Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow explained

Alexy II
Patriarch Of:Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
Enthroned:10 June 1990
Ended:5 December 2008
Church:Russian Orthodox Church
See:Moscow
Predecessor:Pimen I
Successor:Kirill
Birth Name:Aleksei Rüdiger
Birth Date:23 February 1929
Birth Place:Tallinn, Estonia
Death Place:Peredelkino, Moscow, Russia
Buried:Epiphany Cathedral at Elokhovo
Nationality:Russian
Religion:Russian Orthodox
Spouse:Vera Alekseeva (1950–1951)
Ordination:17 April 1950
Consecration:3 September 1961
Consecrated By:Nikodim of Leningrad
Coat Of Arms:Monogram Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Alexy II.svg
Signature:Автограф Алексия Второго 2008.jpg

Patriarch Alexy II (or Alexius II, Russian: link=no|Патриарх Алексий II; secular name Aleksei Mikhailovich Ridiger[1] Russian: link=no|Алексе́й Миха́йлович Ри́дигер; 23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Elected Patriarch of Moscow in 1990, eighteen months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, he became the first Russian Patriarch of the post-Soviet period.

Family history

Alexey Mikhailovich Ridiger was a patrilineal descendant of a Baltic German noble family. His father, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Ridiger (1900–1960), was a descendant of Captain Heinrich Nikolaus (Nils) Rüdinger, commander of a Swedish fortification in Daugavgrīva, Swedish Livonia and knighted by Charles XI of Sweden in 1695. Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia became part of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Great Northern War, in the beginning of the 18th century. Friedrich Wilhelm von Rüdiger (1780–1840), adopted Orthodox Christianity during the reign of Catherine the Great.[2] From the marriage with a Polish woman, Sophie Dorothea Jerzębska,[3] was born the future Patriarch's great-grandfather, Yegor (Georgi) von Rüdiger (1811–1848).[4]

After the October Revolution of 1917, Alexey Ridiger's father Mikhail became a refugee and the family settled in Estonia, first in Haapsalu where a shelter was provided by priest Ralph von zur Mühlen.[5] Later Mikhail moved to Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, where he met and married in 1928 to Yelena Iosifovna Pisareva (1902–1955),[4] who was born and later died there.[1] Alexey Ridiger's father graduated from the theological seminary in Tallinn in 1940 and was ordained a deacon and later a priest and served as the rector of the Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in Tallinn. Later, he was a member and the chairman of the Diocesan Council in Estonia.

Patrilineal family tree[4]

Heinrich Nikolaus (Nils) Rüdinger
(died 1711)		Peter von RüdingerKarl Magnus von Rüdinger
(1753–1821)		Friedrich Wilhelm (Fyodor Ivanovich) von Rüdiger
(1780–1840)		Yegor (Georgi) Fyodorovich Ridiger
(1811–1848)		Aleksandr Yegorovich Ridiger
(1844–1877)		Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Ridiger
(1870–1928)		Mikhail Aleksandrovich Ridiger
(1900–1960)		Aleksei Mikhailovich Ridiger
(1929–2008)
Christine Elisabeth von Wickede
(1680–1721)		Elisabeth WiesnerCharlotte Margarethe von Maltitz
(1758 – 1786)		Sophie Dorothea JerzębskaMargarethe HamburgerYevgenia Germanovna Gizetti
(died 1905)		Aglaida Yulievna Balts
(1870–1950)		Yelena Iosifovna Pisareva
(1902–1955)

Biography

Early life

Alexey Ridiger (born Aleksei Rüdiger) was born and spent his childhood in the Republic of Estonia that had become a Russian Orthodox spiritual center and a home to many Russian émigrés after the Russian October Revolution in 1917.[6] He was baptised into the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church.[7] From his early childhood Alexey Ridiger served in the Orthodox Church under the guidance of his spiritual father, Archpriest Ioann Bogoyavlensky. He attended Tallinn's Russian Gymnasium.

