Peripatidae Explained

Peripatidae is a family of velvet worms.[1] This family includes more than 90 described species distributed among 13 genera,[2] but some authorities deem only 80 of these species to be valid.[3] The oldest putative representatives of the family herald from Burmese amber dated to the mid-Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, with representatives from Dominican and Baltic amber attesting to a broader distribution in the Palaeogene / Neogene; molecular variability suggests that the family's crown group may have arisen in the early Mesozoic.[4]

Description

The Peripatidae exhibit a range of derivative features. They are longer, on average, than the Peripatopsidae and also have more leg pairs. The number of legs in the Peripatidae varies within species as well as among species[5] and ranges from 19 pairs (in Typhloperipatus williamsoni[6]) to 43 pairs (in Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis[7]).[8] [9] The gonopore is always between the penultimate leg pair. There are no known oviparous species—the overwhelming majority, including all the Neotropical Peripatidae, are viviparous with females that develop a placenta to provide the growing embryo with nutrients. The Asian genera Typhloperipatus and Eoperipatus, however, exhibit lecithotrophic ovoviviparity; that is, their females do not develop any placenta and instead retain yolky eggs in their uteri to supply nourishment.

Distribution

The Peripatidae, also known as equatorial velvet worms,[10] are restricted to the tropical and subtropical zones; in particular, they inhabit Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America, Gabon, Northeast India, and Southeast Asia.[11]

Taxonomy

Neopatida

Neopatida is a monophyletic lineage within the Peripatidae, comprising all peripatids except the few found outside of the Americas.[12] The excluded peripatid genera are the southeast Asian Cretoperipatus and Eoperipatus, the African Mesoperipatus, and the northeast Indian Typhloperipatus.

Genera

The family consists of the following genera:

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Oliveira, I.. Hering, L.. Mayer, G.. amp. Updated Onychophora checklist. Onychophora Website. 2024-03-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20240225185426/http://www.onychophora.com/list.htm. 2024-02-25. live.
  2. Web site: ITIS - Report: Peripatidae . 2024-08-02 . www.itis.gov . en-US.
  3. Oliveira . Ivo de Sena . 2023-11-16 . An updated world checklist of velvet worms (Onychophora) with notes on nomenclature and status of names . ZooKeys . en . 1184 . 133–260 . 10.3897/zookeys.1184.107286 . free . 1313-2970 . 10680090 . 38023768. 2023ZooK.1184..133O .
  4. 10.1098/rspb.2013.2648. A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281. 1775. 20132648. 2013. Murienne. J.. Daniels. S. R.. Buckley. T. R.. Mayer. G.. Giribet. G.. 24285200. 3866409.
  5. Monge-Nájera . Julián . 1994 . Reproductive trends, habitat type and body characteristcs in velvet worms (Onychophora) . Revista de Biología Tropical . 42 . 3 . en . 611–622 . 2215-2075.
  6. Kemp. Stanley. 1914. Onychophora. Records of the Indian Museum. 8. 471–492. 10.5962/bhl.part.1194 . 88237018 . Biodiversity Heritage Library. free.
  7. Yang. Jie. Ortega-Hernández. Javier. Gerber. Sylvain. Butterfield. Nicholas J.. Hou. Jin-bo. Lan. Tian. Zhang. Xi-guang. 2015-07-14. A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 112. 28. 8678–8683. 10.1073/pnas.1505596112. 0027-8424. 26124122. 4507230 . 2015PNAS..112.8678Y . ResearchGate. free .
  8. Book: Giribet. Gonzalo. 30. Onychophora. Edgecombe. Gregory D.. 2020-03-03. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-19706-7. en. 10.1515/9780691197067-032. 240645062 .
  9. Mayer. Georg. 2007-04-05. Metaperipatus inae sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Chile with a novel ovarian type and dermal insemination. Zootaxa. 1440. 1. 21–37. 10.11646/zootaxa.1440.1.2. 1175-5334. ResearchGate.
  10. Web site: Equatorial Velvet Worms (Family Peripatidae) . 2023-03-07 . iNaturalist . en.
  11. Oliveira. I. S.. Read. V. M. S. J.. Mayer. G.. A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names. ZooKeys. 2012. 211. 1–70. 10.3897/zookeys.211.3463. 22930648. 3426840. free. 2012ZooK..211....1O .
  12. Costa . Cristiano Sampaio . Giribet . Gonzalo . 2021-05-25 . Panamanian velvet worms in the genus Epiperipatus, with notes on their taxonomy and distribution and the description of a new species (Onychophora, Peripatidae). Invertebrate Biology . 140 . 3 . 10.1111/ivb.12336 . 236359517 . 1077-8306.
  13. Barquero-González, Sánchez-Vargas, Morera. 2020. A new giant velvet worm from Costa Rica suggests absence of the genus Peripatus (Onychophora: Peripatidae) in Central America. Revista de Biología Tropical. 68. 300–320. 10.15517/rbt.v68i1.37675. 212697088. free.

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