Paul Whelan (security director) explained

Paul Whelan
Birth Name:Paul Nicholas Whelan
Birth Date:5 March 1970
Birth Place:Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Module:
Child:yes
Header1:Detainment
Label2:Country
Data2:Russia
Label3:Detained
Label4:Conviction
Data4:Espionage
Label5:Charge
Data5:16 years in prison
Label6:Time held
Label7:Released
Module2:
Embed:yes
Allegiance:United States
Branch Label:Branch
Serviceyears:1994–2008

Paul Nicholas Whelan (born March 5, 1970) is a Canadian-born former United States Marine with U.S., British, Irish, and Canadian citizenship.[1] [2] Whelan left the Marines in 2008 with a bad conduct discharge after being convicted on multiple counts "related to larceny".

He was arrested in Russia on December 28, 2018, and accused of spying. On June 15, 2020, he received a 16-year prison sentence. He was released in a United States–Russia prisoner swap in Ankara, Turkey, on August 1, 2024.

Early life

Whelan was born on March 5, 1970, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,[3] to British parents with Irish heritage.[4] He was raised partly in the Ann Arbor area of Michigan where he and his twin brother David graduated from Huron High School in 1988.[5] In addition to his twin brother, Paul Whelan has a brother, Andrew, and a sister, Elizabeth. He said in a deposition in 2013 that he holds a bachelor's degree in criminal justice and an MBA degree.[6] He took courses at Northern Michigan University from fall 1988 to fall 1990 without earning a degree.

Career

According to Whelan, he entered the law enforcement profession in 1988, the same year he graduated high school. He stayed in this profession through the 1990s, as a police officer in Chelsea, Michigan, and a sheriff's deputy in Washtenaw County. The Chelsea Police, however, said he worked in lesser roles and as a part-time officer from 1990 to 1996, while the Washtenaw County sheriff reported no record of his employment.[7] A former colleague said he was a patrol officer from 1998 to 2000 in the Keego Harbor police department. During this period, in 1994, Whelan enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve.

He became an IT manager for the Kelly Services staffing company from 2001[8] to 2003, and then 2008 to 2010. From 2010 to 2016, Whelan was promoted to Kelly Services' senior manager of global security and operations.

He took military leave from Kelly Services to serve with the Marine Corps Reserve from 2003 to 2008, including service in Iraq. He held the rank of staff sergeant with Marine Air Control Group 38, working as an administrative clerk and administrative chief, and was part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. After a court-martial conviction in January 2008 on multiple counts "related to larceny", he was sentenced to 60 days restriction, reduction to pay grade E-4, and a bad conduct discharge.[9] [10] The specific charges against him included "attempted larceny, three specifications of dereliction of duty, making a false official statement, wrongfully using another's social security number, and ten specifications of making and uttering checks without having sufficient funds in his account for payment."[11]

When arrested in Russia, Whelan was director of global security and investigations for BorgWarner, an international automotive parts manufacturer based in Michigan.[12] [13] His work with Kelly Services and BorgWarner gave Whelan contacts with the U.S. intelligence community, federal agents and foreign embassies.[14]

Whelan traveled to Russia several times from 2006 and maintained an intermittent presence on a Russian-language social media website, VKontakte (VK), where he had approximately 70 contacts. He has studied Russian but communicated online using Google Translate.[15] Whelan supported Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election; following Trump's victory, he posted in Russian Президент Трyмп Вперед!! ("President Trump Onward!!").

Arrest in Russia

On December 28, 2018, Whelan was arrested in the Moscow area by Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), which later confirmed his arrest.[16] [17] [18] Whelan's twin brother David said Whelan arrived in Moscow on December 22 to attend the wedding of a fellow former Marine at the Hotel Metropol Moscow and to assist the groom's family members on their first visit to Russia, a country he had visited many times. He said his brother planned to return to Michigan on January 6, 2019, via Saint Petersburg. David said his brother entered Russia using his U.S. passport and had not been in contact with his family.

