Penicillium rubrum explained

Penicillium rubrum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which produces kojic acid, mitorubrin, mitorubrinol, rubratoxin A, rubratoxin B rubralactone, rubramin and occurs in grain corn and soybeans.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} Penicillium rubrum is similar to the species Penicillium chrysogenum.^[6]

Further reading

• Book: Claude Vezina . Kartar Singh . Fermentation Products: Proceedings of the Sixth International Fermentation Symposium Held in London, Canada, July 20-25, 1980 . Elsevier . 2013 . 978-1-4831-4846-5.
• Book: John I. Pitt . Ailsa D. Hocking . Fungi and Food Spoilage . 3 . Springer Science & Business Media . 2009 . 978-0-387-92207-2.
• Book: Larry R. Beuchat . Food and Beverage Mycology . Springer Science & Business Media . 1987 . 978-0-442-21084-7.
• Book: Pieter Steyn . The Biosynthesis of Mycotoxins: A study in secondary Metabolism . Elsevie . 2012 . 978-0-323-14993-8.
• 10.1038/2071094a0. 5866311. Specificity of Pigment Formation by Penicillium rubrum Stoll. Nature. 207. 5001. 1094–5. 1965. Sen. S. N..
• 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1966.tb07908.x. 4381730. Isolation and characterisation of hepatotoxins from Penicillium rubrum. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 18. 7. 471–3. 1966. Townsend. R. J.. Moss. M.. Peck. H. M..
• 10.1007/BF02051985. 5455793. Strain variation in the production of rubratoxins by Penicillium rubrum Stoll. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 40. 2. 81–8. 1970. Moss. M. O.. Hill. I. W..
• 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)87693-0. The structure of rubratoxin a, a toxic metabolite of Penicillium rubrum. Tetrahedron Letters. 10. 5. 367. 1969. Moss. M.O.. Wood. A.B.. Robinson. F.V..
• 579578. 1977. Emeh. C. O.. Synthesis of macromolecules and rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum. Archives of Microbiology. 115. 2. 157–62. Marth. E. H.. 10.1007/bf00406369.

Notes and References

1. Book: Atta-ur- Rahman . Studies in Natural Products Chemistry: Bioactive Natural Products (Part L) . Gulf Professional Publishing . 2011 . 978-0-08-045847-2.
2. Book: Burkhard Fugmann . Susanne Lang-Fugmann . Wolfgang Steglich . RÖMPP Encyclopedia Natural Products, 1st Edition . Georg Thieme Verlag . 2014 . 978-3-13-179311-9.
3. 10.1271/bbb.70112. 17690484. Rubralactone, Rubralides A, B and C, and Rubramin Produced by Penicillium rubrum. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 71. 8. 1896–901. 2014. Kimura. Yasuo. Yoshinari. Takashi. Koshino. Hiroyuki. Fujioka. Shozo. Okada. Katsuhide. Shimada. Atsumi. free.
4. Book: Ulrich Kück . Minou Nowrousian . Jürgen Reiß . Birgit Hoff . Ines Engh . Schimmelpilze: Lebensweise, Nutzen, Schaden, Bekämpfung . Springer Science & Business Media . 2009 . 978-3-540-88716-4.
5. Book: John I. Pitt . Ailsa D. Hocking . RÖMPP Lexikon Lebensmittelchemie . 2 . Georg Thieme Verlag . 2014 . 978-3-13-179282-2.
6. 10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12. 22679592. 3317369. Fleming's penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens. IMA Fungus. 2. 1. 87–95. 2011. Houbraken. Jos. Frisvad. Jens C.. Samson'. Robert A..