Polish People's Army Explained

Polish People's Army should not be confused with Home Army.

Unit Name:	Polish People's Army
Size:	200,000 (1945)
Garrison:	Seltsy, RSFSR, Soviet Union (1943–1945) Warsaw, Polish People's Republic (1945–1989)
Garrison Label:	Headquarters
Patron:	Tadeusz Kościuszko
Battles:	World War II - Eastern Front Battle of Lenino Operation Bagration Lublin-Brest Offensive Warsaw Uprising Battle of Studzianki Vistula–Oder Offensive Battle of Poznań East Pomeranian Offensive Battle of Kolberg Battle of Berlin Battle of the Seelow Heights Battle of Bautzen Prague Offensive Aftermath of World War II Anti-Communist Insurgency Polish–Ukrainian ethnic conflict (1945–1947) Czechoslovak Border Conflicts Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Battle Honours:	For Warsaw For Battle of Berlin
Commander1:	Mieczysław Rakowski (last)
Commander1 Label:	First Secretary
Commander2:	Tadeusz Mazowiecki (last)
Commander2 Label:	Prime Minister
Commander3:	Florian Siwicki (last)
Commander3 Label:	Minister of National Defence
Commander4:	Józef Użycki (last)
Commander4 Label:	Chief of the General Staff
Dates:	May 1943 – December 1989
Country:	Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
Allegiance:	Polish People's Republic
Branch:	Air Force of the Polish Army (1943–1947) Polish Air Force (1947–1989) Polish Air Defence Force (1962–1989) Polish Land Forces Polish Navy

The Polish People's Army (Polish: Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, pronounced as /pl/; LWP)^[1] constituted the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1943–1945, and in 1945–1989 the armed forces of the Polish communist state (from 1952, the Polish People's Republic), ruled by the Polish Workers' Party and then the Polish United Workers' Party. The communist-led Polish armed forces, allowed and facilitated by Joseph Stalin, were the result of efforts made in the early 1940s in the Soviet Union by Wanda Wasilewska and Zygmunt Berling.

The official name of those formations were: Armia Polska w ZSRR (Polish Army in the USSR) from 1943 to 1944, Wojsko Polskie (Polish Troops) and Siły Zbrojne Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej (Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland) from 1944 to 1952 and from 1952 Siły Zbrojne Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic). On 7 October 1950, the anniversary of the Battle of Lenino was declared the official "Day of the Polish People's Army" by the authorities of the People's Republic.

History

World War II

See main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East.

What became the LWP was formed during World War II, in May 1943, as the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, which developed into the First Polish Army, unofficially known as Berling's Army. Because of the shortage of Polish officers and the policies of the Soviet Union, in March 1945 Soviet Red Army officers accounted for nearly 52% of the officer corps (15,492 out of 29,372). Around 4,600 of them remained in the LWP by July 1946.^[2]

It was not the only Polish formation that fought on the Allied side, nor the first one formed in the East. The earlier Polish force formed in the Soviet Union, known as Anders' Army, was loyal to the Polish government-in-exile and by that time had moved to Iran. The communist-led Polish forces soon grew beyond the 1st Division into two major commands – the First Polish Army (initially under Zygmunt Berling) and the Second Polish Army (commanded by Karol Świerczewski). The First Polish Army participated in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the Battle of Kolberg and the final Battle of Berlin.^[1]

Immediate post-war years

After the war the Polish Army was reorganized into six (later seven) military districts. These were the Warsaw Military District, headquartered (HQ) in Warsaw, the Lublin Military District, HQ in Lublin, the Kraków Military District, HQ in Kraków, the Łódź Military District, HQ in Łódź, the Poznań Military District, HQ in Poznań, the Pomeranian Military District, HQ in Toruń, and the Silesian Military District, HQ in Katowice.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Polish Army was under the command of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal of Poland and Minister of Defense of Poland Konstantin Rokossovsky. It was increasingly integrated into Soviet military structure and organization. This process was mitigated in the aftermath of the Polish October of 1956, when Władysław Gomułka formalized aspects of Poland's military relationship with the Soviet Union.^[3] The Sovietization of the armed forces structure was phased out altogether and thus the combat and service support structures were integrated once more into regular combat formations following the old Polish model.

Cold War

An anti-Zionist purge in the Polish Army took place in 1968 to systematically remove soldiers of Jewish origin, following the Six-Day War between Israel and Arab countries.

Characteristics

Uniform

In 1949, the first fundamental uniform reform after the war was made.^[4] The "Dress Rules for the Soldiers of the Polish Army" were introduced and were to apply from January 1, 1951.