After the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940, Alexey's family was listed for arrest in order to be deported from Estonia according to the Serov Instructions, but were not found by the NKVD because instead of staying in their home they were hiding in a nearby hovel.[8]

During the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany (1941–1944) Alexey with his father Mikhail, who had become an Orthodox priest on 20 December 1942, visited the Soviet prisoners of war in German prison camps in Estonia. Such activity was tolerated by the German occupational authorities because it was seen as effective anti-Soviet propaganda. After Soviet forces returned to Estonia in the autumn of 1944, unlike most of the people with Baltic German roots, the Ridiger (Rüdiger) family chose to stay in Estonia instead of evacuating to the West.[8]

During the war Joseph Stalin had revived the Russian Orthodox Church in the Soviet Union.[9] Having been closed during the war time, after the Soviet annexation of Estonia the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn was reopened in 1945. Alexey Ridiger, who had become a Soviet citizen[10] served as an altar boy in the cathedral from May to October 1946. He was made a psalm-reader in St. Simeon's Church later that year; in 1947, he officiated in the same office in the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in Tallinn.[1]

Ordination and priesthood

He entered the Leningrad Theological Seminary in 1947, and graduated in 1949. He then entered the Leningrad Theological Academy, and graduated in 1953.[11] [12]

On 15 April 1950, he was ordained a deacon by Metropolitan Gregory (Chukov) of Leningrad, and on 17 April 1950, he was ordained a priest and appointed rector of the Theophany church in city of Jõhvi, Estonia, in the Tallinn Diocese. On 15 July 1957, Fr. Alexy was appointed Rector of the Cathedral of the Dormition in Tallinn and Dean of the Tartu district. He was elevated to the rank of Archpriest on 17 August 1958, and on 30 March 1959 he was appointed Dean of the united Tartu-Viljandi deanery of the Tallinn diocese. On 3 March 1961 he was tonsured a monk in the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.[11]

His name (secular Алексей, clerical Алексий) was not changed when he became a monk, but his patron saint changed from Alexius of Rome to Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev whose relics repose in the Theophany Cathedral in Moscow.

Tenure as bishop

On 14 August 1961, he was chosen to be the Orthodox Church Bishop of Tallinn and Estonia, succeeding his father-in-law, John (Alekseev), who was promoted to Archbishop of Gorky and Arzamas. On 23 June 1964, he was elevated to the rank of archbishop. On December 22, 1964, he was appointed Chancellor of the Moscow Patriarchate and, ex officio, a permanent member of the Holy Synod. On 25 February 1968, when he just turned 40 years old, he was elevated to metropolitan.[12]

In 1986 he was released from the post of the Chancellor, which he had held since 1961 and which allowed him to be based in the Moscow Patriarchy's headquarters, and transferred to Leningrad; the decision was effectively made by the Council for Religious Affairs and was later presented by Alexy as punishment for his letter in December 1985 to Mikhail Gorbachev with proposals of reforms to church-state relations. Shortly after Alexy's death, the then Chairman of the Council Kharchev strongly denied that and said the decision was aimed at "defusing the tense emotional atmosphere within Patriarch Pimen's inner circle".[13] In an earlier interview Kharchev suggested the removal had been requested by Patriarch Pimen "for a year".[14]

Alexy was one of the presidents of the Conference of European Churches from 1964. In March 1987 he was elected President of the CEC Presidium and Advisory Committee, in which post he remained until November 1990.[15] [16] Criticized for Ecumenism by some within the Russian Orthodox Church, Alexy responded by saying that such were opinions expressed not by representatives of the church but expressed as private views of free citizens.[17]

KGB

There have been reports, beginning in the 1990s, that Patriarch Alexy II had been a KGB agent. These reports originate with Gleb Yakunin, a member of the committee created for the investigation of the Soviet coup attempt of 1991 and chaired by Lev Ponomaryov, who thereby gained the access to secret KGB archives.[18] In March 1992 he published materials alleging cooperation between the Moscow Patriarchate and the KGB. He published code names of several KGB agents who held high-rank positions in the Russian Orthodox Church including Patriarch Alexius II. The Russian church defrocked Yakunin in 1993.[19] The allegation was repeated by Yevgenia Albats in 1994.[20] Western media reported on these allegations in 1999[21] and again in 2007/8.[22] [23] [24] [25] The Patriarch was also named as a "KGB collaborator" in a 2015 interview with defected former KGB general and suspected double agent Oleg Kalugin.[26]

It is alleged that the Estonian branch of the KGB recruited Alexy as an agent on 28 February 1958, just days after his 29th birthday, assigning him the codename "Drozdov" (he had completed his dissertation on Metropolitan Filaret Drozdov). The report detailing his recruitment makes clear that the KGB contacted Alexy, then still a simple priest, because they expected him to succeed John (Alekseev) as Bishop of the Russian Orthodox diocese of Tallinn and Estonia (and he was in fact appointed to this post less than three years later).[27] Among his KGB assignments was one in 1983, when he was sent to the Pskov-Caves Monastery to "pacify" rebellious monks.[28]

