Passion fruit woodiness virus explained

Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) is a plant pathogenic virus ^[1] in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the genus Potyvirus, PWV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 745 nm in length.

This virus is transmitted by at least two species of aphids (Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii ^[2]) in a non-persistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.^[3] There is no evidence that this virus is transmitted in the seed.

Like other potyviruses, this virus produces viral inclusions called cylindrical inclusions.^[4] These inclusions can be diagnostic in Passiflora spp. (See

1. External links

)

Symptoms

This virus was named for the symptoms seen in the fruit of infected P. edulis plants. The fruit can be distorted in appearance and the edible part of the fruit becomes thick and hard or “woody”. The virus induces a severe mosaic, with rugosity and chlorotic ringspots in the leaves of P. edulis.^[5] Infected plants grow less vigorously and have a shorter life span than those without the virus infection.

Because of its effect on the fruit and plant growth, PWV is considered one of the most economically important of the many viruses that have been found infecting Passiflora spp.^[6]

Geographic distribution and host range

PWV was first reported from Australia in 1964 infecting Passiflora edulis ^[7]

It has since been reported from Central America, Taiwan, South Africa, and Brazil and in at least 10 other Passiflora species including P. suberosa, P. subpeltata, P. aurantia and Passiflora foetida. In 2009 it was found in Florida (USA) in Passiflora choconiana. Since then it has been diagnosed in P. sublanceolata, P.caerulea, and in three hybrids called “Blue Bouquet”,^[8] Passiflora x belotii ^[9] and “Amethyst Star”.^[10] (All three hybrids are crosses where one of the parents is Passiflora caerulea.)

A survey for viruses of Passiflora spp. in Florida, published in 1991,^[11] found no potyviruses infecting commercial plantings of Passiflora in Florida. This indicates that PWV has been introduced into Florida recently, probably by the importation of infected vegetative cuttings.

Host range inoculations have shown this virus can also infect some cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata),^[12] and Macroptilium lathyroides.^[13] M. latyroides ^[14] is a native of South America which has been introduced to several other countries including the United States (Florida^[15] and Hawaii ^[16]), India, Australia, and Africa.^[17]

External links

These three links contain pictures of cylindrical inclusions found in Passiflora spp. from three different potyviruses known to infect this host. All three have been found in Florida:

1. Symptoms and Inclusions of Passionfruit woodiness virus in Passiflora sp.
2. Symptoms and Inclusions of Passiflora chlorosis virus.
3. Inclusions of Passionfruit mottle virus.

Notes and References

1. Web site: About Plant Viruses / Florida Plant Viruses / Florida Plant Viruses and Their Inclusions / Science / Plant Industry / Divisions & Offices / Home - Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. www.freshfromflorida.com. 2014-10-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20141010011319/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/About-Viruses. 2014-10-10. dead.
2. 17352080 . 35 . 1 . [Transmission of Passion fruit woodiness virus by Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and colonization of passion flower by the vector] . 2006 . Neotrop. Entomol. . 139–40. Di Piero . R. M. . Rezende . J. A. . Yuki . V. A. . Pascholati . S. F. . Delfino . M. A. . 10.1590/s1519-566x2006000100019 . free .
3. Web site: Show DPV and Refs in Frame. John. Antoniw. www.dpvweb.net.
4. Web site: PotyEM / Florida Plant Viruses / Florida Plant Viruses and Their Inclusions / Science / Plant Industry / Divisions & Offices / Home - Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services. www.freshfromflorida.com. en-US. 2017-12-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009235117/http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/Plant-Industry/Science/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/Florida-Plant-Viruses-And-Their-Inclusions/PotyEM. 2014-10-09. dead.
5. Web site: Show DPV Figure. Antoniw. John. www.dpvweb.net. 2017-12-21.
6. http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf Fischer, Ivan H. and Jorge A.M.Rezende, 2008. Diseases of passion flower (Passiflora spp.)
7. Taylor, R.H. and Kimble, K.A. (1964). Aust. J. agric. Res. 15: 560.
8. Web site: Passiflora 'Blue Bouquet' . 2010-07-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101009062449/http://passionflow.co.uk/passiflora-blue-bouquet.htm . 2010-10-09 .
9. Web site: Passiflora belotii . 2010-07-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090534/http://www.passionflow.co.uk/passiflora-belotii.htm . 2010-05-27 .
10. Web site: Passiflora 'Amethyst' . 2010-07-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101009205452/http://passionflow.co.uk/passiflora-amethyst.htm . 2010-10-09 .
11. Elliot, M.S., F.W. Zettler and J. H. Crane. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 104:49-50, 1991.
12. Chang, C. Phytopathology 82:1358-1363
13. Web site: Show DPV and Refs in Frame. Antoniw. John. www.dpvweb.net. 2017-12-21.
14. Web site: Factsheet - Macroptilium lathyroides. www.tropicalforages.info. 2017-12-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20171207011656/http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Macroptilium_lathyroides.htm. 2017-12-07. dead.
15. Web site: Macroptilium - Genus Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Plants. florida.plantatlas.usf.edu. 2017-12-21.
16. Web site: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands - Genus Page/ Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. botany.si.edu. 2017-12-21.
17. Web site: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org. 2017-12-21.