Perfect digital invariant explained

In number theory, a perfect digital invariant (PDI) is a number in a given number base (

b ) that is the sum of its own digits each raised to a given power (p ).^{[1] [2]}

Definition

Let

n be a natural number. The perfect digital invariant function (also known as a happy function, from happy numbers) for base b > 1 and power p > 0 F _{p,} : N → N is defined as:F _{p,} (n) = \sum ^{k -1} _{i =0} d ^{p.} _{i} where k = \lfloor log _{b} {n} \rfloor + 1 is the number of digits in the number in base b , and d _{i} = (n \bmod{b ^{i+1})/(-) n \bmod b ^{i}{b} ^{i}} is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number n is a perfect digital invariant if it is a fixed point for F _{p,} , which occurs if F _{p,} (n) = n . 0 and 1 are trivial perfect digital invariants for all b and p , all other perfect digital invariants are nontrivial perfect digital invariants.

For example, the number 4150 in base

b = 10 is a perfect digital invariant with p = 5 , because 4150 = 4 ^{5} + 1 ^{5} + 5 ^{5} + 0 ^{5} .

A natural number

n is a sociable digital invariant if it is a periodic point for F _{p,} , where F ^{k(n)} _{p,b} = n for a positive integer k (here F ^{k} _{p,b} is the k th iterate of F _{p,b} ), and forms a cycle of period k . A perfect digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with k = 1 , and a amicable digital invariant is a sociable digital invariant with k = 2 .

All natural numbers

n are preperiodic points for F _{p,} , regardless of the base. This is because if k \geq p + 2 , n \geq b ^{k-1} > b ^{p} k , so any n will satisfy n > F _{b,p} (n) until n < b ^{p+1} . There are a finite number of natural numbers less than b ^{p+1} , so the number is guaranteed to reach a periodic point or a fixed point less than b ^{p+1} , making it a preperiodic point.

Numbers in base

b > p lead to fixed or periodic points of numbers n \leq (p - 2 ) ^{p} + p (b - 1 ) ^{p} .

The number of iterations

i needed for F ^{i} _{p,b} (n) to reach a fixed point is the perfect digital invariant function's persistence of n , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.F _{1,} is the digit sum. The only perfect digital invariants are the single-digit numbers in base b , and there are no periodic points with prime period greater than 1.F _{p,} reduces to F _{1,} , as for any power p , 0 ^{p} = 0 and 1 ^{p} = 1 .

For every natural number

k > 1 , if p < b , (b - 1 ) \equiv 0 \bmod k and (p - 1 ) \equiv 0 \bmod \phi(k) , then for every natural number n , if n \equiv m \bmod k , then F _{p,} (n) \equiv m \bmod k , where \phi(k) is Euler's totient function.

No upper bound can be determined for the size of perfect digital invariants in a given base and arbitrary power, and it is not currently known whether or not the number of perfect digital invariants for an arbitrary base is finite or infinite.^[1]

F_2,b

By definition, any three-digit perfect digital invariant

n = d _{2} d _{1} d _{0} for F _{2,} with natural number digits 0 \leq d _{0} < b , 0 \leq d _{1} < b , 0 \leq d _{2} < b has to satisfy the cubic Diophantine equation d ^{2} _{0} + d ^{2} _{1} + d ^{2} _{2} = d _{2} b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} . d _{2} has to be equal to 0 or 1 for any b > 2 , because the maximum value n can take is n = ( 2 - 1 ) ^{2} + 2 (b - 1 ) ^{2} = 1 + 2 (b - 1 ) ^{2} < 2 b ^{2} . As a result, there are actually two related quadratic Diophantine equations to solve:d ^{2} _{0} + d ^{2} _{1} = d _{1} b + d _{0} when d _{2} = 0 , andd ^{2} _{0} + d ^{2} _{1} + 1 = b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} when d _{2} = 1 .The two-digit natural number n = d _{1} d _{0} is a perfect digital invariant in base b = d _{1} + (d _{0} (d _{0} -1 ))/(d _{1}) . This can be proven by taking the first case, where d _{2} = 0 , and solving for b . This means that for some values of d _{0} and d _{1} , n is not a perfect digital invariant in any base, as d _{1} is not a divisor of d _{0} (d _{0} - 1 ) . Moreover, d _{0} > 1 , because if d _{0} = 0 or d _{0} = 1 , then b = d _{1} , which contradicts the earlier statement that 0 \leq d _{1} < b .

