List of perennial candidates in the United States explained

A perennial candidate is a political candidate who frequently runs for public office without a reasonable chance of winning. The term is the opposite of an incumbent politician who repeatedly defends their seat successfully. In the U.S., perennial candidates are often affiliated with third party politics.

Generally speaking, candidates are considered perennial if they seek a specific elected office or general high office (such as president, governor, congressperson or mayor) more than three times without success.[1] [2] [3]

The United States, a representative democracy with low hurdles to running for elected office, has a long tradition of perennial candidates.

Notable American perennial candidates who have run for president

CandidateCurrent/final political partyHome stateNotable elections lostNotable results
Jeff BossDemocratic3 presidential elections (2008, 2012, 2016)
U.S. Senate (2008, 2014)
New Jersey gubernatorial (2009, 2013)
8.3% in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election Democratic primary
Harry BraunDemocratic4 presidential elections (2004, 2012, 2016, 2020)
2 congressional (1984, 1986)
Democratic nominee for U.S. House, Arizona district 1 in 1984 and 1986
Mark CallahanRepublican2012 New Hampshire Republican presidential primary
2014 United States Senate election in Oregon
2016 United States Senate election in Oregon
2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon
Republican nominee, 2016 United States Senate election in Oregon
Republican nominee, Oregon's 5th congressional district, 2018
John H. CoxRepublicanIllinois's 10th congressional district (2000)
2002 United States Senate election in Illinois2008 Republican Party presidential primary
2018 California gubernatorial election
2021 California gubernatorial recall election
Republican nominee, 2018 California gubernatorial election
Jacob CoxeyDemocratic1932 United States presidential election
U.S. Senate in Ohio (1916, 1928)
Governor of Ohio (1895, 1897)
Congressman from Ohio (1894, 1922, 1924, 1928, 1936)
Mayor of Massillon, Ohio
Farmer–Labor Party nominee, 1932 United States presidential election
Eugene V. DebsSocialist5 presidential elections:
1900, 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1920
Indiana State Senate (1885–1889)
6% of popular vote, 1912 United States presidential election
Rocky De La FuenteReform2016 presidential election
2017 New York City mayoral election
10 U.S. Senate elections since 2018
21st California congressional district, 2020
Reform presidential nominee in 2016 and 2020
David DukeRepublican2 presidential (1988, 1992)
3 U.S. Senate (1990, 1996, 2016)
1 gubernatorial (1991)
U.S. House (1999)
Louisiana House of Representatives (1989–1992)
Top Republican:
1990 United States Senate election in Louisiana
1991 Louisiana gubernatorial election
Joe ExoticDemocratic2016 presidential election
2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
18.7%, 2018 Oklahoma Libertarian Party gubernatorial primary
Jack FellureRepublicanEvery presidential campaign between 1988 and 20202012 Prohibition Party presidential nominee
Paul Noel FiorinoUnity2024 United States presidential election
Every Denver mayoral election since 2011
Every Colorado gubernatorial campaign since 2006
2024 Unity Party presidential nominee
5.6%, 2015 Denver mayoral election
Howie HawkinsGreen2006 United States Senate election in New York
New York's 25th congressional district
(2000, 2004, 2008)
3 gubernatorial (2010, 2014, 2018)
2017 Syracuse mayoral election
2020 presidential election
2020 Green Party presidential nominee
Henry HewesDemocratic1989 New York City mayoral election
1994 United States Senate election in New York
2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
New York State Right to Life Party nominee for Mayor of New York City and U.S. Senate
E.W. JacksonRepublican2012 United States Senate election in Virginia
2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election
2018 United States Senate election in Virginia
2024 United States presidential election
Republican nominee, 2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election
Bob KelleherRepublican1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries
5 gubernatorial (1980, 1984, 1992, 1996, 2004)
3 U.S. Senate (2002, 2006, 2008)
1 U.S. House (1968)
Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in Montana, 2008
