General Behavior Inventory Explained

General Behavior Inventory
Purpose:identify manic mood

The General Behavior Inventory (GBI) is a 73-question psychological self-report assessment tool designed by Richard Depue[1] [2] and colleagues to identify the presence and severity of manic and depressive moods in adults, as well as to assess for cyclothymia. It is one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of bipolar disorder and the fluctuation of symptoms over time. The GBI is intended to be administered for adult populations; however, it has been adapted into versions that allow for juvenile populations (for parents to rate their offspring), as well as a short version that allows for it to be used as a screening test.

Versions

General Behavior Inventory (GBI)

The GBI was originally made as a self-report instrument for college students and adults to use to describe their own history of mood symptoms. The original item set included clinical characteristics and associated features in addition to the diagnostic symptoms of manic and depressive states in the current versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The first set of 69 items was increased to 73, with the final version having 73 mood items and 6 additional questions to check the validity of responses (but which did not figure in the scale scores). The self report version of the GBI has been used in an extensive program of research, accruing evidence of many facets of validity. Because of its length and high reading level, there also have been many efforts to develop short forms of the GBI.

7 Up 7 Down Inventory (7U7D)

The 7 Up-7 Down (7U7D)[3] is a 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies that was carved from the full length GBI. This version is designed to be applicable for both youths and adults, and to improve separation between both mania and depressive conditions. It was developed via factor analysis from nine separate samples pooled into two age groups, ensuring applicability for use in youth and adults.

A sleep scale also has been carved from the GBI, using the seven items that ask about anything directly related to sleep.

Parent report on the GBI (P-GBI)

The P-GBI[4] is an adaptation of the GBI, consisting of 73 Likert scale items rated on a scale from 0 ("Never or Hardly Ever") to 3 ("Very often or Almost Constantly"). It consists of two scales: a depressive symptoms (46 items) and a hypomanic/biphasic (mixed) symptoms (28 items).[5]

Parent short forms

Parent GBI-10-Item Mania Scale
Synonyms:PGBI-10M

Again, due to the length of the full version, several short forms have been built and tested in multiple samples that may be more convenient to use in clinical work. These include 10 item mania, two alternate 10 item depression forms, and the seven item Sleep scale. All have performed as well or better than the self-report version when completed by an adult familiar with the youth's behavior (typically a parent).

The PGBI-10M is a brief (10-item) version of the PGBI that was validated for clinical use for patients presenting with a variety of different diagnoses, including frequent comorbid conditions. It is administered to parents for them to rate their children between ages 5–17. The 10 items include symptoms such as elated mood, high energy, irritability and rapid changes in mood and energy as indicators of potential juvenile bipolar disorder. The PhenX Toolkit uses this instrument as its child protocol for Hypomania/Mania Symptoms.[6]

Teacher report on the GBI

One study had a large sample of teachers complete the GBI to describe the mood and behavior of youths age 5 to 18 years old. The results indicated that there were many items that teachers did not have an opportunity to observe the behavior (such as the items asking about sleep), and others that teachers often chose to skip. Even after shortening the item list to those that teachers could report about, the validity results were modest even though the internal consistency reliability was high. The results suggested that it was challenging for teachers to tell the difference between hypomanic symptoms and symptoms attributable to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which is much more common in the classroom. The results aligned with findings from a large meta-analysis that teacher report had the lowest average validity across all mania scales compared to adolescent or parent report on the same scales. Based on these results, current recommendations are to concentrate on parent and youth report, and not use teacher report as a way of measuring hypomanic symptoms in youths.

Psychometric properties

The GBI has been used extensively in research, including clinical samples, college students, longitudinal, treatment, and other studies. However, no normative data exist to calibrate scores in the general population.

Reliability

The GBI has very good reliability.[7] [8]

Evaluating scores from the General Behavior Inventory against the EBA rubric for norms and reliability! Criterion !! Rating !! Explanation with references
Norms Adequate Multiple convenience samples and research studies, including both clinical and nonclinical samples[9]
Internal consistency Excellent; too good for some contexts Cronbach's alphas routinely over .94 for both scales, suggesting that scales could be shortened for many uses[10]
Inter-rater reliability Not applicable Designed originally as a self-report scale; parent and youth report correlate about the same as cross-informant scores correlate in general[11]
Test-retest reliability (stability) Good r = .73 over 15 weeks. Evaluated in initial studies,[12] with data also showing high stability in clinical trials[13]
Repeatability Not published No published studies formally checking repeatability