There are no three-digit perfect digital invariants for

F _{2,} , which can be proven by taking the second case, where d _{2} = 1 , and letting d _{0} = b - a _{0} and d _{1} = b - a _{1} . Then the Diophantine equation for the three-digit perfect digital invariant becomes (b - a ^{2} _{0 )} + (b - a ^{2} _{1 )} + 1 = b ^{2} + (b - a _{1)} b + (b - a _{0)} b ^{2} - 2 a _{0} b + a ^{2} _{0} + b ^{2} - 2 a _{1} b + a ^{2} _{1} + 1 = b ^{2} + (b - a _{1)} b + (b - a _{0)} 2 b ^{2} - 2 (a _{0} + a _{1)} b + a ^{2} _{0} + a ^{2} _{1} + 1 = b ^{2} + (b - a _{1)} b + (b - a _{0)} b ^{2} + (b - 2 (a _{0} + a _{1))} b + a ^{2} _{0} + a ^{2} _{1} + 1 = b ^{2} + (b - a _{1)} b + (b - a _{0)} 2 (a _{0} + a _{1)} > a _{1} for all values of 0 < a _{1} \leq b . Thus, there are no solutions to the Diophantine equation, and there are no three-digit perfect digital invariants for F _{2,} .

F_3,b

By definition, any four-digit perfect digital invariant

n for F _{3,} with natural number digits 0 \leq d _{0} < b , 0 \leq d _{1} < b , 0 \leq d _{2} < b , 0 \leq d _{3} < b has to satisfy the quartic Diophantine equation d ^{3} _{0} + d ^{3} _{1} + d ^{3} _{2} + d ^{3} _{3} = d _{3} b ^{3} + d _{2} b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} . d _{3} has to be equal to 0, 1, 2 for any b > 3 , because the maximum value n can take is n = ( 3 - 2 ) ^{3} + 3 (b - 1 ) ^{3} = 1 + 3 (b - 1 ) ^{3} < 3 b ^{3} . As a result, there are actually three related cubic Diophantine equations to solved ^{3} _{0} + d ^{3} _{1} + d ^{3} _{2} = d _{2} b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} when d _{3} = 0 d ^{3} _{0} + d ^{3} _{1} + d ^{3} _{2} + 1 = b ^{3} + d _{2} b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} when d _{3} = 1 d ^{3} _{0} + d ^{3} _{1} + d ^{3} _{2} + 8 = 2 b ^{3} + d _{2} b ^{2} + d _{1} b + d _{0} when d _{3} = 2 We take the first case, where d _{3} = 0 .

b = 3k + 1

Let

k be a positive integer and the number base b = 3 k + 1 . Then:n _{1} = kb ^{2} + ( 2 k + 1 )b is a perfect digital invariant for F _{3,} for all k . n _{2} = kb ^{2} + ( 2 k + 1 )b + 1 is a perfect digital invariant for F _{3,} for all k . n _{3} = (k + 1 )b ^{2} + ( 2 k + 1 ) is a perfect digital invariant for F _{3,} for all k .

Perfect digital invariants! k ! b ! n _{1} ! n _{2} ! n _{3}

1		130	131	203
2	7	250	251	305
3		370	371	407
4	13	490	491	509
5		5B0	5B1	60B
6	19	6D0	6D1	70D
7	22	7F0	7F1	80F
8	25	8H0	8H1	90H
9	28	9J0	9J1	A0J

b = 3k + 2

Let

k be a positive integer and the number base b = 3 k + 2 . Then:n _{1} = kb ^{2} + ( 2 k + 1 ) is a perfect digital invariant for F _{3,} for all k .

Perfect digital invariants! k ! b ! n _{1}

1		103
2		205
3	11	307
4	14	409
5	17	50B
6		60D
7	23	70F
8	26	80H
9	29	90J

b = 6k + 4

Let

k be a positive integer and the number base b = 6 k + 4 . Then:n _{4} = kb ^{2} + ( 3 k + 2 )b + ( 2 k + 1 ) is a perfect digital invariant for F _{3,} for all k .

Perfect digital invariants! k ! b ! n _{4}

0		021
1		153
2		285
3	22	3B7
4	28	4E9

F_p,b

All numbers are represented in base

b .

