Generally speaking, candidates are considered perennial if they seek a specific elected office or general high office (such as president, governor, congressperson or mayor) more than three times without success.[1] [2] [3]
Candidate | Current/final political party | Home state | Notable elections lost | Notable results |
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Jeff Boss | | Democratic | | 3 presidential elections (2008, 2012, 2016) U.S. Senate (2008, 2014) New Jersey gubernatorial (2009, 2013) | 8.3% in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election Democratic primary |
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Harry Braun | | Democratic | | 4 presidential elections (2004, 2012, 2016, 2020) 2 congressional (1984, 1986) | Democratic nominee for U.S. House, Arizona district 1 in 1984 and 1986 |
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Mark Callahan | | Republican | | 2012 New Hampshire Republican presidential primary 2014 United States Senate election in Oregon 2016 United States Senate election in Oregon 2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon | Republican nominee, 2016 United States Senate election in Oregon Republican nominee, Oregon's 5th congressional district, 2018 |
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John H. Cox | | Republican | | Illinois's 10th congressional district (2000) 2002 United States Senate election in Illinois2008 Republican Party presidential primary 2018 California gubernatorial election 2021 California gubernatorial recall election | Republican nominee, 2018 California gubernatorial election |
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Jacob Coxey | | Democratic | | 1932 United States presidential election U.S. Senate in Ohio (1916, 1928) Governor of Ohio (1895, 1897) Congressman from Ohio (1894, 1922, 1924, 1928, 1936) | Mayor of Massillon, Ohio Farmer–Labor Party nominee, 1932 United States presidential election |
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Eugene V. Debs | | Socialist | | 5 presidential elections: 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1920 | Indiana State Senate (1885–1889) 6% of popular vote, 1912 United States presidential election |
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Rocky De La Fuente | | Reform | | 2016 presidential election 2017 New York City mayoral election 10 U.S. Senate elections since 2018 21st California congressional district, 2020 | Reform presidential nominee in 2016 and 2020 |
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David Duke | | Republican | | 2 presidential (1988, 1992) 3 U.S. Senate (1990, 1996, 2016) 1 gubernatorial (1991) U.S. House (1999) | Louisiana House of Representatives (1989–1992) Top Republican: 1990 United States Senate election in Louisiana 1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election |
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Joe Exotic | | Democratic | | 2016 presidential election 2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries 2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries | 18.7%, 2018 Oklahoma Libertarian Party gubernatorial primary |
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Jack Fellure | | Republican | | Every presidential campaign between 1988 and 2020 | 2012 Prohibition Party presidential nominee |
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Paul Noel Fiorino | | Unity | | 2024 United States presidential election Every Denver mayoral election since 2011 Every Colorado gubernatorial campaign since 2006 | 2024 Unity Party presidential nominee 5.6%, 2015 Denver mayoral election |
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Howie Hawkins | | Green | | 2006 United States Senate election in New York New York's 25th congressional district (2000, 2004, 2008) 3 gubernatorial (2010, 2014, 2018) 2017 Syracuse mayoral election 2020 presidential election | 2020 Green Party presidential nominee |
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Henry Hewes | | Democratic | | 1989 New York City mayoral election 1994 United States Senate election in New York 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries | New York State Right to Life Party nominee for Mayor of New York City and U.S. Senate |
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E.W. Jackson | | Republican | | 2012 United States Senate election in Virginia 2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election 2018 United States Senate election in Virginia 2024 United States presidential election | Republican nominee, 2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election |
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Bob Kelleher | | Republican | | 1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries 5 gubernatorial (1980, 1984, 1992, 1996, 2004) 3 U.S. Senate (2002, 2006, 2008) 1 U.S. House (1968) | Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in Montana, 2008 Democratic nominee for U.S. House, Montana District 2, 1968 |
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Alan Keyes | | Republican | | 3 presidential (1996, 2000, 2008) 3 U.S. Senate (1988 and 1992 in Maryland, 2004 in Illinois) | 5% in 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries 3-time Republican nominee for U.S. Senate |