In the Polish People's Army, a soft field cap modeled on the pre-war one was introduced. After the war, the pre-war garrison caps were used again. Stiffened caps were only worn until around 1950 when they were completely replaced by round caps. In 1982, the Polish Rogatywka, modeled on the pattern from 1935, were restored in the Polish Army's Representative Company.^[5]

Chaplaincy

Throughout the entire period of the existence of the Polish People's Army, its officers and soldiers were provided with pastoral care. Such a service was provided by the General Dean's Office of the Polish Army.^[6]

Training

See also: Dzerzhinsky Political-Military Academy in Warsaw. In the 1980s, the Polish People's Republic had 4 military academies and 11 higher officers' schools, which trained auxiliary corpsmen and corresponded in rank to higher educational institutions. In 1954, judo instructors from the Warsaw and Kraków institutes of physical culture, participated in the training program for border guards and military personnel of the airborne units of the Polish army.^[7]

Equipment

!Weapon!Origin!Type!Notes!Photo

P-64		Semi-automatic pistol
P-83		Semi-automatic pistol
P-33^[8]		Semi-automatic pistol	Licensed copy of TT-33.
AKMAKMS		Assault rifle	Standard issue rifle
PM-84		Submachine gun	Limited use
PM-63		Submachine gun	Standard submachine gun form 1963 till 1989^[9]
7.62 mm pm wz.41		Submachine gun	Polish PPSh-41 produced domestically.^[10]
SWD		Designated sniper rifle	Standard marksman rifle of PPA
		General purpose machinegun	Standard general purpose machinegun of PPA
SKS		Semi-automatic rifle	^[11]
Mosin–Nagant		Bolt-action rifle	Domestically produced.^[12]
SG-43 Goryunov		Machine gun
RPG-7		Light AT weapon

Ground Forces

!Tank!Origin!Version!In service!Notes

T-60			3 pcs. - 1944-1945^[13] ^[14]	After the war, several pieces were sent to military schools.^[15]
T-70			53 pcs. - 1944-1945^[16]	Some of the tanks used after 1945 by the Internal Security Corps.^[17]
T-34		1940, 1941, 1942, 1943^[18]	118 pcs. - 1944-1945^[19]	According to Magnuski, many different versions of the T-34 vehicle were used, both early production and modernized ones.^[20]
T-34-85		M1, M2^[21]	328 pcs. - 1944-1945. 1083 pcs. - 1955, 1444 pcs. - 1960, 417 pcs. - 1985^[22]	Domestically produced 1355 pcs. between 1952-1956.In 1985, the military had 417 pieces of M1, M2 versions.^[23]
PT-76		PT-76, PT-76B^[24]	68 pcs. - 1965, 108 pcs. - 1970, 112 pcs. - 1985, 30 pcs. 1990^[25]	Some of the tanks were modernized in Poland by adding a DSzK HMG above the loader's hatch.^[26]
T-54		A, AD, AM, AM1, AM2, T-55U^[27]	1258 pcs. - 1965, 998 pcs. - 1970^[28]	Between 1956-1964, 2,000 T-54 tanks were produced under license in Poland.^[29]
T-55		A, AD, AD-1, AD-2, AM, AD1M, AD2M, AMS^[30]	128 pcs. - 1965, 956 pcs. - 1970, 2653 pcs., 2100 pcs. - 1990^[31]	Between 1964 and 1980, 5,000 T-55s were produced. Most of it was exported.^[32]
T-72		M, M1^[33]	317 pcs. - 1985, 700 pcs. - 1990^[34]	In the years 1981-1990, Zakłady Mechaniczne Bumar-Łabędy produced approximately 1,600 T-72 tanks.^[35]
IS-2		M^[36]	50 pcs. - 1944-1945,^[37] ^[38] 180 pcs. - 1955, 75 pcs. - 1960^[39]	Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.^[40]
IS-3			2 or 3 pcs.^[41]	Brought for testing purposes. They did not come into use. Two copies have been preserved in museums in Poznań and Warsaw.^[42]

!TD/SPG!Origin!Version!In service!Notes

SU-57		SPG	15 pcs. - 1944-1945,^[43] Few pcs. survived war.^[44]	Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.^[45]
SU-76		SPG	130 pcs. - 1944-1945,^[46] 206 pcs. - 1955.^[47]	Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.^[48]
SU-85		TD	70 pcs. - 1944-1945,^[49] 51 pcs. - 1955, 43 pcs. - 1960^[50]	Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.^[51]
SU-100		TD	At least 3 pcs. - 1943-1945^[52]	Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.^[53]
ISU-122S		SPG	32 pcs. – 1944-1945,^[54] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-152) – 1955, 49 pcs. – 1960^[55]	Withdrawn from use in the 1960s.^[56]
SU-152		SPG	3 pcs. - 1944-1945^[57]
ISU-152		SPG	10 pcs. – 1944-1945,^[58] 399 pcs. (together with ISU-122S) – 1955^[59]	Withdrawn from use in the 1950s.^[60]
ASU-85		SPG	20-30 pcs. - 1965-1975^[61]	Withdrawn from use in the second half of 1970s.^[62]
2S1 Goździk		SPG	166 pcs. - 1985, 490 pcs. - 1990^[63]	Licensed production launched in the 1980s at Huta Stalowa Wola.^[64]
wz.77 DANA		SPG		The first copies appeared in WP in the mid-1980s.^[65]

