Americans Explained

Group:Americans
Native Name Lang:en
Flag:Flag of the United States.svg
Flag Caption:Flag of the United States
Population:[1]
(2020 U.S. census)
Regions:American diaspora


(by U.S. citizenship)[2] [3]

Region1:Mexico
Pop1:799,000+
Region2:Colombia
Pop2:790,000+
Ref2:[4]
Region3:Philippines
Pop3:38,000–300,000
Ref3:[5]
Region4:Canada
Pop4:273,000+
Region5:Brazil
Pop5:22,000-260,000
Ref5:[6]
Region6:United Kingdom
Pop6:171,000+
Region7:Germany
Pop7:153,000+
Region8:Australia
Pop8:117,000+
Region9:France
Pop9:100,000+
Ref9:[7]
Region10:Saudi Arabia
Pop10:70,000–80,000
Ref10:[8]
Region11:Israel
Pop11:77,000+
Region12:South Korea
Pop12:68,000+
Region13:Hong Kong  
Pop13:60,000[9]  - 85,000
Ref13:[10]
Region14:Japan
Pop14:58,000+
Region15:Spain
Pop15:57,000+
Region16:Italy
Pop16:54,000+
Region17:Bangladesh
Pop17:45,000+
Region18:Peru
Pop18:41,000+
Region19:Switzerland
Pop19:39,000+
Region20:Ireland
Pop20:35,000+
Region21:Netherlands
Pop21:35,000+
Region22:India
Pop22:33,000+
Langs:Majority:
American English
Minority:
Spanish, Indigenous languages and various others
Rels:Majority:
Christianity (Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Mormonism and other denominations)
Minority:
Irreligion, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and various others[11]

Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States.[12] The United States is home to people of many racial and ethnic origins; consequently, American law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity but with citizenship.[13] [14] [15] [16] The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated to the United States or are descended from people who were brought as slaves within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines,[17] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century;[18] additionally, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands came under American sovereignty in the 20th century, although American Samoans are only nationals and not citizens of the United States.[19] [20]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[21] [22] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[21] It also includes significant influences of African-American culture.[23] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[21]

The United States currently has 37 ancestry groups with more than one million individuals.[24] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[25] [26] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population. Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%, and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[27] In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[28] [29] [30]

Racial and ethnic groups

See main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States.

The United States is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.[31] Six races are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes: Alaska Native and American Indian, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, White, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[32] [33] [34]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[32] [33] [34]

White and European Americans

See main article: European Americans and White Americans.

People of European descent, or White Americans (also referred to as European Americans and Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 331 million people living in the United States, with 191,697,647 people or 57.8% of the population in the 2020 United States census.[35] [36] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 45 states. There are five minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Hawaii.[37] [38] In addition, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories have a non-white majority. The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine, while the state with the lowest percentage is Hawaii.[39]

Europe is the largest continent that Americans trace their ancestry to, and many claim descent from various European ethnic groups.[40]

The Spaniards were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565.[41] Martín de Argüelles, born in 1566 in San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the continental United States.[42] Virginia Dare, born in 1587 in Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.

In the 2020 United States census, English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%), and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States constituting 62.4% of the population.[43] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[50] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[51] and median personal income[52] of any racial demographic in the nation, second only to Asian Americans in the latter three categories.

White and European Americans by ethnic origins
RankEthnic origins% of total populationPopulation
1 19.846,550,968
219.144,978,546
3 16.438,597,428
47.116,813,235
53.78,599,601
6Scottish
Scots-Irish		3.6
0.3		8,422,613
794,478
7French
French Canadian		3.4
0.4		7,994,088
933,740
81.63,839,796
91.63,836,884
101.63,649,179
Total TBA 204,277,273

Middle Eastern and North African Americans

See main article: Middle Eastern Americans, North Africans in the United States, Arab Americans, Iranian Americans, American Jews and Armenian Americans.