The reports further allege that Alexander Grigoryev, a KGB officer in Leningrad under cover as Orthodox priest Fr Alexander was his case officer for a while.[29] According to Oleg Gordievsky, Alexy II worked for the KGB for forty years, and his case officer was Nikolai Patrushev.In February 1988, exactly 30 years after his recruitment, the KGB chairman awarded him the Certificate of Honour.[20]

Patriarch Alexy II acknowledged that compromises were made with the Soviet government by bishops of the Moscow Patriarchate, himself included, and publicly repented of these compromises:

"Defending one thing, it was necessary to give somewhere else. Were there any other organizations, or any other people among those who had to carry responsibility not only for themselves but for thousands of other fates, who in those years in the Soviet Union were not compelled to act likewise? Before those people, however, to whom the compromises, silence, forced passivity or expressions of loyalty permitted by the leaders of the church in those years caused pain, before these people, and not only before God, I ask forgiveness, understanding and prayers."[30] At the same time, the Patriarch has called the reports making him out to be "KGB agent" mere exaggerations of such necessary compromises he had to make with the Soviet authorities.[31] Similarly, the official spokesman for the Moscow Patriarchy, Father Vsevolod Chaplin, in 2000 claimed that reports of Patriarch Alexy II being an "associate of the special services" are "absolutely unsubstantiated".[32]

Albats (1994) cites Konstantin Kharchev, former chairman of the Soviet Council for Religious Affairs, as saying: "Not a single candidate for the office of bishop or any other high-ranking office, much less a member of Holy Synod, went through without confirmation by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the KGB".[20]

In summary, a degree of "collaboration" with the Soviet authorities was necessary for all bishops. Whether such collaboration represents a necessary "compromise" or suffices to qualify the bishops as "KGB agents" appears to be a matter of interpretation. According to Davis (1995), "If the bishops wished to defend their people and survive in office, they had to collaborate to some degree with the KGB, with the commissioners of the Council for Religious Affairs, and with other party and governmental authorities."[33] When asked by the Russian press about claims that he was a "compliant" bishop, "Aleksi defended his record, noting that while he was bishop of Tallinn in 1961, he resisted the communist authorities' efforts to make the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in the city a planetarium (which, in truth, they did do elsewhere in the Baltic states) and to convert the Pühtitsa Dormition nunnery to a rest home for miners."[34] Official records do show that during Patriarch Alexy's tenure as bishop, the Tallinn diocese had a lower number of forced Church closings than was typical in the rest of the USSR.[35] In the judgement of Ware (1997), "Opinions differ over the past collaboration or otherwise between the Communist authorities, but on the whole he is thought to have shown firmness and independence in his dealings as a diocesan bishop with the Soviet State."[36]

Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'

After the death of Patriarch Pimen in 1990, Alexy was chosen to become the new Patriarch of The Russian Orthodox Church. He was chosen on Local Council on the basis of his administrative experience, and was considered "intelligent, energetic, hardworking, systematic, perceptive, and businesslike."[37] He also "had a reputation as a conciliator, a person who could find common ground with various groups in the episcopate."[38] Archbishop Chrysostom (Martishkin) remarked "With his peaceful and tolerant disposition Patriarch Aleksi will be able to unite us all."[39]

Patriarch Alexy II was "the first patriarch in Soviet history to be chosen without government pressure; candidates were nominated from the floor, and the election was conducted by secret ballot."[12]

Upon taking on the role of Patriarch, Patriarch Alexy II became a vocal advocate of the rights of the church, calling for the Soviet government to allow religious education in the state schools and for a "freedom of conscience" law.[12]

During the attempted coup in August 1991, he denounced the arrest of Mikhail Gorbachev, and anathematized the plotters.[12] He publicly questioned the junta's legitimacy, called for restraint by the military, and demanded that Gorbachev be allowed to address the people.[40] He issued a second appeal against violence and fratricide, which was amplified over loudspeakers to the troops outside the Russian "White House" half an hour before they attacked. Ultimately, the coup failed, which eventually resulted in the breakup of the Soviet Union.[41]