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Gloria La Riva | | Peace and Freedom | | Every presidential campaign since 1984 3 gubernatorial (1994, 1998, 2018) 1983 San Francisco mayoral election California's 8th congressional district (2008) | Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominee, 2016 and 2020 |
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Lyndon LaRouche | | Democratic | | Every presidential campaign between 1976 and 2004 | Founder of the LaRouche movement |
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Andy Martin | | Republican | | 4 presidential (1988, 2000, 2012, 2016) 7 U.S. Senate (1978, 1980, 1998, 2000, 2008, 2010, 2014) 3 U.S. House (1986, 1992, 2018) 2 gubernatorial (1990, 2006) 1977 Chicago mayoral special election | 1996 Republican nominee for Florida State Senate, District 35 |
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Jimmy McMillan | | Rent Is Too Damn High | | New York City mayoral (1993, 2005, 2009, 2013) New York gubernatorial (1994, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018) 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries[4] 2017 New York City Council election | Second place finisher, District 2, 2017 New York City Council election |
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Ralph Nader | | Independent | | 4 presidential campaigns (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008) | 3% of popular vote, Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign |
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Pat Paulsen | | Independent | | Every presidential campaign between 1968 and 1996 | 1%, 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries 1%, 1996 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary |
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Paperboy Prince | | Democratic | | U.S. House in New York's 7th district (2020, 2022) 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary | Second place, NY-7 Democratic Congressional primary in 2020, 2022 |
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Joe Schriner | | Independent | | Every presidential campaign since 2000 | Candidate in the 2020 American Solidarity Party presidential primary |
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Jerome Segal | | Democratic | | 2018 United States Senate election in Maryland 2020 presidential election (Bread and Roses Party) 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries | 3.6%, 2018 Maryland U.S. Senate Democratic primary |
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Sam Sloan | | Democratic | | 2 Gubernatorial elections (2010, 2014) 2 Presidential elections (2012, 2016) 2013 New York City mayoral election 3 congressional elections (2014, 2016, 2020) | Second place finisher, 2014 New York congressional district 13 Democratic primary |
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Harold Stassen | | Republican | | Every Republican presidential primary between 1944 and 1992, except for 1956 and 1972 U.S. Senate (1978, 1994) U.S. House (1986) Governor of Minnesota (1982) Governor of Pennsylvania (1958, 1966) 1959 Philadelphia mayoral election | Governor of Minnesota (1939–1943) Chair of the National Governors Association (1942-1943) Delegate to the 1944, 1948, 1952, 1964, 1968, and 1992 Republican National Conventions |
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Jill Stein | | Green | | 2012 and 2016 presidential campaigns 2 Gubernatorial (2002 and 2010) | Member of the Lexington Town Meeting (2005–2010) Green Party presidential nominee, 2012 and 2016 |
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Vermin Supreme | | Libertarian | | Every presidential campaign since 2004 | 2020 Libertarian National Convention, third place His running mate in the 2020 Libertarian primaries, Spike Cohen, became Libertarian vice presidential nominee in the general election |
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Randall Terry | | Constitution | | 2012 and 2024 presidential campaigns New York's 26th congressional district (1998) Florida State Senate (2006) Florida's 20th congressional district (2012) | Constitution Party presidential nominee, 2024 18%, 2012 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary 13% in Florida's 20th congressional district, 2012 |
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Norman Thomas | | Socialist | | 6 presidential runs between 1928 and 1948 1 gubernatorial in 1924 1 U.S. Senate in 1934 1929 New York City mayoral election | 6-time Socialist Party presidential nominee |
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Willie Wilson | | Democratic | | 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary 3 Chicago mayoral elections (2015, 2019, 2023) 2020 United States Senate election in Illinois | 3rd place, 2015 Chicago mayoral election and 2020 United States Senate election in Illinois |
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John Wolfe Jr. | | Democratic | | 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee Tennessee's 3rd congressional district (1998, 2002, 2004, 2010) | Second place finisher, 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries | |
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