Democratic nominee for U.S. House, Montana District 2, 1968
Alan KeyesRepublican3 presidential (1996, 2000, 2008)
3 U.S. Senate (1988 and 1992 in Maryland, 2004 in Illinois)
5% in 2000 Republican Party presidential primaries
3-time Republican nominee for U.S. Senate
Gloria La RivaPeace and FreedomEvery presidential campaign since 1984
3 gubernatorial (1994, 1998, 2018)
1983 San Francisco mayoral election
California's 8th congressional district (2008)
Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominee, 2016 and 2020
Lyndon LaRoucheDemocraticEvery presidential campaign between 1976 and 2004Founder of the LaRouche movement
Andy MartinRepublican4 presidential (1988, 2000, 2012, 2016)
7 U.S. Senate (1978, 1980, 1998, 2000, 2008, 2010, 2014)
3 U.S. House (1986, 1992, 2018)
2 gubernatorial (1990, 2006)
1977 Chicago mayoral special election
1996 Republican nominee for Florida State Senate, District 35
Jimmy McMillanRent Is Too Damn HighNew York City mayoral (1993, 2005, 2009, 2013)
New York gubernatorial (1994, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018)
2012 Republican Party presidential primaries[4]
2017 New York City Council election
Second place finisher, District 2, 2017 New York City Council election
Ralph NaderIndependent4 presidential campaigns (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008)3% of popular vote, Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign
Pat PaulsenIndependentEvery presidential campaign between 1968 and 19961%, 1992 Republican Party presidential primaries
1%, 1996 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary
Paperboy PrinceDemocraticU.S. House in New York's 7th district (2020, 2022)
2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary
Second place, NY-7 Democratic Congressional primary in 2020, 2022
Joe SchrinerIndependentEvery presidential campaign since 2000Candidate in the 2020 American Solidarity Party presidential primary
Jerome SegalDemocratic2018 United States Senate election in Maryland
2020 presidential election (Bread and Roses Party)
2022 Maryland gubernatorial election
2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries
3.6%, 2018 Maryland U.S. Senate Democratic primary
Sam SloanDemocratic2 Gubernatorial elections (2010, 2014)
2 Presidential elections (2012, 2016)
2013 New York City mayoral election
3 congressional elections (2014, 2016, 2020)
Second place finisher, 2014 New York congressional district 13 Democratic primary
Harold StassenRepublicanEvery Republican presidential primary between 1944 and 1992, except for 1956 and 1972
U.S. Senate (1978, 1994)
U.S. House (1986)
Governor of Minnesota (1982)
Governor of Pennsylvania (1958, 1966)
1959 Philadelphia mayoral election
Governor of Minnesota (1939–1943)
Chair of the National Governors Association (1942-1943)
Delegate to the 1944, 1948, 1952, 1964, 1968, and 1992 Republican National Conventions
Jill SteinGreen2012 and 2016 presidential campaigns
2 Gubernatorial (2002 and 2010)
Member of the Lexington Town Meeting (2005–2010)
Green Party presidential nominee, 2012 and 2016
Vermin SupremeLibertarianEvery presidential campaign since 20042020 Libertarian National Convention, third place
His running mate in the 2020 Libertarian primaries, Spike Cohen, became Libertarian vice presidential nominee in the general election
Randall TerryConstitution2012 and 2024 presidential campaigns
New York's 26th congressional district (1998)
Florida State Senate (2006)
Florida's 20th congressional district (2012)
Constitution Party presidential nominee, 2024
18%, 2012 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary
13% in Florida's 20th congressional district, 2012
Norman ThomasSocialist6 presidential runs between 1928 and 1948
1 gubernatorial in 1924
1 U.S. Senate in 1934
1929 New York City mayoral election
6-time Socialist Party presidential nominee
Willie WilsonDemocratic2016 Democratic Party presidential primary
3 Chicago mayoral elections (2015, 2019, 2023)
2020 United States Senate election in Illinois
3rd place, 2015 Chicago mayoral election and 2020 United States Senate election in Illinois
John Wolfe Jr.Democratic2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee
Tennessee's 3rd congressional district (1998, 2002, 2004, 2010)
Second place finisher, 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Local, statewide and federal candidates