During Alexy II's first official visit to Germany in 1995, the Patriarch publicly apologized for the "Communist tyranny that had been imposed upon the German nation by the USSR". The apology resulted in accusations by Russian Communists and the Russian National Bolshevik Party of insulting the Russian nation and treason.[42]

In July 1998 Alexy II decided not to officiate in the Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg at the burial of the royal family executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, a ceremony attended by president Boris Yeltsin, citing doubts about the authenticity of the remains.[43]

Under his leadership, the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia who suffered under Communism were glorified, beginning with the Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Metropolitan Vladimir, and Metropolitan Benjamin (Kazansky) of Petrograd in 1992.[44]

In 2000, after much debate, the All-Russian Council glorified Tsar Nicholas II and his family (see Romanov sainthood), as well as many other New Martyrs.[45] More names continue to be added to list of New Martyrs, after the Synodal Canonization Commission completes its investigation of each case.[46]

Alexy II had complicated relations with Pope John Paul II and the Roman Catholic Church. He had a dispute with Rome over the property rights of the Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches in Ukraine, which had emerged from Soviet control after the Gorbachev's liberalisation of Russia.[47] He nevertheless had good relations with Latin Catholics in France and was friends with Cardinal Roger Etchegaray, who invited him to the country shortly before his death.[48]

Patriarch Alexy II repeatedly affirmed the traditional stand of the Orthodox Church and opposed the display of homosexuality in Russia, and in particular, opposed gay parades in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The Church, according to the Patriarch, "has invariably supported the institution of the family and condemns untraditional relations, seeing them as a vicious deviation from God-given human nature". He also said, "I am convinced that gays' desire to organize a parade in Moscow will not help strengthen the family as the foundation of a strong state".[49] He also said that homosexuality is an illness, and a distortion of the human personality like kleptomania.[50] [51] Patriarch Alexy II has also issued statements condemning anti-Semitism.[12] In February 2007 a controversy erupted when Diomid, Bishop of Chukotka, condemned the ROC's hierarchy and personally Patriarch Alexy II for ecumenism, supporting democracy and misguided loyalty to the Russian secular authorities.[52] Bishop Diomid also took the position that taxpayer IDs, cell phones, passports, vaccination and globalisation were tools of the antichrist, and that the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church have "departed from the purity of the Orthodoxal dogma"[53] in its support of the Russian government and of democracy, as well as its ecumenism with other confessions. After a decision of the All-Russian Council, and Bishop Diomid's refusal to appear, he was defrocked in July 2008,[54]

In 2007, Patriarch Alexy II oversaw the reunification of the Moscow Patriarchate with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR). The Act of Canonical Communion was signed on 17 May 2007. The ROCOR had been established in the early 1920s by Russian bishops forced into exile after the Russian Civil War, and was highly critical of the Moscow Patriarchate's loyalty to the Bolshevik regime after Stalin's revival of the church in 1943 in an attempt to intensify the patriotic war effort.Shortly before the signing of the Act of Canonical Communion, there were some reports in Russian media claiming that Patriarch Alexy II was in critical condition or even dead.[55] This was soon revealed as a hoax,[56] apparently designed to disrupt the reunification of the two branches.[57]

Personal life

On 11 April 1950, he married Vera Alekseeva, daughter of Georgi Alekseev, who would serve as bishop John of Tallinn from 1955 to 1961.[58] [59] [60] [61]

The wedding took place on the Tuesday of Bright Week when marriages are normally prohibited according to Church tradition; however, permission was granted by Metropolitan Gregory of Leningrad, at the request of Bishop Roman of Tallinn and the fathers of both the bride and groom (both of whom were priests, and who concelebrated the marriage together). Moskovskiye Novosti has alleged that according to a denunciation written by a priest-inspector Pariysky to the Leningrad Council of Religious Affairs, the marriage had been expedited in order for Ridiger to become a deacon and avoid being drafted into the Soviet Military (marriage is impossible after ordination in Orthodoxy). Up until 1950, seminarians were given a deferment from the draft, but in 1950 this was changed, and only clergy were exempt. For reasons which have remained private, they divorced less than a year later.[59] [61]

The Patriarch's private residence was located in the village of Lukino (near Peredelkino), now a western suburb of Moscow; it includes a 17th-century church, a museum, and a spacious three-storey house built in the late 1990s. According to the Patriarch's May 2005 interview on the residence's compound, nuns drawn from the Pühtitsa Convent take care of all the household chores.[62]

There was also a working residence in central Moscow—a 19th-century town mansion, which had been turned over to the Patriarchate by Stalin's order in September 1943. Both residences acted as living quarters and Patriarch's office at the same time. He commuted in an armored car and was under the protection of federal agents (FSO) since January 2000.[63]

The formal residence (infrequently used for some official functions) is located in the Moscow Danilov Monastery – a two-storey Soviet building erected in the 1980s.

