Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal relationship with God and experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Book of Acts.Pentecostalism was established in Kerala, India at the start of the 20th century.
The Pentecostal message from the West arrived in Kerala in 1909 through the visit of George Berg. This American missionary of German descent arrived in Bangalore in 1909 and preached in a convention in Kerala. The first Pentecostal congregation was formed through the efforts of Berg in Kerala only in 1911; this was among first generation Christians. Berg was the first missionary to reach out to the natives who did not speak English.[1]
In 1913 Pastor Robert F. Cook also came to India as a missionary. He came to Kerala and began his ministry there in 1914. By 1923, Cook had established 36 churches in Kerala, known collectively as the South India Church of God (Full Gospel) in India. Pastor K. E. Abraham, who was associated with Pastor Cook until 1930, was baptized in the Holy Spirit in 1923, an event considered as the foundation for the establishment of the India Pentecostal Church of God. In 1930, Pastor K.E Abraham who believed that local Keralite churches must be independent from foreign organizations for effective evangelization within India, split from Pastor Cook and formed the South India Pentecostal Church of God. He later changed the name of the church to India Pentecostal Church of God.
In addition to the work begun by Abraham, Pentecostalism grew rapidly in Kerala through the ministries of the Ceylon Pentecostal Mission (CPM), the Church of God (Cleveland), and the Assemblies of God.[2]
| Communities | Population | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Syro-Malabar | 2345911 | 7.0 | |
| Syro-Malankara | 465207 | 1.4 | |
| Latin Catholics | 932733 | 2.8 | |
| Jacobite | 482762 | 1.4 | |
| Orthodox | 493858 | 1.5 | |
| Marthoma | 405089 | 1.2 | |
| CSI | 274255 | 0.8 | |
| Pentecost | 213806 | 0.6 | |
| Dalits | 159982 | 0.5 | |
| Other Christians | 361864 | 1.1 | |
| Total Christians | 6141269 | 18.4 |
Source: Religious Denominations of Kerala[3]
| Youth Association Name | Community | |
|---|---|---|
| PYPA (Pentecostal Young People's Association) | India Pentecostal Church of God | |
| YPE (Young People's Endeavour) | Church of God | |
| CA (Christ Ambassadors) | Assemblies of God | |
| Royal Youth | Glorious Church Of God | |
| CEM (Christian Evangelical Movement) | Sharon Fellowship Church | |
| NLYF (New Life Youth Fellowship) | New India Bible Church | |
| YPCA (Young People's Christian Association) | New India Church of God | |
| YF (Youth Fellowship) | World Mission Evangelism Church of God | |
| PYF (Pentecost Youth Fellowship) | Pentecost Church of God | |
| Youth Impact | New Life Assembly of God Worship Center, Kadapra, Kumbanad. | |
| FTC 1 | FOR THE CRUCIFIED ONE |
In classical Pentecostalism, the baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to be a separate and distinct experience occurring sometime after regeneration. Influenced by the Holiness movement, baptism with the Holy Spirit was regarded by the first Pentecostals as being the third work of grace, following the new birth (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace).[4] [5]
John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist movement, taught that there were two distinct phases in the Christian experience.[6] In the first work of grace, the new birth, the believer received forgiveness and became a Christian. During the second work of grace, sanctification, the believer was purified and made holy.[7] Wesley taught both that sanctification could be an instantaneous experience,[8] and that it could be a gradual process.[9] [10]
Early Methodists wore plain dress, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general".[11] John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts On Dress;[12] in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation".[13] The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection thus stated that "we would ... ejoin on all who fear God plain dress".[14]
Outward Holiness, or External Holiness, is a Wesleyan-Arminian doctrine emphasizing modest dress and sober speech.[15] The doctrine was prevalent during the revival movements for the early Lutheran Pietists and Methodists, and during the Holiness and Pentecostal movements. Some Christian denominations within the Wesleyan-Arminian theological tradition, such as some Methodist, Holiness, and Pentecostal denominations continue to observe outward holiness.The standards are:
As a continuation, in Kerala many Traditional Pentecostal denominations do not wear ornaments depending upon the denomination they are part of. However Dr. Valsan Abraham who is the current president of IPC Church has mentioned that removing ornaments is not a part of Biblical doctrine but the forefathers of IPC CHURCH had decided to have a simple lifestyle and the practice of removing ornaments has never ever recorded in the constitution of IPC and in the statement of faith. Most of the Independent churches in Kerala do not have a practice of removing ornaments. At the turn of the century, more and more traditional churches are moving away from the practice of mandating compulsory removal of ornaments and classifying it as a personal choice of believers.
List of some main institutions are:
Media plays a leading role to spread Pentecostalism in Kerala through Television Channels, Radio Channels, Newspapers/Magazines and Social Media.
| Television Channels | Radio/FM Channels | Newspapers/Magazines | Presence in Social Media | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Powervision TV | Bafa Radio | Good News | Online Good News | |
| Harvest TV | Psalms Radio | Hallelujah | Dunatos Gospel Ministries | |
| Trumpet TV | Radio Manna | Believers Journal | M4manna | |
| Kahalam TV | Jesus Coming FM | Marupacha | Yeshuappa Lovers | |
| Manna TV | RAFA Radio | Kraisthava Ezhuthupura | ||
| Glorious TV | My Appa | Glorious Time | ||
| IAG TV | My Worship Radio | Disciples News |
The US-based persecution watchdog International Christian Concern (ICC) has learned some attacks on Christians in Kerala, generally considered a safe-haven for Christians because of the large Christian minority there. The ICC warned that the Kerala attacks would only embolden anti-Christian extremists elsewhere to attack the even more vulnerable Christians in their states.[18]
The Vishwa Hindu Parishad along with the Arya Samaj arranged the Ghar Wapsi Program and converted a few number of Christians to Hinduism in Kerala. Because Dalit Christians had belonged to SC/ST communities before conversion to Christianity, but they are denied the government's SC/ST benefits in education and job reservation.[19] The Supreme Court ruled that a person who reconverts from Christianity to Hinduism shall be entitled to reservation benefits if his forefathers belonged to a Scheduled Caste and the community accepts him after reconversion.[20]
American Evangelist Billy Graham came in February 1956, conducted program in Kottayam in Kerala. Most of the pentecostal Christian homes in Kerala had the wall poster with the side view picture of 36 years old Evangelist Dr. Billy Graham with the writing "God is Calling The Church”.[21]
German Evangelist Reinhard Bonnke preached in Kochi for the CfaN Fire Conference on April 9-13, 2008.