Pasadena City College Explained

Pasadena City College
Established:1924[1]
Former Names:Pasadena Junior College (1924–1947)
Budget:$248.1 million[2]
President:Jose A. Gomez (Interim)[3]
Students:25,319 [4]
Colors:Cardinal Red and Gold
Motto:Student Success, Our Top Priority
Country:United States
Coordinates:34.1444°N -118.1181°W

Pasadena City College (PCC) is a public community college in Pasadena, California.

History

Pasadena City College was founded in 1924 as Pasadena Junior College. It originally operated on Pasadena High School's campus as an extended learning program of the high school.[5] In 1928, PJC and Pasadena High School formally merged. From 1928 to 1953, it operated as a four-year junior college, combining the last two years of high school with the first two years of college.[6]

In 1946, John Muir College was founded due to PJC's enlarged enrollment. The following year, Pasadena Junior College was renamed Pasadena City College. While at John Muir, Fred Phelps was profiled in Time magazine for preaching against "sins committed on campus by students and teachers ... promiscuous petting ... evil language ... profanity ... cheating ... teachers' filthy jokes in classrooms ... [and] pandering to the lusts of the flesh".[7] Phelps later became leader of the Westboro Baptist Church.

In 1954, John Muir and PCC merged, forming the modern Pasadena City College. In 1966, voters approved the creation of the Pasadena Area Junior College District. The name was subsequently changed to the Pasadena Area Community College District.[8] Pasadena City College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, an institutional accrediting body recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education.[9]

The Shatford Library is a direct descendant of the original Pasadena High School library that originally occupied the campus. The $16.5-million Shatford Library opened September 7, 1993, and holds 133,024 volumes in the general book collection, over 300 periodical subscriptions (plus over 2,000 titles in electronic databases) 7,338 audio cassettes, 1,019 paperbacks, 661 CDs and software, 404 volumes in the Special Services collection, and 1,186 videocassettes.[10] Walter T. Shatford II, is the attorney for whom the library was named in recognition of his four decades of service on the school's board and his donations. He was also active in the Civil Rights Movement.[11]

On March 20, 2003, on the day the United States launched Operation Iraqi Freedom, many students led by the Students for Social Justice, protested on campus against the war. Protesters went through the administration building requesting students to join their cause. Three students were arrested by campus police.[12] That same year, voters approved a bond measure for about $150 million that improved campus facilities. A significant portion of these funds were earmarked for the construction of a new building to house the college's art and music departments. The Alumni Commons, the Aquatic Center, the Boone Sculpture Garden, and the Galloway Plaza have all replaced what were once campus parking lots. A new fourth floor parking structure (Lot 5) and a new bus parking area were completed in 2005.

In 2007, many services at the school had to relocate pending demolition of their previous facilities. These included the college bookstore, Student Affairs, Associated Students, the student business services, the campus police and the offices of the school newspaper The Courier. A groundbreaking ceremony for the construction of the new Industrial and Technology building, Campus Center and Bookstore took place in October 2007. The Campus Center and Bookstore opened in August 2009. The school is one of the few community colleges with its own observatory, planetarium, and seismograph.[13] Additionally, in 2007 demonstrators from Philadelphia-based Repent America demonstrated on campus, leading to tensions between demonstrators and some students. PCC students, some who were journalism students and staff members of the campus newspaper, PCC Courier, were involved in the May Day melee at MacArthur Park. Later that year, students and faculty held a rally in support of the Jena Six. Some students were beaten and arrested at the MacArthur Park immigrant rights demonstration on May 1, 2007.[14]