According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) to arrive in the Americas landed in the late 15th to mid-16th centuries.[53] [54] [55] [56] Many fled ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition;[57] [58] a few were taken to the Americas as slaves.[54]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of people of Middle Eastern and North African ("MENA") origins.[59] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[60] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[61] This new category would also include Israeli Americans.[62] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[63] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Armenian, Afghan, Azerbaijani, and Georgian groups.[64] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 census.[65]

Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000[66] – 2010 U.S. census,[67] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank[68]
Ancestry20002000 (% of US population) 20102010 (% of US population)
Arab1,160,7290.4125% 1,697,5700.5498%
Armenian385,4880.1370%474,5590.1537%
Iranian338,2660.1202% 463,5520.1501%
Jewish6,155,0002.1810%6,543,8202.1157%
Total 8,568,7723.036418% 9,981,3323.227071%

Hispanic and Latino Americans

See main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans.

Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group in the United States, comprising 62,080,044 people or 18.7% of the population according to the 2020 United States census.[69]

Hispanic and Latino Americans are not considered a race in the United States census, instead forming an ethnic category.[70] [71] [72] [73]

People of Spanish or Hispanic and Latino descent have lived in what is now United States territory since the founding of San Juan, Puerto Rico (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement on American soil) in 1521 by Juan Ponce de León, and the founding of St. Augustine, Florida (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the continental United States) in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[74] [75]
RankNational origin% of total populationPop.
1 10.29% 31,798,258
2 Puerto Rican1.49% 4,623,716
3 0.57% 1,785,547
4 0.53% 1,648,968
5 0.45% 1,414,703
6 0.33% 1,044,209
7 0.3% 908,734
8 0.2% 635,253
9 0.2% 633,401
10 0.1% 564,631
11 0.1% 531,358
All other 2.62% 7,630,835
Hispanic and Latino American (total)18.7% 62,080,044
2020 United States census

Black and African Americans

Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in sub-Saharan Africa.[76] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.[77] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states, and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[76] African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[78] According to the 2020 United States census, there were 39,940,338 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.1% of the population.[79] [80] Black and African Americans make up the third largest group in the United States, after White and European Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans.[81] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 United States census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from Central and West Africa, from ancestral populations in countries like Nigeria, Benin, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Angola,[82] who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[83] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[84] Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces back to the Niger-Congo-speaking Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin (before the European colonization of Africa this people created the Oyo Empire), reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade.[85] Zakharaia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from Mandinka populations (founders of the Mali Empire), and Bantu populations (who had a varying level of social organization during the colonial era, while some Bantu peoples were still tribal, other Bantu peoples had founded kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Kongo).[86]

The first West African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[87] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[88] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[89] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[90] [91] while others would serve the British Empire in the Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[92] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.[93] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[94] Following the end of the Reconstruction era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[95] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,[96] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the civil rights movement.[97]

According to United States Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 U.S. census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%–9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%–4%).[98] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[99]

Black and African American population by ancestry group[100]
RankAncestry groupPercentage
of total est. population		Pop. estimates
1 0.31% 986,897
2 0.28% 873,003
3 0.08% 259,934
4 0.06% 193,233
5 0.03% 94,405
6 0.01% 59,236
0.92% 2,864,067
West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups) 0.85% 2,633,149
Black and African American (total)12.1% 39,940,338
2020 United States census

Asian Americans

See main article: East Asian Americans, South Asian Americans and Southeast Asian Americans.

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 19,618,719 people in 2020, or 5.9% of the United States population.[101] [102] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state. In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[103] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[104]

The United States census defines Asian Americans as those with origins to the countries of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Although Americans with roots in West Asia were once classified as "Asian", they are now excluded from the term in modern census classifications.[105] The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[106] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[107] [108] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.[109] [110] [111]

While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[112] [113] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[114] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[115] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[116] [117]

Asian American ancestries
RankAncestryPercentage
of total population		Pop.
1 1.2% 3,797,379
2 1.1% 3,417,285
3 1.0%3,183,063
4 0.5%1,737,665
5 0.5%1,707,027
6 0.4% 1,304,599
Other Asian 0.9%2,799,448
Asian American (total)5.9%19,618,719
2020 United States census

Native Americans and Alaska Natives

See main article: Alaska Natives.