p	b	Nontrivial perfect digital invariants	Cycles
2		12, 22	2 → 11 → 2
		\varnothing	\varnothing
		23, 33	4 → 31 → 20 → 4
		\varnothing	5 → 41 → 25 → 45 → 105 → 42 → 32 → 21 → 5
	7	13, 34, 44, 63	2 → 4 → 22 → 11 → 216 → 52 → 41 → 23 → 16
		24, 64	4 → 20 → 4 5 → 31 → 12 → 5 15 → 32 → 15
		45, 55	58 → 108 → 72 → 58 75 → 82 → 75
		\varnothing	4 → 16 → 37 → 58 → 89 → 145 → 42 → 20 → 4
	11	56, 66	5 → 23 → 12 → 5 68 → 91 → 75 → 68
		25, A5	5 → 21 → 5 8 → 54 → 35 → 2A → 88 → A8 → 118 → 56 → 51 → 22 → 8 18 → 55 → 42 → 18 68 → 84 → 68
	13	14, 36, 67, 77, A6, C4	28 → 53 → 2879 → A0 → 79 98 → B2 → 98
	14	\varnothing	1B → 8A → BA → 11B → 8B → D3 → CA → 136 → 34 → 1B 29 → 61 → 29
	15	78, 88	2 → 4 → 11 → 2 8 → 44 → 22 → 8 15 → 1B → 82 → 48 → 55 → 35 → 24 → 15 2B → 85 → 5E → EB → 162 → 2B 4E → E2 → D5 → CE → 17A → A0 → 6A → 91 → 57 → 4E 9A → C1 → 9A D6 → DA → 12E → D6
		\varnothing	D → A9 → B5 → 92 → 55 → 32 → D
3		122	2 → 22 → 121 → 101 → 2
		20, 21, 130, 131, 203, 223, 313, 332	\varnothing
		103, 433	14 → 230 → 120 → 14
		243, 514, 1055	13 → 44 → 332 → 142 → 201 → 13
	7	12, 22, 250, 251, 305, 505	2 → 11 → 2 13 → 40 → 121 → 13 23 → 50 → 236 → 506 → 665 → 1424 → 254 → 401 → 122 → 23 51 → 240 → 132 → 51 160 → 430 → 160 161 → 431 → 161 466 → 1306 → 466 516 → 666 → 1614 → 552 → 516
		134, 205, 463, 660, 661	662 → 670 → 1057 → 725 → 734 → 662
		30, 31, 150, 151, 570, 571, 1388	38 → 658 → 1147 → 504 → 230 → 38 152 → 158 → 778 → 1571 → 572 → 578 → 1308 → 660 → 530 → 178 → 1151 → 152 638 → 1028 → 638 818 → 1358 → 818
		153, 370, 371, 407	55 → 250 → 133 → 55 136 → 244 → 136 160 → 217 → 352 → 160 919 → 1459 → 919
	11	32, 105, 307, 708, 966, A06, A64	3 → 25 → 111 → 3 9 → 603 → 201 → 9 A → 82A → 1162 → 196 → 790 → 895 → 1032 → 33 → 4A → 888 → 1177 → 576 → 5723 → A3 → 8793 → 1210 → A 25A → 940 → 661 → 364 → 25A 366 → 388 → 876 → 894 → A87 → 1437 → 366 49A → 1390 → 629 → 797 → 1077 → 575 → 49A
		577, 668, A83, 11AA
	13	490, 491, 509, B85	13 → 22 → 13
	14	136, 409
	15	C3A, D87
	16	23, 40, 41, 156, 173, 208, 248, 285, 4A5, 580, 581, 60B, 64B, 8C0, 8C1, 99A, AA9, AC3, CA8, E69, EA0, EA1
4		\varnothing	121 → 200 → 121 122 → 1020 → 122
		1103, 3303	3 → 1101 → 3
		2124, 2403, 3134	1234 → 2404 → 4103 → 2323 → 1234 2324 → 2434 → 4414 → 11034 → 2324 3444 → 11344 → 4340 → 4333 → 3444
		\varnothing
	7	\varnothing
		20, 21, 400, 401, 420, 421
		432, 2466
5		1020, 1021, 2102, 10121	\varnothing
		200	3 → 3303 → 23121 → 10311 → 3312 → 20013 → 10110 → 3 3311 → 13220 → 10310 → 3311

Extension to negative integers

Perfect digital invariants can be extended to the negative integers by use of a signed-digit representation to represent each integer.

Balanced ternary

In balanced ternary, the digits are 1, −1 and 0. This results in the following:

• With odd powers

p \equiv 1 \bmod 2 , F _{p,} reduces down to digit sum iteration, as ( -1 ) ^{p} = -1 , 0 ^{p} = 0 and 1 ^{p} = 1 .

• With even powers

p \equiv 0 \bmod 2 , F _{p,} indicates whether the number is even or odd, as the sum of each digit will indicate divisibility by 2 if and only if the sum of digits ends in 0. As 0 ^{p} = 0 and ( -1 ) ^{p} = 1 ^{p} = 1 , for every pair of digits 1 or −1, their sum is 0 and the sum of their squares is 2.

Relation to happy numbers

See main article: 3. A happy number

n for a given base b and a given power p is a preperiodic point for the perfect digital invariant function F _{p,} such that the m -th iteration of F _{p,} is equal to the trivial perfect digital invariant 1 , and an unhappy number is one such that there exists no such m .

Programming example

The example below implements the perfect digital invariant function described in the definition above to search for perfect digital invariants and cycles in Python. This can be used to find happy numbers.def pdif(x: int, p: int, b: int) -> int: """Perfect digital invariant function.""" total = 0 while x > 0: total = total + pow(x % b, p) x = x // b return total

def pdif_cycle(x: int, p: int, b: int) -> list[int]: seen = [] while x not in seen: seen.append(x) x = pdif(x, p, b) cycle = [] while x not in cycle: cycle.append(x) x = pdif(x, p, b) return cycle

See also

• Arithmetic dynamics
• Dudeney number
• Factorion
• Happy number
• Kaprekar's constant
• Kaprekar number
• Meertens number
• Narcissistic number
• Perfect digit-to-digit invariant
• Sum-product number

External links

• Digital Invariants

Notes and References

1. http://www.cs.umd.edu/Honors/reports/NarcissisticNums/NarcissisticNums.html Perfect and PluPerfect Digital Invariants
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123639/http://www.geocities.com/~harveyh/narciss.htm PDIs