Pauline Hald Explained

Pauline Hald
Birth Date:	February 2, 1904
Birth Place:	New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Death Place:	New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Occupation:	Scientist, medical researcher

Pauline Merritt Hald (February 2, 1904 – December 5, 1998^[1]) was an American clinical chemist and medical researcher, based in New Haven, Connecticut. She worked in the laboratory of chemist John P. Peters for many years, and published the first description of his flame photometry technique for measuring serum sodium and potassium levels.

Early life and education

Hald was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the daughter of Frank Xavier Hald and Josephine Merritt Hald. Her parents were immigrants; her father was born in Germany, and her mother was born in Nova Scotia. She graduated from Wellesley College in 1926.^[2]

Career

Hald worked as a biochemist based in New Haven. starting in the laboratory of John P. Peters at Yale School of Medicine. She was the first person to describe Peters' flame photometry technique for measuring sodium and potassium concentrations in blood samples.^[3] She was later director of the clinical chemistry laboratory at Grace-New Haven Hospital. In 1953 she addressed the Connecticut Society of Medical Technologists as a guest speaker.^[4] In 1957 she was one of the founding officers of the Connecticut section of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.^[5]

Hald also worked at her family's moving and storage business, and volunteered for Catholic women's charities in New Haven.^[6] She was president of the New Haven Wellesley Club,^[7] and a member of the city's Soroptimist Club.^[8]

Publications

From the 1930s to the 1960s, Hald's research was published in academic journals including Journal of Clinical Investigation,^{[9] [10]} Journal of Biological Chemistry,^{[11] [12]} American Journal of Physiology,^[13] and Methods in Medical Research.^[14] She also contributed to the textbook Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry (1963).

• "The plasma proteins in relation to blood hydration. VI. Serum proteins in nephritic edema" (1931, with John P. Peters, Frederick S. Bruckman, Anna J. Eisenman, and A. Maurice Wakeman)
• "The nature of diabetic acidosis" (1933, with John P. Peters, David M. Kydd, and Anna J. Eisenman)
• "The determination of the bases of serum and whole blood" (1933)
• "Osmotic adjustments between cells and serum in the circulating blood of man." Journal of Biological Chemistry (1937, with Anna J. Eisenman and John P. Peters)
• "The importance of removing phosphorus in the determination of serum sodium" (1939)^[15]
• "The state of the inorganic components of human red blood cells" (1940, with Rebecca Z. Solomon and John P. Peters)^[16]
• "Factors that influence the passage of ascorbic acid from serum to cells in human blood" (1940, with Martin Heinemann)^[17]
• "Notes on the determination and distribution of sodium and potassium in cells and serum of normal human blood" (1946)^[18]
• "The flame photometer for the measurement of sodium and potassium in biological materials" (1946)^[19]
• "Sodium, potassium and phosphates in the cells and serum of blood in diabetic acidosis" (1947, with Thaddeus S. Danowski and John P. Peters)
• "The distribution of sodium and potassium in oxygenated human blood and their effects upon the movements of water befween cells and plasma" (1947, with Maurice Tulin, Thaddeus S. Danowski, Paul H. Lavietes, and John P. Peters)^[20]
• "Determinations with flame photometry" (1951)
• "The displacement of serum water by the lipids of hyperlipemic serum. A new method for the rapid determination of serum water" (1955, with Margaret J. Albrink, Evelyn B. Man, and John P. Peters)^[21]
• "Sodium and potassium by flame photometry" (1958, with W. Burkett Mason)
• "Uric Acid" (1963, with Wendell T. Caraway)^[22]
• "Free Amino Acids in Plasma and Urine by the Gasometric Ninhydrin-Carbon Dioxide Method^" (1963, with Elizabeth G. Frame, Neil Y. Chiamori, and Ethel Conger)

Personal life

Hald lived with her younger brother Walter for most of her life. She died in 1998, aged 94 years, in New Haven.