See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs.

According to the 2020 United States census, there are 2,251,699 people who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives alone; they make up 0.7% of the total population.[118] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America. 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial; additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%). Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[119] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[120]

Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from Native American identity) differ. Based on a sample of users of the 23andMe commercial genetic test, genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of European Americans averaged to 0.18%, and those of Latinos averaged to 18.0%.[121] [122]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000 and 45,000 years ago.[123] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[124] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[125] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[126] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[127] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers, settlers and colonists,[128] [129] as well as between tribes;[130] [131] displacement from their lands;[132] internal warfare,[133] enslavement;[134] and intermarriage.[135] [136]

Native American and Alaska Native population by selected tribal groups[137]
RankNational originPercentage
of total population		Pop.
1 0.26% 819,105
2 0.1% 332,129
3 0.06% 195,764
5 0.05% 170,742
6 0.05% 170,110
All other 1.08% 3,357,235
American Indian (total)0.7% 2,251,699
2020 United States census

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

See main article: Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islander Americans.

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".[138] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[139] As of the 2020 United States census, there are 622,018 who reside in the United States, and make up 0.2% of the nation's total population.[140] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree, and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold. As compared to the 2000 United States census, this population grew by 40%; and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000. The United States territories in the Pacific also have large Pacific Islander populations such as Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (Chammoro), and American Samoa (Samoan). The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii, and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries
RankAncestryPercentagePop.
1 0.17% 527,077
2 0.05% 184,440
3 0.04% 147,798
4 0.01% 57,183
Other Pacific Islanders 0.09% 308,697
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total)0.2% 622,018
2020 United States census

Two or more races

See main article: Multiracial Americans.

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[141] Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[102] by the 2020 census the multiracial increased to 13,548,983, or 4.1% of the total population.[142] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[143] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals. Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States who is biracial- his mother is white (of English and Irish descent) and his father is of Kenyan birth-[144] [145] only self-identifies as being African American.[146] [147]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population[148]
RankSpecific CombinationsPercentage
of total population		Pop.
1 White; Black 0.59% 1,834,212
2 White; Some Other Race 0.56% 1,740,924
3 White; Asian 0.52% 1,623,234
4 White; Native American 0.46% 1,432,309
5 African American; Some Other Race 0.1% 314,571
6 African American; Native American 0.08% 269,421
All other specific combinations 0.58% 1,794,402
Multiracial American (total)4.1% 13,548,983
2020 United States Census

Some other race

According to the 2020 United States census, 8.4% or 27,915,715 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 42.2% or 26,225,882 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the United States census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[149] A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community.[150] Mestizo is not a racial category in the United States census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.

National personification

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

Language

See main article: Languages of the United States, English language, American English and English-only.

Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2010[151]
Language Percent of
population 		Number of
speakers
80.38% 233,780,338
Combined total of all languages
other than English 		19.62% 57,048,617
Spanish
(excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole) 		12.19% 35,437,985
Chinese
(including Cantonese and Mandarin) 		0.9% 2,567,779
0.53% 1,542,118
0.44% 1,292,448
0.44% 1,288,833
0.38% 1,108,408
0.38% 1,107,869

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[152] [153] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[154] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[155]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[156] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[157] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)[158]
Affiliation% of U.S. population
Christian
Protestant
Evangelical Protestant
Mainline Protestant
Black church
Catholic
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Jehovah's Witnesses
Eastern Orthodox
Other Christian
Non-Christian faiths
Jewish
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Other Non-Christian faiths
Unaffiliated
Nothing in particular
Agnostic
Atheist
Don't know/refused answer
Total

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries and a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries. However, similar to the other nations of the Americas.[159] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[160]

The United States has the world's largest Christian population.[161] The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 48% and 23% of the population, respectively.[162] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[163] [164] [165] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation. According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[166]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[167] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office. The First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. European Rationalist and Protestant ideals mainly influenced the decision. Still, it was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[168]

Culture

See main article: Culture of the United States.