The BBC cited family members of Whelan, who said Whelan had previously bragged about knowing an agent of the FSB, and was privy to an unusual number of personal details about his friend, including which intelligence training school he attended.[19] Whelan said the man was one of his oldest friends in Russia and that he had visited this man's house the winter before his arrest. Whelan also said he loaned his friend 80,000 Russian rubles ($1,147; £930), and claimed it was for the wedding. The FSB later said that the payment was for intelligence.[20]

According to Whelan, his long-time friend framed him by appearing unexpectedly in the hotel, followed by authorities, who later arrested him.[21] According to attorneys for Whelan, they could not provide the name of Whelan's Russian friend due to Russian secrecy rules, but Whelan's family identified the person as Ilya Yatsenko, whom the Russian newspaper Kommersant described as a major in the FSB's Department "K", which monitors Russian economic crimes.[22] [23]

Criminal charges

Whelan was formally charged on January 3, 2019.[24] According to the Russian news agency, Whelan was apprehended in his hotel room at the Metropol Hotel while concluding a long outing with a Russian citizen, who handed him a USB flash drive containing "a list of all the employees at a classified security agency". The independent Latvian-based publication Meduza reported that the wedding attendees all banded close together for the duration of the holiday, and were taken aback by Whelan's decision to spend the day alone.[25]

Whelan was held for trial in Moscow's Lefortovo Prison, where as of March 2019, he shared a cell with a prisoner who spoke no English.[26]

Former CIA officers have stated that the CIA would not recruit an officer with Whelan's military record, nor leave an officer exposed without a diplomatic passport. They further claim that Whelan's arrest is connected to tensions between Russia and the United States, including the detention of confessed unregistered foreign agent Maria Butina.[27] [28] On December 20, 2018, when discussing Butina's arrest, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that Russia "will not arrest innocent people simply to exchange them".[29]

U.S. Ambassador to Russia Jon Huntsman Jr. met with Whelan on January 2, 2019, while Whelan was in Russian custody.[30] He told Whelan's family that Paul was "in good health and good spirits", but that the family needed to supply all his incidental needs aside from basic foodstuffs.[31] U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said: "We've made clear to the Russians our expectation that we will learn more about the charges, come to understand what it is he's been accused of and if the detention is not appropriate, we will demand his immediate return."[32] On January 4, 2019, British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said: "We don't agree with individuals being used in diplomatic chess games... We are all extremely worried about him and his family." As of January 4, British and Irish consular officials were seeking access to Whelan.

On January 3, 2019, Whelan's attorney, Vladimir Zherebenko, said he was seeking his release on bail. He said a trial would not begin for at least six months, and that he would welcome an exchange of Whelan for Butina.[33] He said: "I presume that he is innocent because, for now, I haven't seen any evidence against him that would prove otherwise." A few weeks later, Zherebenkov said Whelan had been unaware of the contents of the USB drive and believed it contained material solely of personal value such as "photographs, videos, anything at all, about his previous holiday in Russia."[34]

On January 5, 2019, the Russian Foreign Ministry said that on the day after Whelan's arrest the United States had detained a Russian citizen, Dmitry Makarenko (born 1979), in the Northern Marianas and transported him to Florida to face charges of unauthorized export of defense equipment.[35]

Conviction and sentencing

On June 15, 2020, Whelan was convicted and sentenced to 16 years in a Russian prison for espionage by a court in Moscow.[36] [37] His lawyers said they believed Russia would now seek a prisoner swap. Whelan said in court that the case was a sham to use him to influence the United States: "We have proven my innocence... we have proven fabrication. This is slimy, greasy corrupt Russian politics, nothing more, nothing less."[38] [39]

Whelan was initially held at the Correctional Colony No. 18 under supervision of the Russian Federation's Federal Penitentiary Service.[40] he was held in a high-security prison, IK-17, eight hours drive southeast of Moscow.[41]