Notes and References

1. Birth and death dates from the Connecticut Death Index and the U. S. Social Security Death Index, via Ancestry.
2. Brewster, Ursula C.. "Miss Pauline M. Hald: A Pioneer Clinical Chemist" Clinical Chemistry 63(11)(2017): 1781-1782.
3. Web site: Pauline Hald . 2022-10-24 . Yale School of Medicine . en.
4. News: 1953-01-20 . Medical Technologists Plan Chemistry Seminar . 5 . Hartford Courant . 2022-10-24 . Newspapers.com.
5. Golden, W.R., and S. Becker, "The Connecticut Valley Section, AACC: a brief history" Clinical Chemistry 23(10)(October 1977): 1933–1934.
6. News: 1963-10-27 . Catholic Women Told of Racial Injustices . 44 . Hartford Courant . 2022-10-24 . Newspapers.com.
7. News: 1947-10-17 . 17 Attend N. Y. Dinner for Wellesley Drive . 53 . The Bridgeport Telegram . 2022-10-24 . Newspapers.com.
8. News: 1945-11-08 . Bellows Falls Group Forms State's First Soroptimist Club . 5 . Rutland Daily Herald . 2022-10-24 . Newspapers.com.
9. Peters, John P., David M. Kydd, Anna J. Eisenman, and Pauline M. Hald. "The nature of diabetic acidosis." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 12, no. 2 (1933): 377-391.
10. Peters, John P., Frederick S. Bruckman, Anna J. Eisenman, Pauline N. Hald, and A. Maurice Wakeman. "The plasma proteins in relation to blood hydration. VI. Serum proteins in nephritic edema." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 10, no. 4 (1931): 941-973.
11. Hald . P. M. . 1933 . The determination of the bases of serum and whole blood . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 103 . 2 . 471–494. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)75827-4 . free .
12. Eisenman, Anna J., Pauline M. Hald, and John P. Peters. "Osmotic adjustments between cells and serum in the circulating blood of man." Journal of Biological Chemistry 118, no. 1 (1937): 289-299.
13. Danowski . Thaddeus S. . Hald . Pauline M. . Peters . John P. . 1947-06-01 . Sodium, potassium and phosphates in the cells and serum of blood in diabetic acidosis . American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content . 149 . 3 . 667–677 . 10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.149.3.667 . 20251070 . 0002-9513.
14. Hald, Pauline M. "Determinations with flame photometer." Methods in medical research 4, no. 2 (1951): 79-105.
15. Hald, Pauline M. "The importance of removing phosphorus in the determination of serum sodium." Journal of Biological Chemistry 130 (1939): 133-142.
16. Solomon . Rebecca Z. . Hald . Pauline M. . Peters . John P. . February 1940 . The state of the inorganic components of human red blood cells . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 132 . 2 . 723–738 . 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)56222-6 . 80681032 . 0021-9258. free .
17. Heinemann, Martin, and Pauline M. Hald. "Factors that influence the passage of ascorbic acid from serum to cells in human blood." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 19, no. 3 (1940): 469-473.
18. Hald, Pauline Merritt. "Notes on the determination and distribution of sodium and potassium in cells and serum Of normal human blood" Journal of Biological Chemistry 163 (1946): 429-434.
19. Hald, Pauline M. "The flame photometer for the measurement of sodium and potassium in biological materials." The journal of biological chemistry (1946): 499-510.
20. Hald . Pauline M. . Tulin . Maurice . Danowski . Thaddeus S. . Lavietes . Paul H. . Peters . John P. . 1947-05-01 . The distribution of sodium and potassium in oxygenated human blood and their effects upon the movements of water between cells and plasma . American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content . 149 . 2 . 340–349 . 10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.149.2.340 . 20239962 . 0002-9513.
21. Albrink, Margaret J., Pauline M. Hald, Evelyn B. Man, and John P. Peters. "The displacement of serum water by the lipids of hyperlipemic serum. A new method for the rapid determination of serum water." The Journal of Clinical Investigation 34, no. 10 (1955): 1483-1488.
22. Caraway, Wendell T., and Pauline M. Hald. "Uric acid." In Standard methods of clinical chemistry, vol. 4, pp. 239-247. Elsevier, 1963.