The American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Latin American, East Asian, and Polynesian cultures.

The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine and folklore.

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.[169] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,[170] France,[171] and Italy.[172]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[173] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate. Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[174] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[175]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

Diaspora

Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Unlike migration from other countries, United States migration is not concentrated in specific countries, possibly as a result of the roots of immigration from so many different countries to the United States.[176], there were approximately 9 million United States citizens living outside of the United States.[177] As the result of U.S. tax and financial reporting requirements that apply to non-resident citizens, record numbers of American citizens renounced their U.S. citizenship in the decade fron 2010-2020.[178] In 2024 a new organization was created to lobby the U.S. Congress for relief from citizenship-based taxation that is often cited as the reason for the record renunciations.[179]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count . . April 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.
  2. Web site: International Migrant Stock . . 13 January 2022 . September 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210709/https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock . live .
  3. Web site: Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin . February 10, 2014 . . 14 January 2022 . March 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075252/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination . live .
  4. Book: Vidal. Roberto. Chiarello. Leonir Mario. Public Policies on Migration and Civil Society in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. 2013. Scalabrini International Migration Network. New York. 978-0-9841581-5-7. 263–410. 1st. 26 December 2017. Chapter III: Public Policies on Migration in Colombia. http://www.simn-global.org/anuncios/147/550316541cf02.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054055/http://www.simn-global.org/anuncios/140/5501b7c2b82e9.pdf. 19 March 2015. dead.
  5. Web site: U.S. Relations With the Philippines Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet. 2022-08-17. United States Department of State. en. February 7, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062435/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/. live.
  6. Web site: live . Embaixador dos Estados Unidos Todd C. Chapman chega ao Brasil . U.S. Embassy in Brazil . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713034217/https://br.usembassy.gov/pt/embaixador-dos-estados-unidos-todd-c-chapman-chega-ao-brasil/ . July 13, 2020 . March 29, 2020 . 29 March 2020.
  7. Web site: Présentation des États-Unis. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. étrangères. France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. January 25, 2022. January 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220125191500/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/etats-unis/relations-bilaterales/. live.
  8. Web site: Houthi Terrorist Attack in Saudi Arabia. 2022-02-11. United States Department of State. en. February 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220211014736/https://www.state.gov/houthi-terrorist-attack-in-saudi-arabia/. live.
  9. News: US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice. Financial Times. 8 September 2009. 12 August 2017. 28 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110828114521/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09800986-9ca1-11de-ab58-00144feabdc0.html. live.
  10. Web site: U.S. Relations with Hong Kong . 2022-05-31 . 2020-12-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201215114124/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-hong-kong/ . live .
  11. Web site: U.S. Religious Landscape Survey . Luis Lug . Sandra Stencel . John Green . Gregory Smith . Dan Cox . Allison Pond . Tracy Miller . Elixabeth Podrebarac . Michelle Ralston . February 2008 . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . . February 12, 2012 . July 5, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151143/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf . live .
  12. ;
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    • Web site: Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772 . 779 n.3 . February 25, 2009 . U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas . The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.' . June 8, 2021 . August 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214920/https://cite.case.law/f-supp-2d/599/772/#footnote_1_3 . live .
  14. Web site: Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition . USLegal . October 1, 2018 . October 25, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121025124037/https://definitions.uslegal.com/p/permanent-allegiance/ . live .
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    • Slotkin . Richard . 2001 . Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality . American Literary History . Oxford University Press . 13 . 3 . 469–498 . 10.1093/alh/13.3.469 . 3054557 . 143996198 . March 13, 2023 . But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230313183514/https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/amstfp-8 . live .
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    • Book: Petersen . William . Concepts of Ethnicity . Novak . Michael . Gleason . Philip . Harvard University Press . 1982 . 9780674157262 . 62 . To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. . February 1, 2013 . April 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404205901/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&pg=PA62 . live .