!APC/IFV!Origin!Version!In service!Notes

BWP-1		IFV	1 400^[66]
BMP-2		IFV	62^[67]	Sold to Angola after communism fell in country.^[68]
MT-LB		APC	15
TOPAS		WPT-TOPAS, -2AP, R-2, R-3^[69]	120 pcs. - 1968, 70 pcs. - 1990^[70]	Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia^[71]
SKOT		-1A, -2A, S-260 Art, S-260 Inż., -WPT, -2AP, R-1, R-2, R2M, R2AM, R-3, R-3M, R-3AM, R-4, R-6^[72]	548 pcs. - 19662 500 total production form Polish Army^[73]	Jointly developed by Poland and Czechoslovakia between 1963-1971.^[74]
BTR-60		PU-12		Included with the 9K33 Osa SAM system delivered between 1980 and 1985.
BRDM-1				The first ones entered the army in the 1960s^[75]
BRDM-2		9P133, 9P148, RS, 9P31^[76]	800 pcs. - 1990^[77]
FUG				The first ones entered the army in the 1960s^[78]

Air Force

!Model!Origin!Type!In service!Notes

MiG-21		Fighter	600	^[79]
MiG-23		Fighter	40
MiG-29		Fighter	12
Sukhoi Su-7		Attack Aircraft	50
Su-20		Attack Aircraft	40	^[80]
Sukhoi Su-22		Attack Aircraft	110
Ilyushin Il-28		Bomber	80
Antonov An-2		Transport	N/A
Antonov An-26		Transport	20
Ilyushin Il-14		Transport	30
Mil Mi-8		Helicopter	80
Mil Mi-2		Helicopter	200	^[81]
Mil Mi-24		Attack helicopter	40

Artillery

Rocket Artillery

• RM-70- 30^[82]
• BM-21 Grad-250 in 1980s.
• 9K52 Luna-M- 40 launchers in 1980s
• Scud B- 25 launchers in 1980s ^[83]

Towed artillery

• 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)- 715
• 152 mm gun-howitzer D-20-166^[84]

Selfpropelled artillery

• 2S1 Gvozdika-498
• 152 mm SpGH DANA- 111
• 2S7 Pion-8

Air defense

Mobile missile

• 2K12 Kub
• 2K11 Krug
• 9K33 Osa-^[85]

Mobile self-propelled AA guns

• ZSU-23-4 Shilka-150 were delivered from USSR until 1991^[86]

Towed anti-aircraft gun

• ZU-23-2-252 ZU-23 and 72 ZUR-23-2 series

Engagements

• Battle of Lenino - 1943
• Battle of Studzianki - 1944
• Vistula-Oder offensive - 1945
• Battle of Kolberg - 1945
• Battle of Bautzen - 1945
• Battle of Berlin - 1945
• Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)
• Battles for Bircza - 1945-1946
• Operation Vistula - 1947
• Poznań protests of 1956
• Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia - 1968
• Polish protests of 1970
• Pacification of Wujek - 1981
• Martial law in Poland (13 December 1981 – 22 July 1983)

See also

• Air Force of the Polish Army
• Polish Armed Forces
• Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)
• Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (GZI WP)
• Internal Military Service (WSW)
• Border Protection Troops (WOP)
• Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)
• Polish Military Organisation
• Armia Ludowa
• Gwardia Ludowa
• Polish forces in the West
• Polish forces in the East
  • Anders' Army
• First Polish Army (1944–1945)

Sources

• Book: Smith, Joseph E.. Small Arms of the World. registration. 11. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Stackpole Company. 1969. 9780811715669.
• Book: The Military Balance 2017 . International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) . Routledge. Arundel House, Temple Place, London, UK . 2017 . 978-1-85743-900-7 . 960838207 . .