Validity

Evaluation of validity and utility for the General Behavior Inventory (table from Youngstrom et al., unpublished, extended from Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)! Criterion !! Rating !! Explanation with references
Content validity Excellent Covers both DSM diagnostic symptoms and a range of associated features
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) Excellent Shows convergent validity with other symptom scales, longitudinal prediction of development of mood disorders,[14] [15] [16] criterion validity via metabolic markers[17] and associations with family history of mood disorder.[18] Factor structure complicated;[19] the inclusion of “biphasic” or “mixed” mood items creates a lot of cross-loading
Discriminative validity Excellent Multiple studies show that GBI scores discriminate cases with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders from other clinical disorders[20] [21] effect sizes are among the largest of existing scales
Validity generalization Good Used both as self-report and caregiver report; used in college student[22] as well as outpatient and inpatient clinical samples; translated into multiple languages with good reliability
Treatment sensitivity Good Multiple studies show sensitivity to treatment effects comparable to using interviews by trained raters, including placebo-controlled, masked assignment trials[23] [24] Short forms appear to retain sensitivity to treatment effects while substantially reducing burden[25]
Clinical utility Good Free (public domain), strong psychometrics, extensive research base. Biggest concerns are length and reading level. Short forms have less research, but are appealing based on reduced burden and promising data

Interpretation

GBI scoring

The current GBI questionnaire includes 73 Likert-type items which reflect symptoms of different moods. The original version of the GBI used case scoring where items were given values ranging from 1–4. Symptoms that were rated as 1 or 2 were considered to be absent and symptoms rated as 3 or 4 were considered to be present. However, if each item were to receive one of four scores, the authors of the GBI decided Likert scaling would be a better scoring option. The items on the GBI are now scaled from 0–3 rated as 0 (never or hardly ever present), 1 (sometimes present), 2 (often present), and 3 (very often or almost constantly present).[21]

PGBI-10M

For the PGBI-10M, the scores from each question are added together to form a total score, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 30. Low scores of 5 and below indicate a very low risk of a bipolar diagnosis. High scores of 18 and over indicate a high risk of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, increasing the likelihood by a factor of seven or greater.[5] Several peer-reviewed research studies support the P-GBI as a reliable and valid measure of bipolar in children and adolescents.[5] It is recommended to be used as part of an assessment battery in the diagnosis of juvenile bipolar disorder.

Limitations

The GBI is free for use clinically and in research. The reading level and length make it challenging for some people to complete.[26]