    • Book: Charles Hirschman . The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience . Philip Kasinitz . Josh Dewind . November 4, 1999 . Russell Sage Foundation . 978-1-61044-289-3 . 300 . registration .
    • Book: David Halle . America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners . July 15, 1987 . University of Chicago Press . 978-0-226-31366-5 . 233 . The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government. . October 16, 2015 . February 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230205053712/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KCdTkq56zoC&pg=PA233 . live .
  16. Book: Petersen . William . Concepts of Ethnicity . Novak . Michael . Gleason . Philip . Harvard University Press . 1982 . 9780674157262 . 62 . ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. . February 1, 2013 . April 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404205901/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&pg=PA62 . live .
  17. Book: Lifshey, Adam. Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. 2015. University of Michigan Press. 978-0-472-05293-6. 119. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946. May 26, 2018. September 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160538/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z17rCgAAQBAJ. live.
    Book: Rick Baldoz. The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898–1946. 28 February 2011. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-9109-7. 174. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens.". May 28, 2018. September 23, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230923060630/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7QUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174. live.
    Web site: 8 FAM 302.5 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines . . 15 May 2020 . Foreign Affairs Manual . United States Department of State . 9 Jun 2020 . July 19, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180719010406/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/08FAM/08FAM030205.html . live .
  18. Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ;
  19. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
  21. Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. .
  22. Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. .
  23. Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. . Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. .
  24. Web site: Ancestry 2000. June 2004. U.S. Census Bureau. live. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf. December 4, 2004. December 2, 2016.
  25. Web site: The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 .
  26. Web site: Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009. 2009. U.S. Census Bureau. https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf. December 25, 2012. February 11, 2017.
  27. Web site: Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities USAGov . April 5, 2024 . www.usa.gov . en.
  28. News: A Growing Trend of Leaving America . Jay Tolson . . July 28, 2008 . December 17, 2012 . Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999. . October 23, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121023170519/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/07/28/a-growing-trend-of-leaving-america . live .
  29. Web site: 6.32 million Americans (excluding military) live in 160-plus countries. . . Association of Americans Resident Overseas . December 17, 2012 . The total is the highest released to date: close to 6.32 million. . https://web.archive.org/web/20121119013957/http://www.aaro.org/about-aaro/6m-americans-abroad . November 19, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  30. The American Diaspora . . September 26, 2008 . Hurst Communications, Inc. . December 17, 2012 . he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999—and never updated. . November 3, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103233148/http://www.esquire.com/features/american-diaspora-1008 . live .
  31. Web site: Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 . April 24, 2008 . . July 15, 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040715050055/https://www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/chap16.pdf . live .
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  33. Web site: Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 . January 2, 2015 . Grieco . Elizabeth M . Rachel C. Cassidy . . April 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170410133330/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf . live .
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  85. Francesco Montinaro . George B.J. Busby . Vincenzo L. Pascali . Simon Myers . Garrett Hellenthal . Cristian Capelli . Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations . Nature Communications . March 24, 2015 . 10.1038/ncomms7596 . 6 . 6596 . 25803618 . 4374169 . 2015NatCo...6.6596M .
  86. Fouad Zakharia . Analabha Basu . Devin Absher . Themistocles L Assimes . Alan S Go . Mark A Hlatky . Carlos Iribarren . Joshua W Knowles . Jun Li . Balasubramanian Narasimhan . Steven Sidney . Audrey Southwick . Richard M Myers . Thomas Quertermous . Neil Risch . Hua Tang . Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans . Genome Biology . 2009 . 10 . R141 . R141 . 10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141 . 20025784 . 2812948 . free .
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  88. Book: Gomez, Michael A. . Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South . 1998 . University of North Carolina Press . 9780807846940 . 384 . September 27, 2016 . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160604/https://books.google.com/books?id=tfHU4mOPMmMC . live .
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  92. Web site: Black Loyalists . Black Presence . The National Archives . September 11, 2012 . August 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194326/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/work_community/loyalists.htm . live .
