| Native Name: | Пензенская губерния |
| Conventional Long Name: | Penza Governorate |
| Subdivision: | Governorate |
| Nation: | the Russian Empire |
| Year Start: | 1780 |
| Date Start: | 15 September |
| Year End: | 1928 |
| Date End: | 14 May |
| P1: | Penza province |
| S1: | Penza Okrug |
| Stat Pop1: | 1,470,474[1] |
| Stat Area1: | 36,408 |
| Stat Year1: | 1897 |
| Image Map Caption: | Location in the Russian Empire |
Penza Governorate (Russian: Пензенская губерния|Penzenskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and Russian SFSR, located in the Volga Region. It existed from 1780 to 1797 and again from 1801 to 1928; its capital was in Penza.
Penza Governorate was subdivided into ten uyezds:
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Penza Governorate had a population of 1,470,474. Of these, 83.0% spoke Russian, 12.8% Mordvin, 4.0% Tatar, 0.1% Ukrainian and 0.1% Polish as their native language.[2]