Since 1995, Ethiopia's politics is a multi-party system holding opposition political groups. Many opposition parties often skeptical to government transition programs, exposing to the government. Those parties also often accused of benefit the ruling party.[1] According to commentators, the basic shortcomings among majority parties is lack of institutional capacity and clear ideological foundations as well as poorly organized. Other criticism is those party always failed to cooperate each other, underrepresented their representative societies due to few resources. Those parties tend to lack strong administrative and communicative structures and the capacity to compete.[2]
The EPRDF coalition was dominated predominately TPLF, establishing ethno-nationalist political parties under it. Majority parties include the Oromo Democratic Party (ODP), Amhara Democratic Party (ADP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). Opposition groups during that era often faced marginalization and negligence by the ruling party TPLF. In addition, there was also allegation of human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, and suppression of dissent as well as lack of democracy by not permitting free and fair elections.
| Oromo Liberation Front | 1973 | Regional | |
| Ogaden National Liberation Front | 1984 | Regional | |
| All Ethiopian Unity Party | 2002 | National | |
| Unity for Democracy and Justice | 2008 | National | |
| Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum | 2008 | National | |
| Semayawi Party | 2002 | National | |
| Ethiopian Democratic Party | 1999 | National | |
| Arena Tigray for Democracy and Sovereignty | 2000 | Regional | |
| Ethiopian Social Democratic Party | 1998 | National |
| Balderas Party | 2019 | National | |
| Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice | 2019 | National | |
| National Movement of Amhara | 2018 | Regional | |
| Freedom and Equality Party | 2019 | National | |
| Enat Party | 2019 | National | |
| Gedeo People's Democratic Party | 1992 | Regional |