| Partof: | Mughal-Rajput War (1558-1576) |
| Date: | 23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568 |
| Place: | Chittorgarh |
| Result: | Mughal victory |
| Territory: | The Mughal Empire swept into the territories of Sisodias |
| Combatant1: | Mughal Empire |
| Combatant2: | Mewar Kingdom |
| Commander1: | Akbar Asaf Khan Jalal Khan Alam Khan Quazi Ali Baghdadi Adil Khan Abdul Majid Khan Wazir Khan Mir Qasim Hussain Quli Khan Imteyaz Khan Syed Jamaluddin Barha |
| Commander2: | Jaimal Rathore Patta Chundawat Ishwar Das Chauhan Rawat Sai Das Chundawat Kalyan Singh Rathore (Kalla) Ballu Solanki Dodiya Thakur Sanda awat Sahibkhan Chauhan Raj Rana Surtan Singh Jhala Udaibhan |
| Strength1: | 1,00,000 |
| Strength2: | 7,000-8,000 cavalry and musketeers |
| Casualties1: | Heavy (around 25,000) |
| Casualties2: | Heavy (8,000) |
| Notes: |
|
The siege of Chittorgarh (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) was the military expedition of the Mughal Empire under Akbar against the Mewar kingdom that commenced in 1567 during which the Mughals successfully captured the fort of Chittorgarh after a hard-pressed siege which lasted for several months.
Akbar under his expansionist policy, besieged the strategic Sisodia capital of Chittor in October 1567 and further gave a religious colour to the struggle by declaring it as a Jihād against the infidels. On Akbar's advance, Sisodia ruler Rana Udai Singh moved to the mountainous principality of his kingdom (on the advice of his war councils) and placed the fort under the command of Jaimal Rathore.
After over four months of seesaw action during which the Mughal forces suffered heavy casualties, the battle eventually broke the deadlock when Jaimal succumbed to a musket shot of Akbar on 22 February 1568. The fort was captured the next morning on the day of Holi after a gallant resistance by the Rajputs. The conquest of Chittor was proclaimed by Akbar as the victory of Islam over infidels.
After the subjugation of the fort, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in the course of which 30,000 Hindu civilians were slaughtered and a large number of women and children were enslaved. Akbar placed the fort under his general Asaf Khan and returned to Agra.
In 1567, Akbar after putting down the revolts of Uzbeks, turned his attention towards the Rajput states of Rajasthan. The Kachhwaha ruler Bharmal already accepted his supremacy by sending his daughter Harka Bai into the Mughal Harem, although all other families except Amber were still hostile towards the Mughals. Thus, Akbar undertook a vigorous expansionist policy to bring them under his sway. Due to the political importance of Chittor for a stable route to Malwa and Gujarat and for further inroads into the Deccan, Akbar advanced with a vast army and artillery from his capital Agra and besieged the fort on 23 October 1567. The contemporary Persian chronicles and his courtiers, also blamed Rana Udai Singh for providing refuge to the Afghan rebel Baz Bahadur as a reason of their invasion.
On hearing about Akbar's encroachment into his territory, Udai Singh along with the royal family on the advice of his war councils and ministers fled to the western belt of Mewar in his newly established city of Udaipur. Some later writers accused him of cowardice and being an unworthy heir of Rana Sanga, although no contemporary Persian author gave such an impression. Udai Singh placed the fort under the command of Jaimal Rathore with 8,000 cavalry and some musketeers.
When Akbar learnt of Udai Singh's escape, he dispatched a force under Hussain Kuli Khan towards Udaipur to capture him, although he failed to capture the Rana and returned after plundering Udaipur and its surrounding districts. After the failure of Hussain Quli Khan, Akbar sent another contingent under Asaf Khan to capture Udai Singh. While he too failed to capture the Rana, though, he sacked the wealthy town of Rampura (renamed it Islampur) which guarded the southern flank of Chittor. According to Akbar, the Mughal troops returned with enormous spoils and "sent many worthless infidels to the abode of perdition".
Initially, the Mughals tried to attack the fortress directly but the citadel was so sturdy that the only options available to the Mughals were to either starve out the occupants of the fort or to somehow reach the walls and sap beneath them. After initial aggressive attempts at reaching the wall failed, Akbar ordered a complement of 5,000 expert builders, stonemasons, and carpenters to construct sabats (approach trenches) and mines to reach the walls. Two mines and one sabat were constructed after significant casualties while three batteries bombarded the fort. A large siege cannon was also cast to breach the walls once the sabat reached the objective.
Fifty-eight days after the siege began, the imperial sappers finally reached the walls of Chittorgarh. The two mines were exploded and the walls were breached at the cost of 200 of the assault force. But the defenders soon sealed the opening. Akbar then steadily brought his siege cannon closer to the walls under the cover of the sabat. Finally, on 22 February 1568, the Mughals were able to breach the walls at several locations simultaneously to begin a coordinated assault. While Jaimal was repairing the damage to the fort at night, Akbar killed Jaimal through a musket shot which shattered the morale of the defenders who considered the day lost.
