Pentaphenylphosphorus Explained

Pentaphenylphosphorus is an organic phosphorane containing five phenyl groups connected to a central phosphorus atom. The phosphorus atom is considered to be in the +5 oxidation state. The chemical formula could be written as P(C₆H₅)₅ or Ph₅P, where Ph represents the phenyl group. It was discovered and reported in 1949 by Georg Wittig.^[1]

Formation and history

Pentaphenylphosphorus can be formed by the action of phenyllithium on tetraphenylphosphonium bromide or tetraphenylphosphonium iodide.^[2] The compound was produced during the course of Wittig's Nobel-prize-winning investigations of organophosphorus compounds.^[1]

Structure

Pentaphenylphosphorus is trigonal bipyramidal, according to several determinations by X-ray crystallography. The axial and equatorial P-C bond lengths are 199 and 185 picometers, respectively.

The monoclinic crystal has dimensions a=10.03, b=17.22 c=14.17 Å and β=112.0°.^[3] Pentaphenyl phosphorus can also crystallise with solvent, (to form a solvate) with tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexane.^{[4] [5]}

Reactions

On heating, pentaphenylphosphorus decomposes to form biphenyl and triphenylphosphine.^[1]

Pentaphenylphosphorus reacts with acidic hydrogen to yield the tetraphenylphosphonium ion and benzene.^[1] For example pentaphenylphosphorus reacts with carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids to yield the tetraphenylphosphonium salt of the carboxylate or sulfonate, and benzene.^[6]

Pentaphenylphosphorus transfers a phenyl group to organomercury, and tin halides. For example pentaphenylphosphorus reacts with phenylmercury chloride to yield diphenyl mercury and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride. With tributyltin chloride, tributylphenyltin is produced. However the pentaphenylphosphorus reaction with triphenylbismuth difluoride, chloride or bromide makes triphenylbismuth and fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene or bromobenzene. This is probably because tetraphenylbismuth halides (Ph₄BiF, Ph₄BiCl, Ph₄BiBr) spontaneously decompose as the halogen reacts with one phenyl group.^[7]

When heated with carbon dioxide or sulfur, bicyclic compounds are formed, where the reactant bridges between one of the phenyl groups and the phosphorus.^[8]

Extra reading

• Zykova . A.R. . РЕАКЦИЯ ПЕНТАФЕНИЛФОСФОРА С ГЕКСАХЛОРОПЛАТИНОВОЙ КИСЛОТОЙ. Reaction of Pentaphenylphosphorus with Hexachloroplatinic Acid . Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series "Chemistry" . 2021 . 13 . 1 . 31–38 . 10.14529/chem210103. ru. free .
• Hoffmann . Roald . Howell . James M. . Muetterties . Earl L. . Molecular orbital theory of pentacoordinate phosphorus . Journal of the American Chemical Society . May 1972 . 94 . 9 . 3047–3058 . 10.1021/ja00764a028.

Notes and References

1. Wittig . Georg . Rieber . Martin . Über die Metallierbarkeit von quaternären Ammonium- und Phosphonium-Salzen . Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie . 1949-05-10 . 562 . 3 . 177–186 . 10.1002/jlac.19495620303.
2. 10.1002/jlac.19495620304 . Preparation and Properties of Pentaphenyl-Phosphorus. Darstellung und Eigenschaften des Pentaphenyl-phosphors . 1949 . Wittig . Georg . Rieber . Martin . Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie . 562 . 3 . 187–192 .
3. Wheatley . P. J. . 408. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Pentaphenylphosphorus . Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) . 1964 . 2206 . 10.1039/JR9640002206.
4. Müller . Gerhard . Bildmann . Ulrich Jürgen . Crystal and Molecular Structure of P(C₆H₅)5·0.5THF . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B . 2004-12-01 . 59 . 11–12 . 1411–1414 . 10.1515/znb-2004-11-1207. 99733089 .
5. Brock . C. P. . Lattice Energy Calculations for (C₆H₅)₅M0.5C₆H₁₂, M = P, As and Sb: Towards an Understanding of Crystal Packing in the Pentaphenyl Group V Compounds . Acta Crystallographica Section A . 1977-11-01 . 33 . 6 . 898–902 . 10.1107/S0567739477002204. 1977AcCrA..33..898B .
6. Shaturin . V. V. . Senchurin . V. S. . Shaturina . O. K. . Boyarkina . E. A. . Tetraphenylphosphonium carboxylates and sulfonates. Synthesis and structure . Russian Journal of General Chemistry . January 2009 . 79 . 1 . 78–87 . 10.1134/S1070363209010125. 96900890 .
7. Sharutin . V. V. . Sharutina . O. K. . Senchurin . V. S. . Egorova . I. V. . Ivanenko . T. K. . Petrov . B. I. . Phenylation of Organic Derivatives of Mercury, Silicon, Tin, and Bismuth with Pentaphenylantimony and Pentaphenylphosphorus . Russian Journal of General Chemistry . 2003 . 73 . 2 . 202–203 . 10.1023/A:1024731719528. 91420871 .
8. Book: B. J. Walker . C. D. Hall . Organophosphorus Chemistry . 1990 . Royal Society of Chemistry . 978-0-85186-196-8 . 51–54 . https://books.google.com/books?id=KvSmokx8BV0C&pg=PA51 . en . Pentaco-ordinated and Hexaco-ordinated Compounds.