Death and burial

Alexy II died at his home at his Peredelkino residence on 5 December 2008, reportedly of heart failure.He died 80 days short of his 80th birthday (23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008), being just one single day older at death than his predecessor, Pimen (Izvekov), who had died 81 days short of his 80th birthday (23 July 1910 – 3 May 1990).

On 7 December 2008, Russian President Medvedev issued a decree which "enjoined" that on the day of the Patriarch's burial Russia's cultural establishments and broadcasters should cancel entertaining programs and assistance be furnished to the Patriarchate on the part of the federal and city governments for organization of the burial.[64] However, the order did not amount to a formal national mourning.[65]

On 9 December 2008, the Order for the Burial (funeral service) of the deceased Patriarch was presided over by the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I at the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour,[66] whereafter he was interred in the southern chapel of the Epiphany Cathedral at Elokhovo in Moscow.[67]

During the service in the Christ the Saviour Cathedral, which was broadcast live by Russia's state TV channels, after Kathisma XVII had been chanted and Metropolitan Kirill set about doing the incensing round the coffin, he appeared to teeter and, being propped up by two bishops,[68] was ushered into the sanctuary and was absent for about an hour. Reuters reported: "Kirill was helped away by aides at one point and a Kremlin official said he had apparently fainted. The metropolitan later rejoined the funeral."[69] [70] The ROC official spokesman Vsevolod Chaplin lashed out at the news media that had reported the incident "incorrectly" insisting that Kirill had not fainted, but merely had "felt unwell".[71]

The following is a selection of quotes from notable obituaries:

Awards and honors

Patriarch Alexy II was an honorary member of the Theological Academies in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Crete, Greece. He was made Doctor of Theology honoris causa at the Debrecen Reformed Theological University in Debrecen, Hungary. He also was honored by St. Vladimir's Seminary and St. Tikhon's Seminary an at the Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage in the USA. He was given the title of honorary professor by the Omsk State University and the Moscow State University. He was given an honorary Doctorate of Philology by Saint Petersburg State University. He was given an honorary Doctorate of Theology by the Theological Faculty of the University of Belgrade. He was given an honorary Doctorate of Theology by the Tbilisi Theological Academy in Georgia. He received a Golden Medal from the Faculty of Orthodox Theology of the Kosice University in Kosice, Slovakia, and was an honorary member of the International Charity and Health Foundation.[80]

Awards of the Russian Orthodox Church and other local churches:
Other orders Metropolitan Patriarch of Antioch
State awards of the Russian Federation:
State awards of the USSR:
Awards of the Russian Federation:
Departmental awards:
Foreign awards:
Community Awards:
Honorary degrees