During 2012 and 2013, the school became embroiled in conflict between students and faculty and the campus administration.[15] [16] On August 29, 2012, the PCC Board unilaterally cancelled the subsequent six-week winter session.[17] One student was arrested at this board meeting. Organized by a newly formed group called Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement, a rally during the first week back of the illegitimate new Spring semester kicked off a steady wave of student and faculty activism.[18] Eventually, course sections were cut, student transfers to four-year institutions were delayed, overall full-time student enrollments were reduced, and Proposition 30 monies allotted to the school were jeopardized.[19] According to the California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office, 2012–2013 had the lowest full-time enrollments in 17 years at 20,219; Spring 2013 had the lowest full-time enrollments in 10 years at 9838 students.[20] The Faculty Association filed an unfair labor practice on the District for canceling winter abruptly and won in November 2013.[21] [22] The district filed an appeal to the ruling, thus prolonging the orders to rescind the trimester calendar and return to the status quo while ratcheting up annual 7% compensation to affected employees.[23]

In Spring 2013, in an unprecedented move, the Associated Students unanimously censured the administration and passed a vote of no confidence in the school's president, Mark W. Rocha, and collectively called for his immediate ouster.[24] [25] Separately, a vote among full-time faculty members expressed no confidence in Rocha by a margin of 92 percent to 8 percent.[26] [27] The Academic Faculty Senate also voted, 24–0, no confidence in the president.[28]

The board of trustees remained firm in their support of Rocha, extending his contract another year and giving Rocha a raise.[29] In 2014, however, the faculty maintained its disapproval of the college president's performance as revealed in the faculty-wide evaluation of the PCC President.[30] The negative campus climate has also been a concern with the staff and faculty, which prompted a campus-wide town hall sponsored by the faculty senate.[31] [32] Rocha was named one of Pasadena Weeklys less-than-stellar local "turkey" leaders of 2013.[33] After a failed attempt to find work elsewhere,[34] [35] Rocha announced his retirement on August 7, 2014,[36] but later became the Chancellor of San Francisco City College, where after less than three years he was placed on leave in March 2020, according to the San Francisco Examiner.

In 2014, the Oscar-winning screenplay writer Dustin Lance Black was invited to speak at commencement, but in a controversial move he was subsequently uninvited by PCC Board of Trustees Anthony Fellow, who said, "We just don't want to give PCC a bad name." According to the Los Angeles Times,[37] "School officials pretended that Black was never approved as commencement speaker, when in fact they approved him. They said that his brush with a sex scandal has 'no place in public discussion,' when in fact they discussed it with reporters, students and each other." The college issued an apology, and later re-extended the invitation.[38]

Administration and governance

The college is governed by a nine-member board of trustees. Seven members are elected (each of whom represents a geographical section of the Pasadena Area Community College District, which includes Pasadena, Altadena, La Caňada Flintridge, Sierra Madre, South Pasadena, San Marino, Arcadia, Temple City, the western portion of El Monte, the northern portion of Rosemead and the East Pasadena/East San Gabriel unincorporated area); one is a student trustee who is elected by the student body; and one is the sitting college president, who is also the district superintendent. Mark W. Rocha, former West Los Angeles College president, assumed the role of president/superintendent on July 1, 2010, when he was chosen to replace Lisa Sugimoto.[39] His presidency was controversial with some constituents, including the faculty who twice voted "no confidence" in him, and he resigned in the summer of 2014.[40] [41]

Previous presidents/superintendents include Jack Scott (1987–1995), who served as California State Assemblymember from 1996 to 2000 and California State Senator from 2000 to 2008., Scott is Chancellor of the California Community College system; James Kossler, 1995–2007; Paulette Perfumo, who held the position from August 2007 until her abrupt resignation in 2009; and Lisa Sugimoto, who served as acting president through the end of the 2009–2010 academic year.[42]

Demographics

Student body composition as of 2022
Race and ethnicity[43] Total
Hispanic
Asian
White
Black
Two or more races
Foreign national
Unknown
Gender Distribution
Male
Female
Age Distribution
Under 18
18-24
25-64

The school attracts students from throughout Southern California, enrolling a large percentage of student from outside the bounds of the Pasadena Area Community College District, which was established in 1966. The district includes the cities of Pasadena, South Pasadena, Altadena, San Marino, Temple City, La Cañada Flintridge, Arcadia, Sierra Madre, and portions of Rosemead and El Monte.[13]

