Penicillium citrinum explained

Penicillium citrinum is an anamorph, mesophilic fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which produces tanzawaic acid A-D, ACC, Mevastatin, Quinocitrinine A, Quinocitrinine B, and nephrotoxic citrinin.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]} Penicillium citrinum is often found on moldy citrus fruits and occasionally it occurs in tropical spices and cereals.^[10] This Penicillium species also causes mortality for the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.^{[11] [12]} Because of its mesophilic character, Penicillium citrinum occurs worldwide.^[4] The first statin (Mevastatin) was 1970 isolated from this species.^[1]

Further reading

• 10.1177/09544089211064153. Artificial neural network-based modelling of optimized experimental study of xylanase production by Penicillium citrinum xym2. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 2021. Kumar . G. . Saha . S. P. . Ghosh . S. . Mondal . P. K.. 236. 4. 1340–1348. 245395416.
• 10.1186/1471-2180-8-231. 19099608. 2631606. Plant growth promotion and Penicillium citrinum. BMC Microbiology. 8. 231. 2008. Khan . S. . Hamayun . M. . Yoon . H. . Kim . H. Y. . Suh . S. J. . Hwang . S. K. . Kim . J. M. . Lee . I. J. . Choo . Y. S. . Yoon . U. H. . Kong . W. S. . Lee . B. M. . Kim . J. G. . free.
• 10.3390/ijms9091676. Inhibition of Citrinin Production in Penicillium citrinum Cultures by Neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 9. 9. 1676–1684. 2008. Mossini . S. A. G. . Kemmelmeier . C. . 19325825. 2635761. free.
• 10.1016/0031-9422(93)85144-G. A heat-labile serine proteinase from Penicillium citrinum. Phytochemistry. 32. 6. 1393–1397. 1993. Yamamoto . N. . Matsumoto . K. . Yamagata . Y. . Hirano . K. I. . Ichishima . E. . 7763554. 1993PChem..32.1393Y.
• 10.1021/bi00871a040. The Biosynthesis of Citrinin in Penicillium citrinum. I. Production and Degradation of Citrinin. Biochemistry. 5. 7. 2451–8. 1966. Rodig . O. R.. Ellis . L. C.. Glover . I. T. . 5959469.
• 10.3382/ps.0571221. Toxicity of Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 Contaminated Corn and Citrinin in Broiler Chicks. Poultry Science. 57. 5. 1221–1226. 1978. Roberts . W. T.. Mora . E. C.. 724592. free.
• 10.1039/P19810002577. The biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1. 2577. 1981. Barber . J. . Carter . R. H. . Garson . M. J. . Staunton . J. .
• 10.1039/J39680000085. The biosynthesis of phenols. Part XV. Some metabolites of Penicillium citrinum related to citrinin. Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 85–93. 1968. Curtis . R. F.. Hassall . C. H.. Nazar . M.. 1. 5688882.
• 10.1067/mai.2000.105220. Complementary DNA cloning and immunologic characterization of a new Penicillium citrinum allergen (Pen c 3). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 105. 4. 827–833. 2000. Shen . H. D. . Wang . C. W. . Chou . H. . Lin . W. L. . Tam . M. F. . Huang . M. H. . Kuo . M. L. . Wang . S. R. . Han . S. H. . 10756236. free .
• Fatal Penicillium citrinum Pneumonia with Pericarditis in a Patient with Acute Leukemia
• Book: J. P. Felix D'Mello . Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants . CRC Press . 1997 . 0849385512.
• 10.1067/mai.2000.105220. Complementary DNA cloning and immunologic characterization of a new Penicillium citrinum allergen (Pen c 3). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 105. 4. 827–833. 2000. Shen . H. D. . Wang . C. W. . Chou . H. . Lin . W. L. . Tam . M. F. . Huang . M. H. . Kuo . M. L. . Wang . S. R. . Han . S. H. . 10756236. free .
• 9871332. 1998. Da Costa. G. L.. Penicillium species in mosquitoes from two Brazilian regions. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 38. 5–6. 343–7. De Oliveira. P. C.. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199811)38:5/6<343::AID-JOBM343>3.0.CO;2-Z. 221872097.

See also

• List of Penicillium species

Notes and References

1. 10.7164/antibiotics.29.1346. ML-236A, ML-236B, and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogensis produced by Penicillium citrinum. The Journal of Antibiotics. 29. 12. 1346–8. 1976. Endo . A. . Kuroda . M. . Tsujita . Y. . 1010803. free.
2. 10.7164/antibiotics.56.488. Quinocitrinines a and B, New Quinoline Alkaloids from Penicillium citrinum Thom 1910, a Permafrost Fungus. The Journal of Antibiotics. 56. 5. 488–91. 2003. Kozlovsky . A. G.. Zhelifonova . V. P.. Antipova . T. V.. Adanin . V. M.. Ozerskaya . S. M.. Kochkina . G. A.. Schlegel . B.. Dahse . H. M.. Gollmick . F. A.. Gräfe . U. . 12870815. free.
3. https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/5077 UniProt
4. Book: John I. Pitt, Ailsa D. Hocking . Fungi and Food Spoilage . Springer Science & Business Media . 2009 . 978-0387922072.
5. 10870185. 2000. Malmstrøm. J. Secondary metabolites characteristic of Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium steckii and related species. Phytochemistry. 54. 3. 301–9. Christophersen. C. Frisvad. J. C. . 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00106-0. 2000PChem..54..301M. 26854745.
6. 10.3390/ijms9091676. Inhibition of Citrinin Production in Penicillium citrinum Cultures by Neem [Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 9. 9. 1676–1684. 2008. Mossini . S. A. G. . Kemmelmeier . C. . 19325825. 2635761. free.
7. 10.1007/s13225-010-0047-z. Taxonomy of Penicillium citrinum and related species. Fungal Diversity. 44. 117–133. 2010. Houbraken . J. A. M. P. . Frisvad . J. C. . Samson . R. A. . free.
8. http://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/9849.aspx?geo_country=de ATCC
9. Book: 10.1007/978-94-011-4453-7_7. Metabolism of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid by Penicillium Citrinum. Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II. 33–34. 1999. Honma . M.. Jia . Y. J.. Kakuta . Y.. Matsui . H.. 978-94-010-5910-7.
10. http://www.schimmel-schimmelpilze.de/penicillium-citrinum.html schimmel-schimmelpilze.de
11. 24078109. 2014. Maketon. M. A rapid knockdown effect of Penicillium citrinum for control of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Thailand. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 30. 2. 727–36. Amnuaykanjanasin. A. Kaysorngup. A. 10.1007/s11274-013-1500-4. 31999532.
12. 9871332. 1998. Da Costa. G. L.. Penicillium species in mosquitoes from two Brazilian regions. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 38. 5–6. 343–7. De Oliveira. P. C.. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199811)38:5/6<343::AID-JOBM343>3.0.CO;2-Z. 221872097.