Campaign for release

Family members said Whelan had been told that he had been arrested to be exchanged for a Russian prisoner in the United States, mentioning Konstantin Yaroshenko (who was released in return for American Trevor Reed), Viktor Bout, or Roman Seleznev.[42] On July 27, 2022, it was announced that President Joe Biden had offered a trade for Whelan and WNBA player Brittney Griner, who was arrested in Russia in February on drug charges, in exchange for convicted arms dealer Viktor Bout, nicknamed "The Merchant of Death".[43] The Russian side insisted on the additional release of Vadim Krasikov, an assassin serving a life sentence for murder in Germany.[44] The Russian position was that Whelan was an agent and so required an exchange of comparable value such as Krasikov.[45] Griner and Bout were, according to Russia's view, just considered criminals and so were of lesser value.[46] After negotiations, only Griner was exchanged for Bout on December 8, 2022, as the Kremlin had refused to release Whelan and posed an ultimatum to the Biden administration of freeing Griner or no one.[47]

Whelan's brother David Whelan approved of the decision to "make the deal that was possible, rather than waiting for one that wasn't going to happen."[48]

On May 4, 2023, U.S. Ambassador to Russia Lynne Tracy visited Whelan in the remote Russian penal colony where he was being held.[49] On August 16, 2023, Secretary of State Antony Blinken spoke with Whelan on the phone and told him to "keep the faith and we're doing everything we can to bring you home as soon as possible."[50] On November 28, 2023, David Whelan discussed in an email to supporters that Paul had stated he was assaulted during his time at the camp; he was punched in the face by another inmate while working at a sewing table. Whelan's glasses were broken during the assault, which David speculated may have been motivated by "anti-American sentiment [which] is not uncommon among other prisoners."[51]

According to an inmate, Whelan received a lot of mail in prison, including a letter reportedly from Julian Assange.[52]

Release

See main article: 2024 Russian prisoner exchange. Whelan's attorney reported losing contact with Whelan in late July 2024.[53]

On August 1, 2024, Whelan was released as part of a prisoner exchange at Ankara Esenboğa Airport.[54] [55] [56] David Whelan issued a statement thanking the press for persisting in covering his brother's story during the 2,043 days of his captivity. He asked his brother be allowed some privacy and declared his role as a spokesperson ended.[57] The Whelan twins' sister Elizabeth appeared alongside President Joe Biden in the Oval Office that day and spoke to Paul Whelan as he and others released prepared to leave Ankara.[58] Greeting Paul Whelan on the tarmac at Joint Base Andrews, Biden removed the American flag pin from his lapel and pinned it on Whelan's jacket.[59]

Personal life

Whelan is a citizen of Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland.[60] [61] His twin brother David ascribed Paul's acquisition of the multiple nationalities to "probably a genealogical interest as much as anything."