, there are approximately 27,324 students enrolled in the school. Full-time enrollment 10,422 and part-time 16,902 students. The student-faculty ratio is 26-to-1. The demographics of the students in 2012: 43.2 percent Hispanic, 26.8 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 9 percent Caucasian, 3.9 percent African American, and 0.1 percent American Indian. 51.2 percent of the students are female, while 48.3 percent are male.[44]

The in-state tuition and fees for 2017–2018 were $1,348, and out-of-state tuition and fees were $7,004. There is no application fee.

The staff members of the International Student Office assist international students in the application process and support their transition during their time at the school.[45] Before registration, international students are required to pass the English as a Second Language (ESL) and Math placement examinations before being accepted into the school. They are also required to attend counseling to plan for classes.[45] Assistance is available to become familiar with campus resources, i.e., Counseling Office, Library, Learning Assistance Center (LAC), the ESL Center, and Computing Services. It is recommended that all students meet with a counselor to develop a Student Educational Plan (SEP) (L104).[45]

In 2015, there were 425 full-time professors and 1,119 part-time professors. They are represented by the Academic Senate and the Faculty Association. There were 322 classified staff. There were a total of 77 administrators (managers, directors, supervisors, deans, vice-president and president), represented by the Management Association.

Media

The Courier is the official student award-winning newspaper of Pasadena City College. It has been honored with a General Excellence Award by the Journalism Association of Community Colleges.[46] The students were also honored for their work on the campus newspaper.

Athletics

Athletic programs at Pasadena City College include basketball, cross country, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, baseball, softball, football, and soccer.[47] The sports teams are known as the Lancers, and the school colors are cardinal red and gold. Pasadena's teams were known as the Bulldogs prior the school's merger with John Muir College in 1954. Muir's teams were known as the "Mustangs"[48] [49]

The school's baseball team uses the Jackie Robinson Field, located near the Rose Bowl, for practices and home games.[13] Robinson Stadium is named for Jackie and Mack Robinson, both of whom were PCC alumni.[13] The stadium was completed in 1999, after a renovation to move the stadium from a North-West position to an East-West direction. The stadium's surface is SprinTurf,[50] while the track has been converted to an all-weather surface. In addition to the school students, the stadium is used by local students from Marshall Fundamental Secondary School, Pasadena High School, and Blair International Baccalaureate School for some high school home football games due to lack of resources on the respective campus fields. It has been the home of the annual two-day "Bandfest" for the Pasadena Tournament of Roses for many years.

The Pasadena City College women's badminton team won AIAW national intercollegiate championships in 1972 and 1973, topping fields that included previous champions Long Beach State and Arizona State.[51]

Satellite campuses

Pasadena City College has four satellite campuses, the Child Development Center, the Foothill campus, the Rosemead campus, and the Northwest campus at John Muir High School.

The Child Development Center, located one block west of the PCC campus, is a childcare center for children of the school's students.

The Foothill campus (formally known as the Community Education Center), located two miles east of the main campus, is an offsite facility where vocational training, some ESL courses, American Citizenship courses, and the college's high school diploma program take place.

The Rosemead campus was established in the Fall of 2013 in efforts to provide more offerings to students throughout the district.[52]

The Northwest campus at John Muir High School was established in the Spring of 2016 which offers career training programs and offering high school students opportunity in applying for college courses.[53]

Shuttles connect the main (Colorado) campus with the Foothill and Rosemead campuses (see Transportation section below).

Classes at high schools

Pasadena City College offers courses that can be taken at nearby high schools. Courses are also offered at the Armory Center for the Arts in downtown Pasadena.[13]

Notable people

Below is a list of Pasadena City College faculty and alumni.