Western United States

Notes and References

  1. https://www.npr.org/2011/09/23/140701113/also-rans-what-drives-the-perennial-candidates Also-Rans: What Drives The Perennial Candidates?
  2. Web site: Is incumbent NC insurance commissioner a 'perennial candidate'?. 20 December 2019.
  3. Web site: In defense of being a perennial candidate. billmcgaughey.com.
  4. Web site: Jimmy McMillan Of 'The Rent Is Too Damn High Party' Announces Presidential Bid. December 23, 2010. HuffPost.
  5. News: Where can you run for two offices at once? Vermont, of course. . . August 26, 2014 . Fuller, Jaime .
  6. Book: Eaklor, Vicki L. . Queer America: A GLBT History of the 20th Century . 2008 . Greenwood Press . Westport, Conn. . 978-0-313-33749-9 . 212 . 2010-10-20 . The nineties also saw the first openly transgender person in a state office, Althea Garrison, elected in 1992 but serving only one term in Massachusetts' House..
  7. Book: Haider-Markel, Donald P. . Out and Running: Gay and Lesbian Candidates, Elections, and Policy Representation . 2010 . Georgetown University Press . Washington, D.C. . 978-1-58901-699-6 . 86 . 2010-10-20.
  8. News: Long. Tom. Robert Hagopian, ran for office about 20 times in Hamilton; at 83. Boston Globe. January 7, 1995.
  9. News: Langner. Paul. Hagopian says he'll fight move by Saugus selectmen to fire him. Boston Globe. September 29, 1974.
  10. News: McKinley . Jesse . 0-for-23: An Undeterred Green Party Candidate on His Long Losing Streak . 6 March 2020 . The New York Times . 19 October 2018.
  11. News: Fernandez. Manny. With Stickers, a Petition and Even a Middle Name, Secession Fever Hits Texas. New York Times. November 23, 2012.
  12. News: George Mahoney, 87, Maryland Candidate. The New York Times. 21 March 1989.
  13. News: Basil Marceaux biography . . 2010-07-10 . 2010-07-28.
  14. News: Andy. Sher. Web hit: Marceaux goes viral with views . . 2010-07-29 . 2010-07-29.
  15. Web site: MONGO FOR MAYOR. April 24, 2019. Memphis Current.
  16. Web site: Scheckner. Jesse. February 5, 2024. Annette Taddeo files to run for Miami-Dade Clerk. Florida Politics.
  17. Web site: Meet the Libertarian candidate for governor: Rick Stewart. www.thegazette.com.
  18. Web site: Kim Reynolds wins re-election as Iowa governor. www.thegazette.com.
  19. Web site: Nevada Secretary of State: Elections Results: 2008 Statewide General Election Coverage and Reports. www.nvsos.gov. 2017-05-21.
  20. Web site: Nevada Secretary of State: Elections Results: 2014 Statewide Primary Election Coverage and Reports. www.nvsos.gov. 2017-05-21.
  21. Web site: Nevada Secretary of State: Elections Results: 2011 Municipal Primary Election Coverage and Reports. www.nvsos.gov. 2017-05-21.
  22. Web site: 2010 Unofficial Statewide Primary Election Coverage and Reports. www.nvsos.gov. 2017-05-21.
  23. Web site: Nevada Secretary of State: Elections Results: City of Las Vegas. nvsos.gov. 2017-05-21.
  24. Web site: Nonpartisan Candidates in Partisan Contests . 2024-06-02 . elections.hawaii.gov . en.
  25. News: Mike Schaefer, 80, running for office again . May 3, 2018 . live . https://archive.today/20200320034135/https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2018/may/03/ticker-mike-schaefer-80-running-office-again/%23 . March 20, 2020 . March 20, 2020 .