Whelan lived in Novi, Michigan, prior to detainment in Russia.[62]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Ian. Stewart. As American Sits In Moscow Jail, Russia Says U.S. Has Detained One Of Its Citizens. NPR. en. January 5, 2019. January 5, 2019. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105204942/https://www.npr.org/2019/01/05/682513110/as-american-sits-in-moscow-jail-russia-says-u-s-has-detained-one-of-its-citizens. live.
  2. News: Sarah . Rainsford . Paul Whelan: the strange case of the ex-marine jailed for spying in Russia . BBC . June 21, 2020 . June 20, 2020 . June 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105019/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53110087 . live .
  3. News: U.S. ambassador meets with Ottawa-born man arrested in Russia on spying charges . January 4, 2019 . . January 2, 2019 . en . January 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103224553/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-espionage-arrest-us-citizen-1.4963547 . live .
  4. News: American Paul Whelan was in Russia for wedding, not to spy, family says. USA Today. January 1, 2019. John. Bacon. January 1, 2019. January 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050427/https://www.usatoday.com/amp/2456954002. live.
  5. News: Twin brother of Novi man accused of spying in Russia: He's innocent. Detroit Free Press. January 2, 2019. Kristen Jordan. Shamus. January 3, 2019. January 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190105172658/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/01/01/paul-whelan-novi-michigan-russian-spy-espionage-david-whelan/2459021002/. live.
  6. Web site: Exhibit 4: Deposition of Paul Nicholas Whelan . 16 . January 18, 2013 . January 22, 2019 . Kingpin.cc . . November 1, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201101083458/http://www.kingpin.cc/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/mied-2.12-cv-11253-23-5.pdf . live .
  7. News: American charged with espionage in Russia has an unlikely background for a spy . . January 3, 2019 . January 6, 2019 . Shane . Harris . Paul . Sonne . Amie . Ferris-Rotman . January 5, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/american-paul-whelan-charged-with-espionage-in-russia-news-agency-reports/2019/01/03/51dab55a-0f6a-11e9-8f0c-6f878a26288a_story.html . live .
  8. Web site: Meet Putin's American Prisoner, Paul Whelan. Adam. Rawnsley. Betsy. Woodruff. Kevin. Poulsen. January 1, 2019. January 3, 2019. The Daily Beast. January 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103132754/https://www.thedailybeast.com/meet-putins-american-prisoner-paul-whelan. live.
  9. News: Accused spy Paul Whelan was discharged from Marines for bad conduct. Shamus. Kristen Jordan. Detroit Free Press. January 2, 2019. January 3, 2019. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190104073027/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/oakland/2019/01/02/paul-whelan-discharge-marines-larceny/2463709002/. live.
  10. Web site: U.S. v. Whelan, Docket #200800152 . The United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps (U.S. Navy JAG) . Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (NMCCA) . December 4, 2019 . August 26, 2008 . He was sentenced to 60 days restriction, reduction to pay grade E-4, and, a bad-conduct discharge. . June 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615183753/https://www.jag.navy.mil/courts/documents/archive/2008/WHELAN,%20P.N.%20200800152%20PCE.pdf . dead .
  11. Web site: U.S. v. Whelan, Docket #200800152 . The United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps (U.S. Navy JAG) . Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals (NMCCA) . December 4, 2019 . August 26, 2008 . June 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615183753/https://www.jag.navy.mil/courts/documents/archive/2008/WHELAN,%20P.N.%20200800152%20PCE.pdf . dead .
  12. News: Baldo . Lolita C. . An American soldier was arrested in Russia and accused of stealing, US officials say . . May 6, 2024 . May 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506201541/https://who13.com/news/politics/ap-politics/ap-an-american-soldier-was-arrested-in-russia-and-accused-of-stealing-us-officials-say/ . May 6, 2024.
  13. News: Kube . Courtney . Gains . Mosheh . U.S. soldier detained in Russia, officials say: The soldier, who was stationed in Korea and traveled to Russia on his own, is accused of stealing from a woman. . . May 6, 2024 . May 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506192457/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/us-soldier-detained-russia-officials-say-rcna150928 . May 6, 2024.
  14. News: George. Hunter. New details emerge about Novi resident accused of spying in Russia. Detroit News. January 2, 2019. December 9, 2022. December 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221210033224/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2019/01/02/new-details-emerge-novi-resident-accused-spying-russia/2465815002/. live.
  15. News: Spy or Not? American Who Loves Russia Ensnared in New Cold War. Barnes. Julian E.. January 3, 2019. The New York Times. January 4, 2019. MacFahrquhar. Neil. January 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103224914/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/world/europe/us-spy-suspect-whelan-russia.html. live.
