Graeae Explained

Graeae should not be confused with Graea.

In Greek mythology, the Graeae (; Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Γραῖαι Graiai,, alternatively spelled Graiai), also called the Grey Sisters and the Phorcides,^[1] were three sisters who had gray hair from their birth and shared one eye and one tooth among them.^[2] They were the daughters of the primordial sea gods Phorcys and Ceto and, among others, sisters of the Gorgons and the Hesperides. Their names were Deino (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δεινώ), Enyo (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἐνυώ), and Pemphredo (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πεμφρηδώ). The Graeae are best known from their encounter with Perseus, who, after capturing their eye, forced them to reveal information about the Gorgons.

Etymology

The word Graeae is probably derived from the adjective Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γραῖα "old woman", derived from the Proto-Indo-European root Indo-European languages: ǵreh₂-, "to grow old" via gera-/grau-iu.^[3]

Mythology

The Graeae were daughters of the sea-deities Ceto and Phorcys (from which their name the Phorcydes derived) and sisters to the Gorgons.^[4] The Graeae took the form of old, grey-haired women. Their age was so great that a human childhood for them was hardly conceivable. In Theogony, however, Hesiod describes the Graeae as being "fair-cheeked". In Prometheus Bound, the Graeae are described as being swan-shaped ("Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κυκνόμορφοι").^[5]

Hesiod names only two Graeae, the "well-clad" Pemphredo (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πεμφρηδώ "alarm") and the "saffron-robed" Enyo (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἐνυώ).^[6] Pseudo-Apollodorus lists Deino (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δεινώ "dread", the dreadful anticipation of horror) as a third.^[7] Calling them "Phorcides", Hyginus, in addition to Pemphredo and Enyo, adds Persis, noting that "for this last others say Dino".^[8]

They shared one eye and one tooth, which they took turns using. By stealing their eye while they were passing it among themselves, the hero Perseus forced them to tell the whereabouts of the three objects needed to kill Medusa (in other versions, the whereabouts of Medusa) by ransoming their shared eye for the information.

Genealogy

See main article: Greek sea gods.

Bibliography

• Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Aeschylus. Fragments. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. . Online version at Harvard University Press
• Aeschylus, Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. . Online version at Harvard University Press
• Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, . "Graeae" p. 175.
• Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
• Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Graeae"
• Book: Roman, Luke . Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology . Roman . Monica . 2010 . Infobase Publishing . 978-1-4381-2639-5.

External links

• The Theoi Project, "GRAIAI"

Notes and References

1. Sommerstein, p. 260, in Aeschylus. Fragments; Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 790 - 800 (pp. 530 - 531) with n. 94; Apollodorus, 1.2.6; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface.
2. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=graeae-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Graeae
3. [Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]
4. Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. Classical Mythology: Images and Insights (Third Edition). California State University, Sacramento. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000, 1998, 1995, pp. 273–274, 1039.
5. [Aeschylus]
6. [Hesiod]
7. [Pseudo-Apollodorus]
8. [Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]