External links

• Maps showing the LWP positioning
• Personnel policy of the LWP in the post-war period

Notes and References

1. Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego . Encyklopedia WIEM . Popularna Encyklopedia Powszechna Wydawnictwa Fogra . 2016.
2. Kałużny. Ryszard. Oficerowie Armii Radzieckiej w wojskach lądowych w Polsce 1945-1956. Zeszyty Naukowe WSOWL. 2007. 2. 2. 86–87. AWL. pl. 1731-8157.
3. [Jerzy Eisler]
4. Dziennik rozkazów MON nr 4 z 1949 roku poz.30.
5. Web site: Pulk Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego.
6. Web site: Duszpasterstwo wojskowe w PRL. sjerzy.parafia.info.pl. 2017-09-04.
7. Влодзимеж Голембевский. Из-под Фудзиямы на Вислу // журнал «Польша», № 5 (117), май 1964. стр.52-53
8. Book: Instrukcja Piechoty Pistolet wz. 1933 (wydanie drugie) Piech. 38/48 . 18 October 1961 . Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej . 1961 . 2nd . Poland . pl . Infantry Manual Pistol pattern. 1933 (second edition) Piech. 38/48.
9. Book: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej - Departament Uzbrojenia . 9 mm PISTOLET MASZYNOWY wz.1963 OPIS I UŻYTKOWANIE SPOSOBY I ZASADY STRZELANIA Uzbr. 1048/68 . 1974 . Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej . Wydanie z 1974 . Poland . Polish . 9 mm MACHINE PISTOL wz.1963 DESCRIPTION AND USE SHOOTING METHODS AND RULES Armed. 1048/68.
10. Web site: http://www.fabrykabroni.pl/tresci.php . 2024-07-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131214032102/http://www.fabrykabroni.pl/tresci.php . 2013-12-14 .
11. Web site: Artigo original com identificação . 2024-07-06 . dx.doi.org. 10.33233/eb.v17i5.2331.s1537 . 2024-07-28 .
12. Web site: 2017-07-16 . Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference . 2024-07-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170716010943/http://7.62x54r.net/MosinID/MosinRef01.htm . 2017-07-16 .
13. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
14. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
15. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
16. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
17. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
18. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
19. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
20. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
21. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
22. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
23. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
24. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
25. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
26. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
27. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
28. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
29. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
30. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
31. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
32. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
33. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
34. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
35. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
36. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
37. Book: Magnuski, Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP: 1943 - 1983 . 1985 . Wydawn. Min. Obrony Nar . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
38. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
39. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
40. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
41. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
42. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
43. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
44. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
45. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
46. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
47. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
48. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
49. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
50. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
51. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
52. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
53. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
54. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
55. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
56. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
57. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
58. Book: Magnuski . Janusz . Wozy bojowe LWP [Ludowego Wojska Polskiego]: 1943-1983 . Modrzewski . Jerzy . 1985 . Wydaw. Min. Obrony Narodowej . 978-83-11-06990-9 . Warszawa.
59. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
60. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
61. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
62. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
63. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
64. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
65. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Czołgi i samobieżne działa pancerne Wojska Polskiego 1919-2016 . 2017 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-249-0 . Czerwonak.
66. Web site: bocquelet . david . Polish Tanks & AFVs of the Cold War . 2024-07-06 . tanks-encyclopedia.com . en.
67. http://www.pancerni.abajt.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=83 BMP-2 Pancerni.net 1
68. Web site: Polish Land Forces from 1945 - Muzeum Wojsk Lądowych . 2024-07-06 . en-GB.
69. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
70. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
71. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Czerwonak.
72. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
73. Kubiaczyk C., Transporter opancerzony SKOT, A. Karaś, W. Stefanowska (red.), J. Magnuski, Seria: Typy broni i uzbrojenia, vol. 9, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1971
74. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
75. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
76. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Czerwonak.
77. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Wydanie I . Czerwonak.
78. Book: Szczerbicki, Tomasz . Pojazdy Ludowego Wojska Polskiego . 2014 . Vesper . 978-83-7731-192-9 . Czerwonak.
79. Web site: Orbats . 2024-07-07 . www.scramble.nl.
80. Book: World Air Forces 1971 pg. 935 . 1971 . FlightGlobal . UK . 935 . 2021-01-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150708115136/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971%20-%201052.html . 2015-07-08 . dead.
81. Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 47.
82. Web site: Poland - Army Equipment . 2024-07-06 . www.globalsecurity.org.
83. Web site: Poland - Army Equipment . 2024-07-06 . premium.globalsecurity.org.
84. Web site: Poland - Army Equipment . 2024-07-06 . premium.globalsecurity.org.
85. Web site: 9K33 Osa (1972) . 2024-07-06 . truck-encyclopedia.com.
86. Web site: 5. ЗЕНИТНЫЕ САМОХОДНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ (ЗСУ) – Военный паритет . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170728202516/http://www.militaryparitet.com/nomen/russia/arty/sarty/data/ic_nomenrussiaartysarty/14/ . 28 July 2017 . 22 May 2017 . www.militaryparitet.com.