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: PATRIARCH ALEXY II OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA Biographical note. 6 December 2008. orthodox.ee. https://web.archive.org/web/20081208203344/http://www.orthodox.ee/indexeng.php?d=history%2Fpalex. 8 December 2008. live.
  2. Book: Otto Magnus von Stackelberg. Baltisches Wappenbuch. 4 May 2019. 1930. Starke Verlag, Görlitz. 376–377.
  3. The spelling of the names here is transliteration from Russian in the Patriarch's official biography – АЛЕКСИЙ II Orthodox Encyclopaedia (2000)
  4. News: Aarne . Veedla . et . Patriarhi suguvõsa saladused . ekspress.ee . 4 February 2003 . 5 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208063332/http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/12/05/varia/5735-patriarhi-suguvosa-saladused . 8 December 2008 . dead .
  5. Web site: Chronology . et . 5 December 2008 . Museum of Laanemaa . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208165228/http://www.muuseum.haapsalu.ee/index.php?aasta=19&lk=40 . 8 December 2008 . dead .
  6. News: SOPHIA . KISHKOVSKY . Patriarch Aleksy II . The New York Times . 6 December 2008 . 14 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110512214703/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/06/world/europe/06aleksy.html. 12 May 2011. live.
  7. Web site: Metropoliit Stefanus ootab Aleksius Teiselt kahetsust – Eesti Päevaleht. epl.delfi.ee. 26 September 2018.
  8. News: Aarne . Vahter . et . Eestlane juhtis 80 miljonit õigeusklikku . ekspress.ee . 4 February 2003 . 14 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090207202517/http://www.ekspress.ee/2008/12/05/varia/5734-eestlane-juhtis-80-miljonit-oigeusklikku . 7 February 2009 . dead .
  9. Web site: Seventeen Moments in Soviet History . Soviethistory.org . 28 September 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101108231812/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1943patriarch&Year=1943 . 8 November 2010 . dead .
  10. News: Felix . Corley . Patriarch Alexy II . The Independent . 6 December 2008 . 14 December 2008 . London. https://web.archive.org/web/20081209091259/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/patriarch-alexy-ii-priest-who-stayed-close-to-the-kremlin-while-guiding-the-russian-orthodox-church-into-the-postsoviet-era-1054454.html. 9 December 2008 . dead.
  11. http://www.mospat.ru/?mid=99&lng=1 ALEXY II, PATRIARCH OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA, BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
  12. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005644/Alexis-II Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. Alexis II, 19 January 2008
  13. http://religion.ng.ru/society/2008-12-17/5_demwave.html?mthree=2 Патриарх демократической волны
  14. http://www.krotov.info/history/20/1980/harchev.htm К. М. Харчев : «Церковь повторяет ошибки КПСС»
  15. ЖМП (Russian edition of The Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate), 1991, # 2, p. 61.
  16. News: WCC News Release. The ecumenical movement mourns the death of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. WCC. 17 December 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090207221013/http://www.eyce.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=PagEd&file=index&printerfriendly=1&page_id=831. 7 February 2009.
  17. Pospielovsky, pp.396–397
  18. [Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]
  19. News: Gleb Yakunin, Russian Priest and Dissident, Is Dead at 80 . Sophia Kishkovsky . . 2014-12-29 . 2022-03-02 .
  20. [Yevgenia Albats]
  21. https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/12/1 Russian Patriarch "was KGB spy"
  22. News: Felix Corley . Patriarch Alexy II: Priest who stayed close to the Kremlin while guiding the Russian Orthodox Church into the post-Soviet era . . 8 December 2008 . 6 December 2008 . London. https://web.archive.org/web/20081207082812/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/patriarch-alexy-ii-priest-who-stayed-close-to-the-kremlin-while-guiding-the-russian-orthodox-church-into-the-postsoviet-era-1054454.html. 7 December 2008 . dead.
  23. http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=13868 Confirmed: Russian Patriarch Worked with KGB
  24. http://www.demokratizatsiya.org/Dem%20Archives/DEM%2001-04%20armes.pdf Chekists in Cassocks: The Orthodox Church and the KGB
  25. http://www.demokratizatsiya.org/Dem%20Archives/DEM%2007-01%20mcgann.pdf The Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Aleksii II and the Russian State: An Unholy Alliance?
  26. Web site: Ex-KGB Agent Kalugin: Putin Was 'Only A Major' . 31 March 2016 . Radio Free Europe . 29 December 2020 . in an interview with RFE/RL..
  27. https://www.academia.edu/37137680/The_Drozdov_Files_Patriarch_Aleksi_II_and_the_KGB The Drozdov Files: Patriarch Alexy II and the KGB
  28. News: Cold War Lingers at Russian Church in New Jersey. Suzanne . Sataline. . 18 July 2007.
  29. Web site: Григорьев. neva.versia.ru. 26 September 2018.
  30. From an interview of Patriarch Alexy II, given to "Izvestia" No 137, 10 June 1991, entitled "Patriarch Alexy II: – I Take upon Myself Responsibility for All that Happened", English translation from Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p 89. See also History of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, by St. John (Maximovich) of Shanghai and San Francisco, 31 December 2007