  16. News: American Paul Whelan arrested in Russia on spy charges as potential retribution for Maria Butina. Cristina. Maza. December 31, 2018. Newsweek. January 1, 2019. October 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201022025841/https://www.newsweek.com/american-paul-whelan-arrested-russia-spy-1275503. live.
  17. News: Brother of American arrested in Russia on spy charges says he was there for a wedding. Fieldstadt. Elisha. January 1, 2019. NBC News. January 1, 2019. January 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102014214/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/brother-american-arrested-russia-spying-charges-says-he-was-there-n953526. live.
  18. Web site: American arrested in Russia on spying charges was there for a wedding. Berry. Lynn. January 1, 2019. The Globe and Mail. January 1, 2019. Associated Press. January 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102133413/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-american-arrested-in-russia-on-spying-charges-is-innocent-brother/. live.
  19. News: Rainsford . Sarah . The curious case of the ex-marine jailed for spying . July 25, 2020 . . June 21, 2020 . August 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240805011118/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53110087 . live .
  20. News: Rainsford . Sarah . The curious case of the ex-marine jailed for spying . July 25, 2020 . BBC News . June 21, 2020 . July 5, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705212829/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53110087 . live .
  21. Web site: Russia keen to raise Paul Whelan's jail time to 18 years . June 30, 2020 . EU-OCS – European Observatory of Crimes and Security . July 10, 2020.
  22. News: Апелляционный суд признал законным отказ в рассмотрении ходатайства о передаче Уилана в США . The Court of Appeal upheld the legal refusal to consider the request to transfer Whelan to the United States . ru . . November 8, 2021 . June 18, 2024 . June 18, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240618220005/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5063864 . live .
  23. News: Кириллова . Ксения (Kirillova, Ksenia) . Пол Уилан и ЧВК 'Вагнера': как вербовщики на войну в Украине прячутся от заключенных в РФ иностранцев . Paul Whelan and the Wagner PMC: how recruiters for the war in Ukraine are hiding from foreigners imprisoned in the Russian Federation . ru . ForumDaily . December 5, 2022 . June 18, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240618215240/https://www.forumdaily.com/pol-uilan-i-chvk-vagnera-kak-verbovshhiki-na-vojnu-v-ukraine-pryachutsya-ot-zaklyuchennyx-v-rf-inostrancev/ . June 18, 2024.
  24. News: Jeremy Hunt warns Russia not to play 'diplomatic chess games' over British man arrested for spying. Spocchia. Gino. January 4, 2019. The Daily Telegraph. January 4, 2019. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190104114207/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/04/ex-marine-held-russia-spying-british-dual-national/. live.
  25. News: Кто такой Пол Уилан – американец, осужденный в России за шпионаж . June 30, 2020 . meduza.io . January 1, 2019.
  26. News: Michelle . Kosinski . Michelle Kosinski . Details of Russian obstruction paint bleak picture for American held in Moscow . . March 9, 2019 . June 15, 2020 . June 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615094639/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/08/politics/paul-whelan-imprisonment-details/index.html . live .
  27. News: Russia's Arrest of Paul Whelan Is Payback for Maria Butina, CIA Veterans Say. Rawnsley. Adam. December 31, 2018. The Daily Beast. January 1, 2019. Woodruff. Betsy. Dozier. Kimberly. December 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191231205927/https://www.thedailybeast.com/russias-arrest-of-paul-whelan-is-payback-for-marina-butina-cia-veterans-say. live.
  28. News: Pierce. Charles P.. December 31, 2018. The President* Is So Hopelessly Compromised. Esquire. January 1, 2019. December 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181231214346/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a25713139/russia-american-prisoner-paul-whelan-maria-butina/. live.
  29. News: U.S. citizen arrested in Russia on spying charges. Macfahrquhar. Neil. December 31, 2018. The Globe and Mail. January 3, 2019. New York Times News Service. January 2, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190102013846/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-us-citizen-arrested-in-russia-on-spying-charges/. live.
  30. News: Ambassador Huntsman visits American detained in Moscow. Chalfant. Morgan. January 2, 2019. The Hill. January 3, 2019.
  31. January 11, 2019 . January 7, 2019 . Paul Whelan's twin opens up about Russia spy allegations, citizenship . . David . Whelan . Kristen Jordan Shamus . January 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190125113704/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/01/07/paul-whelan-michigan-spy-russia/2496053002/ . live .
