17 March 2022 . I await divine justice: Rebels bring woes to Ethiopia's Amhara . 3 January 2023 . Aljazeera.
  242. Web site: 8 January 2022 . Can Afcon 2021 help Ethiopia heal the wounds of civil war? Conflict between central government and separatists has devastated towns and villages . 3 January 2023 . The National US.
  243. Web site: 12 December 2021 . They said they want to kill all of us': Tigray rebels accused of abuses . 3 January 2023 . The Times.
  244. Web site: 12 December 2021 . They said they want to kill all of us': Tigray rebels accused of ethnic cleansing . 3 January 2023 . The Reference Paris.
  245. Web site: 26 August 2021 . Shell-shocked survivors describe brutal Tigray rebel advance . 3 January 2023 . France 24.
  246. Web site: 20 October 2021 . Witnesses say 13 civilians burned alive in Wurgessa town by TPLF fighters . 3 January 2023 . Ethiopian Citizen.
  247. Web site: 18 October 2021 . TPLF Opens Fresh Attacks On Civilians: Office . 3 January 2023 . Fana Broadcasting Corporation .
  248. Web site: 19 October 2021 . More than 30 civilians killed during TPLF's indiscriminate heavy shelling of Wuchale and Chifra towns, Ethiopia . 3 January 2023 . Ethiopian Citizen.
  249. Web site: 17 October 2021 . At least 30 civilians killed as TPLF forces took control of Wuchale . 3 January 2023 . Borkena.
  250. Web site: 21 October 2021 . While pressure mounts on Ethiopian govt. to declare ceasefire, TPLF continues attacks in north . 3 January 2023 . People Dispatch.
  251. Web site: 1 November 2021 . Ethiopia gov't accuses Tigray rebels of killing 100 in Kombolcha . 3 January 2023 . Aljazeera.
  252. Web site: 1 November 2021 . Tigrayan forces' capture of two towns raises fears for Ethiopian capital . 3 January 2023 . The Guardian.
  253. Web site: 13 September 2021. Worebabo: TPLF terrorists summarily executes civilians, left them for beasts . 3 January 2023 . Borkena.
  254. Web site: 1 December 2021 . Ethiopian army recaptures several towns near capital from Tigrayan rebels . 3 January 2023 . TRT World.
  255. Web site: Zelalem . Zecharias . Worsening violence in western Ethiopia forcing civilians to flee . 20 March 2021 . en . 12 May 2022 . Al Jazeera.
  256. Web site: 7 January 2022 . Ethiopia told to act against ethnic killings . 6 June 2022 . APANEWS.
  257. Web site: West and Kellem Wollega . 6 June 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  258. Web site: 26 August 2021 . More than 210 killed in violence in western Ethiopia: Commission . 12 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  259. Web site: 1 November 2019 . Ethiopia Government: Up to 78 Killed in Ethnically-Motivated Violence . 6 June 2022 . Voice of America.
  260. Web site: 14 March 2022 . Ambush and reprisals in western Ethiopia kill 64 – rights body . 12 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  261. Web site: At least 600 killed in Mai Kadra massacre: Ethiopian rights body . 24 November 2020 . en . 12 May 2022 . Al Jazeera.
  262. Web site: More than 287 ethnic Amharas were brutally massacred in two major Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) terror attacks in the North Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region . 21 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  263. Web site: TPLF militias kill at least 33 Amhara civilians during occupation of Debre Sina town and Termaber Woreda in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia between 22 November and 1 December 2021 . 1 February 2022 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  264. Web site: Ten killed during protests in northern Ethiopia . 15 July 2016 . 17 June 2022 . Aljazeera.
  265. Web site: Ethiopia: Dozens killed after clashes in Bahirdar, in rural Gondar . 8 August 2016 . 17 June 2022 . Horn Affairs.
  266. Web site: World Report 2017 - Ethiopia . 12 January 2017 . 10 May 2022 . Human Rights Watch.
  267. Web site: Summary of Atrocities Committed by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Forces Occupying Amhara Region . 12 September 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  268. Web site: Humanitarian Situation Update on Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) Genocidal War waged on the Amhara People: 27 July 2021 . 26 July 2021 . 10 May 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  269. Web site: 12 April 2022 . Is the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission Independent? – Prime Media . 21 May 2022 . Ethiopian Human Rights Commission – EHRC . en-GB . 24 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220524235115/https://ehrc.org/is-the-ethiopian-human-rights-commission-independent-prime-media/ . dead .
  270. Web site: Independent watchdog of human rights is emerging in Ethiopia . 21 May 2022 . The Danish Institute for Human Rights . en.
  271. Web site: Tamiru . Getachew . 10 September 2020 . How a musician's killing exposed the media in Ethiopia . 6 March 2023 . Ethiopia Insight.
  272. Web site: Ethiopia: Eskinder Nega, 5 exiled journalists convicted of terrorism . en . 21 May 2022 . United Nations High Commission for Refugees.
  273. Web site: Abera . Birhanu . 3 November 2021 . Int. Report Reveals as TPLF Executes Mai Kadra Massacre . 24 May 2022 . Walta Information . en-AU.
  274. Web site: Ethiopia Government Clamps Down on War Coverage . December 2021 . 21 May 2022 . Voice of America . en.
  275. News: Journalists, general, militiamen arrested in Ethiopia's Amhara . 20 May 2022 . en . 21 May 2022 . Reuters.
  276. Web site: McFall . Caitlin . 20 May 2021 . Ethiopia's Amhara ethnic group accuses Biden of ignoring atrocities . 21 May 2022 . Fox News . en-US.