On the night of 22 February 1568, several Rajput women at various places inside the fort committed Jauhar (self-immolation by fire) to protect their honour from the Mughals. Thus, on 23 February 1568 on the day of Hindu festival of Holi, the Rajputs dressed in saffron garments opened the gates for the last stand (Sakha) under the leadership of Patta Chundawat and eventually by night, the fort was captured by the Mughals after a gallant resistance.[1]
The siege also resulted in heavy casualties on the Mughal side, where two hundred of them were killed every day.[2] The contemporaneous Persian accounts mentioned several instances during the siege where Akbar himself barely evaded death.[3]
After capturing the fort on 23 February 1568, Akbar ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population in which 30,000 Hindu civilians inside the fort who were largely non-combatants were slaughtered. After the mass slaughter, many women and children were enslaved[4] followed by desecration of many Hindu and Jain temples on Akbar's order.[5] [6] [7]
Akbar who earlier gave a religious colour to the conflict by declaring it as a Jihād, subsequently proclaimed the conquest of the fort as the victory of Islam over infidels. The Mughal soldiers who died in the combat were hailed as Ghazis by Akbar. He also issued a victory letter on 9 March 1568 where he addressed his governors of Punjab about the campaign[8] [9] (quoted by Andre Wink)
Akbar stayed at Chittorgarh for three days before leaving for the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti (barefooted), as part of his oath to visit the shrine after the conquest of Chittor. Akbar handed the charge of the fort to his trusted general Asaf Khan and returned to Agra.
On returning to Agra, Akbar erected the statues of Jaimal and Patta outside his fort either to honour their doughty resistance or to humiliate them as his doorkeepers.[10] Akbar, also commented upon them in his victory letter. (translated by Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli)
The violent fate of Chittor turned out to be a watershed in Akbar's conquest of the north Indian plain and in his relations with the Rajput states. The reduction of Chittor, brought almost all of the leading Rajput kingdoms under his sway who were hostile towards him prior to the battle.[11] However, Udai Singh II, the Rana of Mewar, continued to remain at large until his death four years later. His son Maharana Pratap won the Battle of Haldighati. Though struggling the territory of Mewar in 1582, through guerrilla warfare, he managed to regain entire Mewar until his death. In the battle of Dewair, he broke the mughal arrogance in such a manner that it starts horrifying the akbar. Akbar was such a coward that he never came in the battlefield in front of Veer shiromani Maharana Pratap ji.
The Jauhar of 1568 is a part of the regional legend and is locally remembered on the Hindu festival of Holi (on the day Chittor was sacked) as a day of Chittorgarh massacre by Akbar, with "the red colour signifying the blood that flowed that day".
Mughal conquest of Chittor was part of Sony television series Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap based on the life of Maharana Pratap. The series depicted the besieging of the fort in over fifty episodes titled Chittor par Sankat.[12]
"Akbar's siege of Chittor, the gallant Rajput resistance led by Jaimal and Patta, the subsequent Jauhar on the part of the Rajputs and Akbar's conquest of the fort has been the saga of many tales and ballads in Rajasthan"
"We are told that the besiegers lost nearly 200 men every day"
"Akbar was surprisingly saved from the balls several times. Once, when he was on inspection towards Lakhota Bari, a ball fell near him and killed Jalal Khan, who was standing near him. On some other occasion, when he was towards Chittori Burj, suddenly a ball from the fort fell near him and killed twenty men. Similarly, a bullet killed Khan-Alam, men, who was standing near him, Nizamuddin Ahmad" has also narrated similar incidents (II): The principal battery was set up in front of Lakhota Bari, where Hussain Khan Chugatai, Ikhtiyar Khan, Quazi Ali Baghdadi and others, were posted. Another battery was established in front of Surajpole under the supervision of Sujha-at-Khan, Raja Todarmal, Qasim Khan etc. Towards the south of the fort a battery under the command of Asaf Khan, Khwaja Abdul Mazid etc., was set up"
"It can be argued that Akbar himself still practiced the Chingisid code of indiscriminate killing and enslaving during his conquest of the Rajput fortress of Chitor in 1567. The same code was still practiced by some of his generals in the same period"
"Exaspered by the stiffness of the resistance, Akbar ordered a general massacre in the course of which about 30,000 persons were killed including the defenders and a large number of peasants who had taken shelter in the fort. A large number of people were taken prisoners"
"Victory came only by the help of Allah, the Mighty, the Wise, the whole victorious troops entered the fort. In accordance with the imperative command and kill the idolators altogether, those defiant ones who were still offering resistance having formed themselves into knots of two to three hundred persons, were put to death and their women and children taken prisoners. According to the promise, "Allah promised you many acquisitions which you will take"
"Although Raja Bhagwant Singh was at Akbar's side throughout the siege, the protracted Rajput resistance led Akbar to hail the battle against the Rana a Jihad, and all those who fell in the battle as ghazis. The aspect was further emphasised in the fatahnama, which Akbar issued after the victory, almost on the model of the fatahnama issued by Babur after his victory over Sanga"
"The public manifestation of Akbar's attitude during the siege of Chittor (1568) is in this connection quite instructive. The fall of Chittor was proclaimed by him as the victory of Islam over infidels. A fatahnama issued on 9th March 1568, conveying the news of his victory at Chittor to the officers of the Punjab is so full of intolerant professions and sentiments and couched in such aggressive language that it could compete favourably with similar documents issued by the most orthodox of the Muslim rulers of India"
"The reimposition of jiziah in 1575 was the logical culmination of this policy. Apparently, this policy of Akbar was by and large successful in attaining the object that he had in mind: it is noteworthy that all the important Rajput chiefs, with the exception of the Sisodias, joined Akbar's service after the fall of Chittor and not before it. This would suggest that the factors which induced the Rajputs to join Mughal service were anything but their appreciation of Akbar's attitude towards the non-Muslims"