  32. News: Russia allows U.S. ambassador to meet with detained American. Morello. Carol. January 2, 2019. The Washington Post. January 4, 2019. Ferris-Rotman. Amie. January 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190104012053/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-grants-detained-american-access-to-us-embassy-officials/2019/01/02/9736d2c8-0e9d-11e9-831f-3aa2c2be4cbd_story.html. live.
  33. News: Paul Whelan, American Accused of Spying, Is Said to Be Charged in Russia. MacFahrquhar. Neil. January 3, 2019. The New York Times. January 3, 2019. January 3, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103193928/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/world/europe/us-spy-suspect-whelan-russia.html. live.
  34. News: Bennetts. Marc. US spy suspect found with Russian 'state secrets', lawyer says. The Times. January 22, 2019. January 22, 2019. January 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190122123950/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/us-spy-suspect-found-with-russian-state-secrets-lawyer-says-zt9k3ds3f. live.
  35. News: Moscow Accuses Washington of Detaining Russian Citizen After Whelan's Arrest. TASS. Mikhail. Metzel. The Moscow Times. January 5, 2018. January 8, 2018. January 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106085955/https://themoscowtimes.com/news/moscow-accuses-washington-of-detaining-russian-citizen-after-whelans-arrest-64044. live.
  36. News: Kim . Hjelmgaard . Deirdre . Shesgreen . Former U.S. Marine Paul Whelan, convicted of espionage charges in Russia, gets 16-year prison sentence . June 15, 2020 . June 15, 2020 . . en-US . June 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615085723/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/06/15/american-paul-whelan-former-marine-convicted-spying-russia/3173916001/ . live .
  37. News: Khurshudyan . Isabelle . June 15, 2020 . American Paul Whelan convicted of spying by Russia, gets 16 years in prison . June 15, 2020 . . en . June 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200615121826/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/verdict-for-american-paul-whelan-held-in-russia-on-spy-charges-expected-monday/2020/06/15/175fc7a4-aa5e-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html . live .
  38. News: Ex-U.S. Marine Paul Whelan sentenced to 16 years jail in Russia. Patrick. Reevell. ABC News. June 15, 2020. December 11, 2022. December 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221211072430/https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-marine-paul-whelan-sentenced-16-years-jail/story?id=71251643. live.
  39. News: Russian court sentences US citizen Paul Whelan to 16 years in prison. Mary. Ilyushina. Jennifer. Hansler. CNN. June 15, 2020. June 15, 2020. June 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615094709/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/15/world/paul-whelan-sentenced-russia-intl/index.html. live.
  40. Web site: Norman. Greg. August 7, 2020. American Paul Whelan arrives at Russian penal colony after espionage conviction. August 8, 2020. Fox News. en-US. August 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807202150/https://www.foxnews.com/world/paul-whelan-russia-conviction. live.
  41. Web site: Paul Whelan: Grim life of US 'spy' in Russian labour camp. Rainsford. Sarah. December 22, 2020. BBC News. December 22, 2020. August 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240805011112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-55405134. live.
  42. News: Rob . Schmitz . Miguel . Macias . Amy . Isackson . April 28, 2022 . Trevor Reed came back home, but Paul Whelan is still imprisoned in Russia . . April 29, 2022 . August 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220805220132/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/28/1095365163/trevor-reed-came-back-home-but-paul-whelan-is-still-imprisoned-in-russia . live .
  43. News: CNN Exclusive: Biden administration offers convicted Russian arms dealer in exchange for Griner, Whelan . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208175603/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/27/politics/griner-whelan-biden-offer-viktor-bout-exchange-russia-arms-dealer/index.html . December 8, 2022 . . Kylie . Atwood . Evan . Perez . Jennifer . Hansler . July 27, 2022 . July 28, 2022.
  44. News: Kevin. Liptak. Phil. Mattingly. In freeing Griner, Biden faced resistance abroad and at home. Washington Post. December 9, 2022. December 9, 2022. December 10, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221210012436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/12/09/brittney-griner-viktor-bout-paul-whelan/. live.
  45. Web site: 2022-12-09 . Russia demanded that a spy held in Germany be freed in exchange for Paul Whelan . 16 July 2024 . CNN . en . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211024515/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/09/politics/russia-paul-whelan-vadim-krasikov-germany/index.html . live .
  46. News: Shear . Michael D. . Baker . Peter . 2022-12-09 . Inside the Prisoner Swap That Freed Brittney Griner . 16 July 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . December 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221210111259/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/09/us/politics/brittney-griner-prisoner-swap.html . live .