  31. [Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy]
  32. "Official spokesman for the Moscow Patriarchy Father Vsevolod Chaplin labeled such reports as "absolutely unsubstantiated" in a Wednesday interview with Interfax. "There is no data indicating that Patriarch Alexy II was an associate of the special services, and no classified documents bear his signature," he said. "I do not think that direct dialogue between the current patriarch and KGB took place," Father Vsevolod continued. However, "all bishops communicated with representatives of the council for religious matters in the Soviet government, which was inevitable, since any issue, even the most insignificant one, had to be resolved through this body. It is quite another matter that the council forwarded all its materials to the KGB," he said." Moscow Patriarchate Rejects Times Report of Alexy II's Collaboration with KGB, Sept 20, 2000 (Interfax) "Chaplin, the church spokesman, said in March, "Nobody has ever seen a single real document that would confirm the patriarch used his contacts with Soviet authorities to make harm to the church or to any people in the church." Russia's Well-Connected Patriarch, Washington Post Foreign Service, 23 May 2002 ; "Father Chaplin said: 'In recent times many anonymous photocopies of all sorts of pieces of paper have been circulated. In none of them is there the slightest evidence that the individuals we are talking about knew that these documents were being drawn up, or gave their consent. So I don't think any reasonably authoritative clerical or secular commission could see these papers as proof of anything.'", Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy', The Guardian (London), 12 February 1999
  33. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 96 Davis quotes one bishop as saying: "Yes, we – I, at least, and I say this first about myself – I worked together with the KGB. I cooperated, I made signed statements, I had regular meetings, I made reports. I was given a pseudonym – a code name as they say there... I knowingly cooperated with them – but in such a way that I undeviatingly tried to maintain the position of my Church, and, yes, also to act as a patriot, insofar as I understood, in collaboration with these organs. I was never a stool pigeon, nor an informer."
  34. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 89f
  35. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), fn. 115, p. 272
  36. Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church, New Edition, (London: Penguin Books, 1997), p. 164
  37. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, 2nd Edition.(Oxford: Westview Press, 2003), p 85.
  38. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, 2nd Edition.(Oxford: Westview Press, 2003), p 86.
  39. Zhurnal Moskovskoi Patriarkhii, No. 10 (October), 1990, p.16, quoted in Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, 2nd Edition.(Oxford: Westview Press, 2003), p 284.
  40. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, 2nd Edition.(Oxford: Westview Press, 2003), p 96.
  41. Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, 2nd Edition.(Oxford: Westview Press, 2003), p 97.
  42. Book: Pospielovsky, Dimitry . The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia . 1998 . St Vladimir's Seminary Press . 0-88141-179-5 . 394 .
  43. News: Romanovs laid to rest . BBC News . 17 July 1998 . 26 March 2010.
  44. Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church, New Edition, (London: Penguin Books, 1997), p. 164, see also New Martyrs, Confessors, and Passion-Bearers of Russia
  45. Sophia Kishkovsky, Russian Orthodox Church is set to mend a bitter schism, International Herald Tribune, 16 May 2007; Second day of bishops' council: Nicholas' canonization approved, Communications Service, Department of External Church Relations, Moscow Patriarchate, 14 August 2000
  46. Maxim Massalitin, The New Martyrs Unify Us: Interview with Archpriest Georgy Mitrofanov, participant of the All-Diaspora Pastoral Conference in Nyack (8–12 December 2003), Pravoslavie.ru, 13 December 2003
  47. Web site: Alexy II and dialogue . Thefreelibrary.com . 28 September 2010.
  48. Web site: Le patriarche Alexis II est arrivé en France . October 2007 . Fr.rian.ru . 28 September 2010.
  49. Web site: Interfax-Religion . Interfax-religion.com . 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081212135348/http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=1164. 12 December 2008 . live.
  50. Web site: Castle . Stephen . Patriarch Alexy of Russia assails gays in speech at Council of Europe – International Herald Tribune . Iht.com . 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081208144927/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/02/africa/church.php. 8 December 2008 . live.
  51. News: Updated . Last . Gay people are ill, says Russian patriarch – Telegraph . Telegraph.co.uk . 3 October 2007. 9 December 2008 . London.