Faculty

Alumni

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Pasadena City College - International Students - Campus Information: About PCC . Pasadena.edu . 2009-01-29 . 2013-03-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120224044807/http://www.pasadena.edu/internationalStudents/campusinfo/campusinfo.cfm . February 24, 2012.
  2. https://pasadena.edu/business-administrative-services/fiscal-services/docs/adopted-budgets/2022-2023/Adopted-Budget-FY-2022-2023.pdf
  3. Web site: Office of the President. March 25, 2024.
  4. Web site: Fact Sheet. April 12, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160317184653/http://www.pasadena.edu/publicRelations/documents/Fact-Sheet.pdf. March 17, 2016.
  5. Web site: A Brief History of Pasadena City College - Pasadena City College . 2023-06-11 . curriculum.pasadena.edu.
  6. Book: Winter, Carl G.. History of the Junior College Movement in California. Bureau of Junior Colleges. 1964. 13. January 6, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070243/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED346902.pdf. November 29, 2014. live.
  7. News: Religion: Repentance In Pasadena. June 11, 1951. Time. December 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121130174448/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,814897,00.html. November 30, 2012. dead.
  8. Web site: History - About PCC - Pasadena City College. pasadena.edu. en. 2017-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20170304194904/https://pasadena.edu/about/history.php. March 4, 2017. live.
  9. Web site: PCC is Accredited by the WASC - Institutional Effectiveness - Pasadena City College . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130317010449/http://www.pasadena.edu/ipro/accreditation/ . March 17, 2013.
  10. Web site: Shatford Library, Pasadena City College - Pasadena, CA - Libraries on . Waymarking.com . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018131033/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2WPF_Shatford_Library_Pasadena_City_College__Pasadena_CA . October 18, 2012 . live.
  11. News: Walter T. Shatford Ii, 1914–2009 – Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Valerie J. . Nelson . May 23, 2009 . January 7, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110910105150/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/23/local/me-walter-shatford23 . September 10, 2011 . live.
  12. News: Hoffman . Gretchen . PCC students, faculty stage protest . Pasadena Star-News . March 27, 2003 . August 27, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121024073412/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PSWB&p_theme=pswb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FAEE2ED9FA2BE29&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM . October 24, 2012 . live.
  13. Web site: Welcome to Pasadena City College - President Dr. Mark Rocha . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060726210223/http://www.pasadena.edu/ . July 26, 2006 . live.
  14. http://www.pcccourier.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=3b330812-69b6-49bc-8307-32dc1749d64e
  15. News: Editorial: Damage is done; apology is needed. 19 December 2013. PCC Courier. 10 July 2013. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220044243/http://www.pcccourier.com/2013/07/10/editorial071113/. December 20, 2013.
  16. News: Campus Seethes over Administration . PCC Courier . March 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130425071841/http://www.pcccourier.com/2013/03/20/reaction-2/ . April 25, 2013.
  17. News: Chang-Chien. Emily. Faculty Dismayed by Winter Cancellation . 19 December 2013. PCC Courier. September 5, 2012. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220035349/http://www.pcccourier.com/2012/09/05/reaction/. December 20, 2013.
  18. Web site: Rally (1.10.13). Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. August 25, 2013. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019121936/https://takebackpcc.wordpress.com/coalitions-rally-and-protest-jan-10-2013/. October 19, 2015. live.
  19. Web site: Effects of Winter's Mismanagement – Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. August 24, 2013. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019121936/https://takebackpcc.wordpress.com/effects-of-winters-mismanagement/. October 19, 2015. live.
  20. Web site: California Community Colleges Chancellor's Office – Data Mart. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150623162821/http://datamart.cccco.edu/Students/FTES_Summary.aspx. June 23, 2015. live.