  47. Web site: Kevin. Liptak. Phil. Mattingly. Inside Biden's agonizing decision to take a deal that freed Brittney Griner but left Paul Whelan in Russia. CNN. December 9, 2022. December 9, 2022. December 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221208235924/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/08/politics/biden-griner-whelan-decision/. live.
  48. News: Bigg . Matthew Mpoke . Hopkins . Valerie . December 8, 2022 . Griner's release puts a spotlight on Paul Whelan, another American imprisoned in Russia. . en-US . . December 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . December 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208140806/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/world/europe/paul-whelan-russia-prison-griner.html . live .
  49. Web site: Hansler . Jennifer . 2023-05-04 . US ambassador to Russia visits Paul Whelan in prison CNN Politics . 2023-05-05 . CNN . en . May 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505081219/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/politics/paul-whelan-us-ambassador-visit/index.html . live .
  50. Web site: Hansler . Jennifer . Atwood . Kylie . Tausche . Kayla . Exclusive: Blinken speaks by phone with Paul Whelan, who is wrongfully detained in Russia . CNN . August 16, 2023 . 17 August 2023 . August 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817142835/https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/16/politics/blinken-paul-whelan-phone-call/index.html . live .
  51. Web site: Paul Whelan Says He Was Punched in the Face at Russian Labor Camp . McDougall . AJ . The Daily Beast . 28 November 2023 . 28 November 2023 . en . December 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231201124226/https://www.thedailybeast.com/paul-whelan-says-he-was-punched-in-the-face-at-russian-labor-camp . live .
  52. News: Pankratov . Sasha . Our American Friend . . May 20, 2024 . May 21, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240608155106/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2024/05/20/our-american-friend-en . June 8, 2024.
  53. Web site: Americans Gershkovich and Whelan included in big prisoner swap, Turkey says . August 1, 2024 . Osborn . Andrew . Lebedev . Filipp . Papachristou . Lucy . . August 1, 2024.
  54. News: August 1, 2024 . Jacobs . Jennifer . US Reporter Freed by Russia in Multi-Country Prisoner Swap . 1 August 2024 . August 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801115628/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-01/us-reporter-released-by-russia-in-multi-country-prisoner-swap . live .
  55. News: Bayer . Lili . August 1, 2024 . Biden celebrates 'feat of diplomacy' after Evan Gershkovich and others freed in major prisoner swap with Russia– live . August 1, 2024 . the Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077 . August 5, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240805011112/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/aug/01/russia-prison-swap-us-journalist-evan-gershkovich-wsj-vadim-krasikov-live . live .
  56. News: Troianovski . Anton . Mazzetti . Mark . Hubbard . Ben . 2024-08-01 . Live Updates: Russia Releases Evan Gershkovich in Sweeping Prisoner Swap, Turkish Officials Say . 2024-08-01 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . August 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801145441/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/01/world/russia-prisoner-swap-us . live .
  57. News: August 1, 2024 . August 1, 2024 . Paul Whelan's brother reacts to news of release. What he wrote to the media . The Detroit News . August 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240801195328/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2024/08/01/paul-whelan-brother-reacts-to-news-of-release/74635026007/ . live .
  58. News: August 2, 2024 . August 1, 2024 . Detroit Free Press . Biden: Paul Whelan's 'brutal ordeal is over' after release from prison in Russia . Todd . Spangler . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802013846/https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/2024/08/01/biden-paul-whelan-release-russia-prison-statement/74634700007/ . live .
  59. News: August 2, 2024 . Wall Street Journal . August 1, 2024 . Biden Gives American Flag Pin to Whelan . Michael . Wright . August 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240802105542/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/evan-gershkovich-free-russia-hostage-exchange/card/biden-gives-american-flag-pin-to-whelan-FNMBzN22uDUQccLw1S9d . live .
  60. News: . January 4, 2019 . Ex-US marine accused of spying in Russia is British citizen . January 3, 2019 . Kevin . Rawlinson.
  61. News: Colm . Ó Mongáin . US citizen held in Moscow seeks Irish consular aid . January 4, 2019 . January 4, 2019 . . January 4, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104065854/https://www.rte.ie/amp/1020235/ . live .
  62. News: Chavez . Nicole . Here's what we know about Paul Whelan, the US citizen accused of spying in Russia . January 4, 2019 . . January 3, 2019 . January 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190103225229/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/02/us/paul-whelan-detained-russia-what-we-know/index.html . live .

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