  52. News: Russian church tells rebel bishop: repent or leave. 27 June 2008. 9 December 2008. Reuters. https://web.archive.org/web/20090109225937/https://www.reuters.com/article/gc07/idUSL2719947720080627. 9 January 2009 . live.
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  55. http://newsru.com/religy/27apr2007/patriarh.html Патриархия: Алексий II жив, здоров и вернется к исполнению обязанностей уже на майские праздники.
  56. Web site: MOSCOW PATRIARCHATE CONDEMNS MEDIA SPREADING RUMORS ON PATRIARCH'S HEALTH Interfax, 1 May 2007 . Stetson.edu . 28 September 2010 . 12 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193811/http://www.stetson.edu/%7Epsteeves/relnews/0704a.html#04 . dead . Web site: PATRIARCH ALEXY II PHILOSOPHIC ABOUT RUMORS OF HIS "DEATH" Interfax, 1 May 2007 . Stetson.edu . 28 September 2010 . 12 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193811/http://www.stetson.edu/%7Epsteeves/relnews/0704a.html#04 . dead . Web site: PATRIARCHAL PRESS SERVICE IDENTIFIES GUILTY IN SPREADING OF FALSE INFORMATION, Religiia v svetskom obshchestve, 3 May 2007 . Stetson.edu . 28 September 2010 . 12 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081212204356/http://www.stetson.edu/%7Epsteeves/relnews/0705a.html#01 . dead . "Who Organized The Provocative Rumors on Eve of May 17?", "Postscript" TV program, 12 May 2007
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  58. http://www.mochola.org/russiaabroad/encyclopaedia/data/01/01012006011018006006003001_03006017001_04006015017004009006003014001.html Алексеева Вера Георгиевна
  59. http://www.religio.ru/mediamirrow/165.html Wife of the Patriarch
  60. http://www.rusglobus.net/komar/index.htm?church/patriarh.htm&1 Евгений Сидоренко. Замужем за Патриархом
  61. http://religion.ng.ru/photo/2008-12-17/4_way.html Путь Первоиерарха
  62. Web site: Интервью Святейшего Патриарха Алексия ежедневной газете "Газета". "Загородную резиденцию в полной мере ощущаю своим домом" . Patriarchia.ru . 28 September 2010.
  63. http://www.kommersant.ru/k-vlast/get_page.asp?page_id=20034420-6.htm Колода Российской Федерации.
  64. http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=049352 Указ Президента № 1729/2008
  65. Печаль без траура: Медведев велел ограничить развлекательные мероприятия в день похорон Алексия II NEWSru.com 8 December 2008.
  66. Патриарх Алексий завершил свой земной путь NEWSru.com 9 December 2008.
  67. News: Russia bids farewell to patriarch . Moscow. BBC News. 9 December 2008. 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7772582.stm. 10 December 2008 . live.
  68. Web site: ФОТОГАЛЕРЕЯ: Пути Местоблюстителя... Митрополит Кирилл и его "школа" . Portal-credo.ru . 27 February 2007 . 28 September 2010.
  69. News: Russians bid farewell to Patriarch at grand funeral. Moscow. Reuters. 9 December 2008. 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090110081115/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4B822020081209. 10 January 2009 . live.
  70. Web site: http://gazeta.ru/social/2008/12/09/2907600.shtml. Moscow. ru:Упокоился с миром. Gazeta.ru. 9 December 2008. 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081210201822/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2008/12/09/2907600.shtml. 10 December 2008 . live. ru.
  71. Web site: http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=27802. Moscow. ru:В Московском патриархате опровергли слухи о том, будто митрополит Кирилл потерял сознание во время отпевания патриарха Алексия. Interfax. 9 December 2008. 9 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081211040208/http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=27802. 11 December 2008 . live. ru.
  72. News: Death of Alexy II a tragic and sorrowful event – Putin . . 5 December 2008 . 10 December 2008. ru.
  73. Web site: President Ilves sent a message of condolence to Dmitri Medvedev . 16 December 2008 . Office of the president . 8 December 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021410/http://www.president.ee/en/duties/press_releases.php?gid=122995 . 7 February 2009 .
  74. News: Double life of Russia's patriarch . . BBC News . 5 December 2008 . 7 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081207034257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7767015.stm. 7 December 2008 . live.
  75. Web site: Rabbi Schneier attends Alexy II funeral. 11 December 2008. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 14 December 2008.
  76. Web site: His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II Awarded. 7 December 2008. 28 December 2000. Russian Orthodox Church. https://web.archive.org/web/20081209120031/http://www.mospat.ru/archive/ne012153.htm. 9 December 2008. dead.
  77. Web site: International Religious Freedom Report 2004 . 7 December 2008 . US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  78. Web site: Президент России. Document.kremlin.ru. 28 September 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120137/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=034086. 11 May 2011.
  79. News: Alexy II is awarded the highest Muslim Order . interfax . 4 July 2006 . 7 December 2008 .
  80. Web site: His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and all Russia . 7 December 2008 . RUC Representation to the European Institutions.

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