See also

External links

GBI form

Practice parameters

For youth

For adults

Notes and References

  1. Web site: APA PsycNet . 2023-05-02 . psycnet.apa.org . en.
  2. Web site: Richard Depue: Human Ecology Bio Page . Cornell University College of Human Ecology . dead . 18 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170918235647/http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=rad5 . dmy-all .
  3. Youngstrom. Eric A.. Murray. Greg. Johnson. Sheri L.. Findling. Robert L.. 2016-12-01. The 7 Up 7 Down Inventory: A 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies carved from the General Behavior Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 25. 4. 1377–1383. 10.1037/a0033975. 1040-3590. 3970320. 23914960.
  4. Youngstrom . Eric A. . Findling . Robert L. . Danielson . Carla Kmett . Calabrese . Joseph R. . June 2001 . Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory . Psychological Assessment . 13 . 2 . 267–276 . 11433802 . 10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267 .
  5. Youngstrom . Eric A. . Frazier . Thomas W. . Demeter . Christine . Calabrese . Joseph R. . Findling . Robert L. . May 2008 . Developing a Ten Item Mania Scale from the Parent General Behavior Inventory for Children and Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 69 . 5 . 831–9 . 2777983. 18452343. 10.4088/jcp.v69n0517.
  6. Web site: Protocol Overview: Hypomania/Mania Symptoms - Child . PhenX Toolkit, Ver 19.0 . 17 January 2017 . RTI International .
  7. Depue . Richard A. . Krauss . Steven . Spoont . Michele R. . Arbisi . Paul . 1989 . General Behavior Inventory identification of unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in a nonclinical university population. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology . en . 98 . 2 . 117–126 . 10.1037/0021-843X.98.2.117 . 1939-1846.
  8. Klein . Daniel N. . Dickstein . Susan . Taylor . Ellen B. . Harding . Kathryn . 1989 . Identifying chronic affective disorders in outpatients: Validation of the General Behavior Inventory. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . en . 57 . 1 . 106–111 . 10.1037//0022-006X.57.1.106 . 0022-006X.
  9. Youngstrom. Eric A.. Genzlinger. Jacquelynne E.. Egerton. Gregory A.. Meter. Anna R. Van. 2015-11-16. Multivariate meta-analysis of the discriminative validity of caregiver, youth, and teacher rating scales for pediatric bipolar disorder: Mother knows best about mania.. Archives of Scientific Psychology. English. 3. 1. 112–137. 10.1037/arc0000024. free. 2169-3269.
  10. Streiner. David L.. 2003-06-01. Being Inconsistent About Consistency: When Coefficient Alpha Does and Doesn't Matter. Journal of Personality Assessment. 80. 3. 217–222. 10.1207/S15327752JPA8003_01. 0022-3891. 12763696. 19074934 .
  11. Achenbach. TM. McConaughy. SH. Howell. CT. Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity.. Psychological Bulletin. March 1987. 101. 2. 213–32. 3562706. 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213.
  12. Depue. Richard A.. Slater. Judith F.. Wolfstetter-Kausch. Heidi. Klein. Daniel. Goplerud. Eric. Farr. David. A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. October 1981. 90. 5. 381–437. 10.1037/0021-843X.90.5.381. 7298991. 10.1.1.380.4958.
  13. Findling. Robert L.. Youngstrom. Eric A.. Zhao. Joan. Marcus. Ron. Andersson. Candace. McQuade. Robert. Mankoski. Raymond. Respondent and item level patterns of response of aripiprazole in the acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 143. 1–3. 231–235. 10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.033. 23044285. 2012.
  14. Klein. Daniel N.. Dickstein. Susan. Taylor. Ellen B.. Harding. Kathryn. Identifying chronic affective disorders in outpatients: Validation of the General Behavior Inventory . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . February 1989. 57. 1. 106–11. 2925959. 10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.106.
  15. Mesman. Esther. Nolen. Willem A.. Reichart. Catrien G.. Wals. Marjolein. Hillegers. Manon H.J.. The Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study: 12-Year Follow-Up. American Journal of Psychiatry. May 2013. 170. 5. 542–549. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030401. 23429906.
  16. Reichart. CG. van der Ende. J. Wals. M. Hillegers. MH. Nolen. WA. Ormel. J. Verhulst. FC. The use of the GBI as predictor of bipolar disorder in a population of adolescent offspring of parents with a bipolar disorder.. Journal of Affective Disorders. December 2005. 89. 1–3. 147–55. 16260043. 10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.007.
  17. Depue. RA. Kleiman. RM. Davis. P. Hutchinson. M. Krauss. SP. The behavioral high-risk paradigm and bipolar affective disorder, VIII: Serum free cortisol in nonpatient cyclothymic subjects selected by the General Behavior Inventory.. The American Journal of Psychiatry. February 1985. 142. 2. 175–81. 3970242. 10.1176/ajp.142.2.175.
  18. Klein. DN. Depue. RA. Continued impairment in persons at risk for bipolar affective disorder: results of a 19-month follow-up study.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. August 1984. 93. 3. 345–7. 6470321. 10.1037/0021-843x.93.3.345.
  19. Pendergast. Laura L.. Youngstrom. Eric A.. Brown. Christopher. Jensen. Dane. Abramson. Lyn Y.. Alloy. Lauren B.. Structural invariance of General Behavior Inventory (GBI) scores in Black and White young adults.. Psychological Assessment. 2015. 27. 1. 21–30. 10.1037/pas0000020. 25222430. 4355320.
  20. Danielson. CK. Youngstrom. EA. Findling. RL. Calabrese. JR. Discriminative validity of the general behavior inventory using youth report.. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. February 2003. 31. 1. 29–39. 12597697. 10.1023/A:1021717231272. 14546936 .
  21. Findling. RL. Youngstrom. EA. Danielson. CK. DelPorto-Bedoya. D. Papish-David. R. Townsend. L. Calabrese. JR. Clinical decision-making using the General Behavior Inventory in juvenile bipolarity.. Bipolar Disorders. February 2002. 4. 1. 34–42. 12047493. 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x. 33102654 .
  22. Alloy. LB. Abramson. LY. Hogan. ME. Whitehouse. WG. Rose. DT. Robinson. MS. Kim. RS. Lapkin. JB. The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. August 2000. 109. 3. 403–18. 11016110. 10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403.
  23. Findling. RL. Youngstrom. EA. McNamara. NK. Stansbrey. RJ. Wynbrandt. JL. Adegbite. C. Rowles. BM. Demeter. CA. Frazier. TW. Calabrese. JR. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder.. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. January 2012. 73. 1. 57–63. 22152402. 10.4088/jcp.11m07104.
  24. Youngstrom. E. Zhao. J. Mankoski. R. Forbes. RA. Marcus. RM. Carson. W. McQuade. R. Findling. RL. Clinical significance of treatment effects with aripiprazole versus placebo in a study of manic or mixed episodes associated with pediatric bipolar I disorder.. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. March 2013. 23. 2. 72–9. 23480324. 10.1089/cap.2012.0024. 3696952.
  25. Ong. ML. Youngstrom. EA. Chua. JJ. Halverson. TF. Horwitz. SM. Storfer-Isser. A. Frazier. TW. Fristad. MA. Arnold. LE. Phillips. ML. Birmaher. B. Kowatch. RA. Findling. RL. LAMS. Group. Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth.. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 45. 3. 611–623. 1 July 2016. 27364346. 5685560. 10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4.
  26. Youngstrom . Eric A. . Egerton . Gregory A. . Genzlinger . Jacquelynne . Freeman . Lindsey K. . Rizvi . Sabeen H. . Van Meter . Anna . 2018 . Improving the global identification of bipolar spectrum disorders: Meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of checklists. . Psychological Bulletin . en . 144 . 3 . 315–342 . 10.1037/bul0000137 . 1939-1455.

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