  93. Web site: Freedom & Emancipation . Nicholas Boston . Jennifer Hallam . 2004 . Educational Broadcasting Corporation . Public Broadcasting Service . September 11, 2012 . October 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171025150351/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/freedom/history.html . live .
  94. Web site: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . ourdocuments.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . September 11, 2012 . January 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220106092345/https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=40 . live .
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  96. Book: Walter, Hazen . American Black History . 2004 . Lorenz Educational Press . 9780787706036 . 37 . September 11, 2012 . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160604/https://books.google.com/books?id=GuvsptYLFL4C&q=Jim%20Crow%20Laws%20Reconstruction%20African%20Americans&pg=PA37#v=snippet&q=Jim%20Crow%20Laws%20Reconstruction%20African%20Americans&f=false . live .
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  99. Book: Mwakikagile. Godfrey. Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities. 2007. New Africa Press. 978-0980253450. 196. May 10, 2016. May 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170525104815/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzkmjezC80kC&pg=PA196. live.
  100. Web site: B04006, People Reporting Ancestry . https://archive.today/20200212210154/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_3YR_B04006&prodType=table . dead . February 12, 2020 . 2009–2011 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . November 23, 2012.
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  103. Web site: Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011 . December 7, 2011 . Facts for Features . U.S. Census Bureau . January 4, 2012 . September 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120908054957/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb11-ff06.html . live .
  104. News: Asian Americans had higher poverty rate than whites in 2011, study says . Shan Li . Los Angeles Times . May 3, 2013 . May 6, 2013 . In 2011, for example, nearly a third of Asians in the U.S. lived in the metropolitan regions around Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. . May 6, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130506045430/http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-asian-american-poverty-20130502,0,7842601.story . live .
    Web site: Selected Population Profile in the United States . U.S. Census . U.S. Department of Commerce . June 25, 2011 . https://archive.today/20200212041712/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201:031;ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201PR:031;ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201T:031;ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201TPR:031&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-geo_id=31000US16980&-geo_id=31000US19100&-geo_id=31000US31100&-geo_id=31000US35620&-geo_id=31000US41740&-geo_id=31000US41860&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en . February 12, 2020 . dead .
  105. News: Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category. This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.. The Times of Israel. October 23, 2016. January 28, 2022. June 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144106/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-palestinian-americans-could-share-new-middle-eastern-census-category/. live.
  106. Book: Meizhu Lui . Barbara Robles . Betsy Leondar-Wright . Rose Brewer . Rebecca Adamson. The Color of Wealth . 2006. The New Press .
  107. Web site: US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003. July 31, 2006. March 17, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230317201503/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf. live.
  108. Web site: February 2007. The American Community-Asians: 2004. U.S. Census Bureau. September 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002242/http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-05.pdf. September 26, 2007. dead. mdy-all.
  109. Book: Chou, Rosalind . The myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism . Joe R. Feagin . 2008 . Paradigm Publishers . 978-1-59451-586-6 . x . February 9, 2011 . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160557/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HoaAQAAIAAJ&q=Model+Minority+Asians . live .
  110. News: Report Takes Aim at 'Model Minority' Stereotype of Asian-American Students . Tamar Lewin . . June 10, 2008 . February 9, 2012 . November 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211112053151/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/education/10asians.html . live .
  111. Web site: Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze . Tojo Thatchenkery . March 31, 2000 . International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference . modelminority.com . February 26, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318003048/http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=230:asian-americans-under-the-model-minority-gaze-&catid=36:coolies&Itemid=56 . March 18, 2012 . dead . mdy-all .
  112. Web site: The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience . Japanese American Citizens League . 3 . 2006 . November 27, 2016 . April 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412033038/https://jacl.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/2006_GoldMountain_CurGuide.pdf . dead .
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  114. Web site: Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps . Shirley . Hune . David T. . Takeuchi . Third . Andresen . Seunghye . Hong . Julie . Kang . Mavae'Aho . Redmond . Jeomja . Yeo . April 2009 . Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs . State of Washington . February 9, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101103144615/http://www.capaa.wa.gov/documents/AchievementGapReport.pdf . November 3, 2010 . dead . mdy-all .