  277. News: York . Geoffrey . Tigray conflict sparks a war of fake tweets and intense propaganda . 1 April 2021 . en-CA . 21 May 2022 . The Globe and Mail.
  278. Web site: 20 November 2021 . Ethiopian Media Authority Issues Warning Letters to CNN, BBC, AP & Reuters for Reporting False News, Defamation . 28 May 2022 . allAfrica.com . en.
  279. Web site: 11 April 2022 . News: Amhara State rejects rights groups report detailing crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing in Western Tigray . 21 May 2022 . Addis Standard . en-US.
  280. Web site: Ndebele . Lenin . What Ethiopian govt thinks about Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International report . 21 May 2022 . News24 . en-US.
  281. News: 5 November 2021 . Fact Check-Screenshot of alleged tweet from Ethiopia's rebel spokesman is fake . en . Reuters . 21 May 2022.
  282. Web site: Mackintosh . Eliza . Facebook knew it was being used to incite violence in Ethiopia. It did little to stop the spread, documents show . 25 October 2021 . 28 May 2022 . CNN.
  283. Web site: Malinowski . Tom . 9 February 2022 . Text – H.R.6600 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Ethiopia Stabilization, Peace, and Democracy Act . 3 June 2022 . congress.gov.
  284. Web site: #NoMore – Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa . 21 May 2022 . NoMore – Global movement of solidarity for the Horn of Africa . en.
  285. Web site: Fitz-Gerald . Bronwyn Bruton, Ann . To End Ethiopia's War, Biden Needs to Correct Course . en-US . 21 May 2022 . Foreign Policy. 28 December 2021 .
  286. Web site: Ethiopia announces pardons for high-profile political prisoners . 21 May 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  287. Web site: 14 February 2018 . Ethiopia releases high profile political prisoners . 21 May 2022 . Deutsche Welle . en-GB.
  288. Web site: OLF: OROMO LIBERATION FRONT (SHANE SPLINTER FACTION) . 10 May 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  289. Ye Efedry Ye Hizb Tewokayoch Sidistegna Mikir Bet Andegna Ament Ye Sira Zemen Asrasostegna Medebegna Sibseba. am:የኢፌዴሪ ህዝብ ተወካዮች 6ኛ ምክር ቤት 1ኛ ዓመት የስራ ዘመን 13ኛ መደበኛ ስብሰባ . 14 June 2022 . am . The 14 June 2022 Parliamentary session of the House of Peoples Representatives of FDRE . 7 July 2022 . YouTube.
  290. Web site: Villagers massacred in western Ethiopia, says state-appointed body . 5 July 2022 . 7 July 2022 . The Guardian . en.
  291. News: 20 June 2022 . Amhara Association of America calls for PM Abiy's resignation over Wollega Massacre . 7 July 2022 . Borkena Ethiopian News.
  292. News: 7 July 2022 . Ethiopia's PM Abiy Denies Negligence Following Massacres . 7 July 2022 . Agence France Presse.
  293. Web site: Genocide & Denial by State Directive: Abiy Ahmed's Hate Speech in Parliament and the Continued Genocide against Amharas Friday, June 24, 2022 . 24 June 2022 . 7 July 2022 . Amba Professional Union (APU).
  294. Web site: 5 July 2022 . Ethiopia's Abiy reports new civilian killings in Oromia . 7 July 2022 . Al Jazeera . en.
  295. Web site: Ethiopia: more than 200 Amhara people killed in attack blamed on rebels . 19 June 2022 . The Guardian . 19 June 2022 . en.
  296. Web site: Ethiopia: Authorities must investigate massacre of ethnic Amhara in Tole . 21 July 2022 . en . 23 July 2022 . Amnesty International.
  297. Web site: 22 June 2022 . Ethiopia Wollega massacre: Death count surpasses 1500 . en . 6 March 2023 . Africa News Agency.
  298. Web site: 22 June 2022 . Update on June 18th, 2022 Amhara Massacre in the Tole Kebele, Gimbi Woreda, West Wollega Zone of Ethiopia's Oromia Region by Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) militants . en . 26 June 2022 . Amhara Association of America (AAA).
  299. News: 16 June 2019 . OLF Shene robs 18 banks in three zones of Oromia . en . Walta Information Ethiopian News . 19 June 2022.
  300. Web site: 5 July 2022 . Ethiopia, rebel group trade blame over mass killing in west . 18 August 2022 . Reuters.
  301. Web site: 21 July 2022 . Ethiopia: In-Depth Analysis - Recurring Violence in Oromo Special and North Shewa Zones in Amhara Region. Once Again Dozens Dead, Hundreds Displaced . 18 August 2022 . AllAfrica.
  302. Web site: 20 July 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory Weekly: 9 - 15 July 2022 [EN/AM] ]. 18 August 2022 . Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
  303. live.
  304. Web site: Risk of Genocide and other Mass Atrocities in Ethiopia . 26 May 2022 . ushmm.org . en.
  305. Web site: Early Warning Project . 26 May 2022 . earlywarningproject.ushmm.org . en.
  306. Web site: Calgarians hold rally for Amhara people of Ethiopia – Calgary . 26 May 2022 . Global News . en-US.
  307. Web site: Tens of thousands protest in Ethiopia's Amhara State . 26 May 2022 . apanews.net . en.
  308. Web site: Human Rights Council Hears from 21 Dignitaries as it Continues High-Level Segment, with Speakers Condemning Russia's Military Aggression against Ukraine . 26 May 2022 . OHCHR . en.
  309. Web site: 15 December 2021 . The top 10 crises the world can't ignore in 2022 . 26 May 2022 . International Rescue Committee (IRC) . en.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Persecution of Amhara people".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.