  21. News: Poulisse. Adam. Accused of Violating Educational Employment Relations Act. 19 December 2013. Pasadena Star News. 13 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220131702/http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/social-affairs/20131213/pcc-accused-of-violating-educational-employment-relations-act. December 20, 2013. live.
  22. Web site: PCC Faculty Association Prevails at PERB over the Cancellation of Winter Intersession!. December 4, 2013 . PCC Faculty Association. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150615032059/http://www.pccfacultyassociation.org/pcc-faculty-association-prevails-at-perb-over-the-cancellation-of-winter-intersession/. June 15, 2015. live.
  23. News: Staff. Editorial: Cancelling Winter Intersession Was Illegal, Judge Finds. 19 December 2013. PCC Courier. 4 December 2013. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220044240/http://www.pcccourier.com/2013/12/04/editorial-2/. December 20, 2013.
  24. Web site: Associated Students resolution of No Confidence . March 20, 2013 . February 27, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220105337/http://www.pccfacultyassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Passed-A-Resolution-of-No-Confidence-in-Pasadena-City-College-Administration.pdf . December 20, 2013 . live.
  25. Web site: Vote of No Confidence – Associated Students – Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. August 24, 2013. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019121935/https://takebackpcc.wordpress.com/vote-of-no-confidence-and-censure-associated-students/. October 19, 2015. live.
  26. News: Faculty Overwhelmingly has No Confidence in Administration . PCC Courier . Anthony Richetts . March 14, 2013 . March 14, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220032916/http://www.pcccourier.com/2013/03/14/adhocnoconfidence/ . December 20, 2013.
  27. Web site: PCC's Vote of No Confidence & Aftermath – Press Coverage. PCC Faculty Association. March 22, 2013 . June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150615024125/http://www.pccfacultyassociation.org/pccs-vote-of-no-confidence-press-coverage/. June 15, 2015. live.
  28. Web site: Vote of No Confidence – Academic (Faculty) Senate – Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. October 2013. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019121936/https://takebackpcc.wordpress.com/vote-of-no-confidence-academic-faculty-senate/. October 19, 2015. live.
  29. Web site: Admin salaries. Coalition of Students and Faculty for Student Achievement. October 4, 2013. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151019121936/https://takebackpcc.wordpress.com/admin-salaries/. October 19, 2015. live.
  30. Web site: Academic Senate for Pasadena City College . 2014-04-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220063755/http://www.pasadena.edu/academicsenate/index.cfm?dept=asen . December 20, 2013.
  31. Web site: Academic Senate - Pasadena City College . 2014-04-27 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140427140050/http://www.pasadena.edu/academicsenate/ad-hoc-town-hall-committee.cfm . April 27, 2014.
  32. Web site: A lack of leadership. Pasadena Weekly. May 7, 2014. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150615153220/http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/a_lack_of_leadership/13067/. June 15, 2015. live.
  33. News: Coleman. Andre. Let's Talk Turkeys. 19 December 2013. Pasadena Weekly. 26 November 2013. Uhrich, Kevin. https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034829/http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/let_s_talk_turkeys/12618/. December 20, 2013. dead.
  34. Web site: Pasadena Weekly – Big Apple bound?. June 17, 2014. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150615152912/http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/big_apple_bound/13225/. June 15, 2015. live.
  35. Web site: Rocha not offered college presidency in New York – PCC Courier. June 13, 2015. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065759/http://www.pcccourier.com/2014/07/03/breaking-rocha-not-offered-college-presidency-in-new-york/ . September 24, 2015.
  36. Web site: Pasadena City College president is leaving after rocky tenure. Los Angeles Times. August 7, 2014. June 13, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150608063237/http://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-pcc-president-20140808-story.html. June 8, 2015. live.