  115. News: Asian-Americans Are Fastest-Growing Minority Population . Nicole Duran . . November 3, 2011 . February 9, 2012 . February 9, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120209034127/http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/asian-americans-are-fastest-growing-minority-population-20111101 . live .
  116. Book: Lien, Pei-te . The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community . Mary Margaret Conway . Mary Margaret Conway . Janelle Wong . 2004 . Psychology Press . 978-0-415-93465-7 . 7 . February 9, 2012 . In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream. . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928160607/https://books.google.com/books?id=o7ucGq1RZ-EC&q=%22asian%20americans%22%20perpetual%20foreigners&pg=PA7 . live .
  117. Book: Wu, Frank H. . Yellow: race in America beyond black and white . Frank H. Wu . 2003 . . 978-0-465-00640-3 . 79 . registration . asian americans perpetual foreigners. . February 9, 2012.
  118. Web site: The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 . Tina Norris . Paula L. Vines . Elizabeth M. Hoeffel . January 2012 . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . September 9, 2012 . May 5, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221036/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf . live .
  119. Web site: American Indian vs. Native American: A note on terminology . Kathryn Walbert . Kearn NC . . September 9, 2012 . January 11, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165927/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nc-american-indians/5526 . live .
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  121. Bryc . Katarzyna . Durand . Eric Y. . Macpherson . J. Michael . Reich . David . Mountain . Joanna L. . January 2015 . The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 96 . 1 . 37–53 . 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 . 25529636 . 4289685 . 0002-9297.
  122. News: Carl Zimmer . White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkier . 21 October 2018 . The New York Times . 24 December 2014 . The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American. . January 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200115003450/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/science/23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html . live .
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  126. Book: Rodriguez, Arturo B. . U.S. Citizenship Guidebook . 2000 . Sinagtala Educational Resources . 9780967989808 . 82 . September 9, 2012 . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928161030/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrYfS8qCMaoC&q=St.%20Augustine%20florida%20first%20permanent%20settlement&pg=PA82#v=snippet&q=St.%20Augustine%20florida%20first%20permanent%20settlement&f=false . live .
  127. Bianchine . Peter J. . Russo . Thomas A. . 1992 . The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . 13 . 5 . 225–232 . OceanSide Publications, Inc . 10.2500/108854192778817040 . 1483570.
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  130. Book: Thornton, Russell . American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 . Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series . 1987 . University of Oklahoma Press . 9780806122205 . 132 . September 9, 2012 . registration . From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination..
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  136. Mann . Kaarin . 2007 . Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project . Michigan Journal of History . Fall . University of Michigan . September 8, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf . May 15, 2013 . dead . mdy-all .
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  139. Web site: Fact Sheet:What You should Know About Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI's) . White House Initiative on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders (WHIAAPI) . United States Department of Education . September 11, 2012 . July 10, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120710142300/http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/list/asian-americans-initiative/what-you-should-know.pdf . live .
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  141. Book: Jon M. Spencer. The New Colored People: The Mixed-Race Movement in America. August 2000. NYU Press. 978-0-8147-8072-5. February 8, 2019. September 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928161034/https://books.google.com/books?id=zq4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
    Book: Loretta I. Winters. Herman L. DeBose. New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. 2003. SAGE. 978-0-7619-2300-8. February 8, 2019. September 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928161535/https://books.google.com/books?id=beNY-_ooPWoC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. live.
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  155. Web site: The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4 . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau . November 7, 1978 . June 19, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070705235552/http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html . July 5, 2007 . dead .
  156. Book: Dicker, Susan J.. Languages in America: A Pluralist View. 2003. 216, 220–25. Clevedon, UK. Multilingual Matters. 1-85359-651-5.
  157. Web site: California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6). Legislative Counsel, State of California. December 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010302/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&group=00001-01000&file=412.10-412.30. July 22, 2010. dead. mdy-all. Web site: California Judicial Council Forms. Judicial Council, State of California. December 17, 2007. February 10, 2001. https://web.archive.org/web/20010210100209/http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm. live.
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