  37. News: Abcarian. Robin. Questions plague Pasadena college over Dustin Lance Black debacle. 27 April 2014. The Los Angeles Times. 25 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140426171650/http://www.latimes.com/local/abcarian/la-me-ra-questions-plague-pasadena-college-over-dustin-lance-black-debacle-20140425,0,1383280,full.story#axzz2zx0V9KMD. April 26, 2014. dead.
  38. News: Poulisse. Adam. PCC Commencement Speech An Honest Error, College Claims. 27 April 2014. Pasadena Star News. 22 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140427181836/http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/social-affairs/20140422/pcc-commencement-speech-snafu-an-honest-error-college-claims. April 27, 2014. live.
  39. Web site: Pasadena City College selects Mark Rocha as its new president - academicjobs.net. 2020-10-22. www.academicjobs.net.
  40. Web site: Pasadena City College president is leaving after rocky tenure . Jason Song . . August 7, 2014 . August 8, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808032000/http://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-pcc-president-20140808-story.html . August 8, 2014 . live.
  41. Web site: President Rocha will retire Aug. 31 – PCC Courier. June 13, 2015. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081214/http://www.pcccourier.com/2014/08/07/breaking-rocha-will-retire-end-of-month/. May 18, 2015.
  42. Web site: Dr. Lisa Sugimoto Named PCC President on Interim Basis – Pasadena Now. 2020-10-22. www.pasadenanow.com.
  43. Web site: Student Life (Fall 2022): Pasadena City College . . 8 May 2023.
  44. Web site: Fact Sheet - About Pasadena City College . Pasadena.edu . 2012-08-11 . 2013-03-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011313/http://www.pasadena.edu/about/factsheet.cfm . March 17, 2013.
  45. Web site: Table of Contents . 2013-03-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120510182104/http://www.pasadena.edu/internationalStudents/documents/International_Student_Handbk.pdf . May 10, 2012.
  46. Web site: Pasadena City College Student Newspaper Picks Up Journalism Awards - News - Pasadena City College . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720183656/http://www.pasadena.edu/news/newsItem.cfm?ID=3052 . July 20, 2011 . live.
  47. Web site: Athletics Department - Pasadena City College . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070912202937/http://www.pasadena.edu/athletics/ . September 12, 2007 . live.
  48. News: Seizer . Bob . Pasadena Looms as Grid Power . . . August 31, 1954 . 4, part III . May 7, 2024 . .
  49. News: Smith . Bill . Pasadena pre-season choice for Western State grid title . . . September 1, 1954 . 29 . May 7, 2024 . .
  50. Web site: Pasadena City College Football . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-14 . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070912202319/http://www.pasadena.edu/athletics/football/index.cfm . September 12, 2007 . live.
  51. University of North Carolina–Greensboro, PhD . Ann Arbor, Michigan . 1976. 1977 . University Microfilms . Governance of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics: an Historical Perspective. Virginia. Hunt.
  52. Web site: PCC at Rosemead - Pasadena City College. pasadena.edu. en. 2017-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20170304194636/https://pasadena.edu/rosemead/. March 4, 2017. live.
  53. Web site: A New Approach To Educating At PCC Northwest. Boekelheide. Alex. pasadena.edu. en. 2017-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193612/https://pasadena.edu/news-and-events/news/new-approach-educating-pcc-northwest.php. March 4, 2017. live.
  54. Web site: Gary Wayne . Celebrity Schools . Seeing-stars.com . 2013-03-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120104905/http://www.seeing-stars.com/schools/otherschools.shtml . January 20, 2013.
  55. Clemens, Samuel. "Pageantry", Lulu Press. August 2022
  56. Web site: George Reeves - Pasadena City College . Pasadena.edu . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720183736/http://www.pasadena.edu/about/history/alumni/reeves/reeves.cfm . July 20, 2011 . dead.
  57. Web site: Sirhan's Parole - By Victor Davis Hanson - The Corner - National Review Online . Nationalreview.com . 2011-03-02 . 2013-03-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020141603/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/261094/sirhans-parole-victor-davis-hanson . October 20, 2012 . live.
  58. Web site: Founder of doughnut shop chain dies. Smith. Hubble. November 28, 2002. Las Vegas Review-Journal. https://web.archive.org/web/20051119143852/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2002/Nov-28-Thu-2002/news/20164426.html. November 19, 2005.

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