Pardis Sabeti Explained

Pardis Sabeti
Birth Name:Pardis Christine Sabeti
Birth Date:1975 12, df=yes
Birth Place:Tehran, Iran
Fields:Evolutionary genetics
Genetic epidemiology
Computational biology
Biological anthropology
Bioinformatics
Medical genetics
Workplaces:Harvard University
Broad Institute
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Education:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)

Harvard University (MD)
Doctoral Advisor:Ryk Ward
Anthony Boyce
Thesis Url:https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410671
Thesis Title:The Effects of Natural Selection and Recombination on Genetic Diversity in Humans: An Investigation of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in African Populations
Thesis Year:2002
Awards:TIME 100
National Academy of Medicine

Pardis Christine Sabeti (Persian: پردیس ثابتی; born December 25, 1975) is an American computational biologist, medical geneticist, and evolutionary geneticist. She is a professor in the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, professor of Immunology and Infectious Disease at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, core institute member at the Broad Institute, and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.[1] [2]

Sabeti and her lab have pioneered technologies for detecting, tracking, and countering deadly pathogens, including Ebola,[3] [4] Zika,[5] Lassa,[6] [7] and SARS-CoV-2[8] [9] .  They have also created some of the most powerful algorithms and molecular tools to characterize the human genome and transformative methods for gene delivery of new biomedicines to specific tissues.[10] [11] [12]

Sabeti was named one of Time Magazine's Persons of the Year in 2014 (Ebola Fighters), and one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2015.[13] [14] Her continued efforts including during the COVID-19 pandemic led her to receive a Time 100 Impact Award and to be inducted into the National Academy of Medicine.[15] [16] She is the current host of the educational series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics sponsored by Annenberg Learner and a Crash Course on Outbreak Science[17] and is the lead singer and a writer for the rock band Thousand Days.[18] [19] [20]

Early life and education

Sabeti was born in 1975 in Tehran, Iran, to Nasrin and Parviz Sabeti. Her father came from a Baháʼí Faith family but never officially joined as a member[21] [22] and was the deputy in SAVAK, Iran's intelligence agency, and a high ranking security official in Shah's regime.[23]

Her family fled Iran in October 1978, shortly before the Iranian Revolution, when Sabeti was two years old,[24] and found sanctuary in Florida.[25] As a child, Sabeti wanted to be a flower-shop owner, novelist, or doctor.[26] [27] However, she was most passionate about math. She had a sister, Parisa, who was 2 years older. Growing up, Parisa taught Pardis the course material she had learned the year before in school, leading Pardis to be "almost two years ahead of her classmates" when the school year began. Throughout her life, Sabeti played many sports including competitive tennis.[28]

Sabeti went to Trinity Preparatory School in Florida. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, class president, valedictorian, and member of the Varsity tennis team. She additionally attributes part of her inspiration towards infectious disease research to the 1995 movie Outbreak.[29]

Sabeti attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she was a member of the varsity tennis team and class president, graduating in 1997 with a major in biology and a "perfect 5.0 average." At MIT, she began her research career in David Bartel's laboratory[30] and was advised by Eric Lander, and was a teaching assistant for undergraduate courses in genetics and biochemistry. She created the MIT Freshman Leadership Program [31] and pioneered the school's larger pre-orientation programming.

Sabeti was selected as Rhodes Scholar and completed a masters in human biology than doctorate work in evolutionary genetics in 2002,[32] at New College, Oxford, earning an M.Sc. and D.Phil. She went on to complete a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) at Harvard Medical School in 2006 summa cum laude, being the third woman to receive this honor since the school had begun accepting female students.[33] The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans supported her medical studies.[34] Initially, Sabeti planned to enter medicine and become a doctor, she decided to pursue research instead after completing medical school and discovering she preferred research to medicine.

Career and research

Human Genetics

As a graduate student at Oxford and postdoctoral fellow with Eric Lander at the Broad Institute, Sabeti developed a family of statistical tests that identify regions of the genome under positive natural selection, by identifying common genetic variants found on unusually long haplotypes. Her tests, extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH), the long-range haplotype (LRH) test, and cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), are designed to detect advantageous mutations whose frequency in human populations has risen rapidly over the last 10,000 years.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] As a faculty member at Harvard, Sabeti and her group have developed a statistical test to pinpoint signals of selection, the Composite of Multiple Signals (CMS),[41]

Infectious Disease

In 2014, having worked for a decade together in West Africa on Lassa fever and other infectious diseases, Sabeti and Christian Happi, a Cameroonian-Nigerian geneticist, and their teams launched the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID) to enhance pathogen surveillance and education in Africa.[42] Their efforts in the Ebola outbreak in West Africa helped identify the first cases in Sierra Leone and Nigeria, and advanced genomic sequencing technology to identify a single point of infection from an animal reservoir to a human.[43] RNA changes further suggested that the first human infection was followed by exclusive human to human transmissions.[44] They also showed the virus was mutating to be able to infect human cells more easily.

Sabeti's team continued to support outbreak response, developing and deploying genomic and computational tools to elucidate the origins, evolution, and community transmission of viruses.  During the Zika epidemic in 2016, Sabeti's team assembled the largest sequencing study of the virus and showed the virus was circulating undetected for many months.[45] During the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria, her and Happi's team rapidly sequenced the virus on ground in the country, providing real-time feedback to the Nigeria CDC on the origins and spread of the outbreak. During COVID-19, her team led genomic investigations that elucidated the first superspreader events, variants of concern, and transmission from vaccinated individuals. In 2019, Sabeti and Happi's teams were awarded funding from the TED Audacious Project to build Sentinel, a pandemic pre-emption and response system."[46] [47]

Other contributions

Her lab developed a family of statistical tests to detect and characterize correlations in datasets of any kind, maximal information non-parametric exploration (MINE). Sabeti has via her collaboration with Michael Mitzenmacher an Erdős number of 3.[48] In February 2021 Sabeti co-authored a paper on how a certain level of COVID-19 anti-bodies may provide lasting protection against the virus, studying 4300 employees of SpaceX with its CEO Elon Musk.[49] [50]

Outreach and Teaching

In May 2015, she delivered a TED Talk, called "How we'll fight the next deadly virus."[51] In September 2021, Sabeti joined the YouTube channel Crash Course to host its series on Outbreak Science. Sabeti hosted the Against All Odds video series with the goal of explaining statistics to high school and college students.[52] Sabeti is an annual participant in the Distinguished Lecture Series at the acclaimed Research Science Institute at MIT for high school students.

Awards and honors

Sabeti was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Natural Sciences category. In 2014, she received the Vilcek Prize for Creative Promise in Biomedical Science.[53] She is a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader and a National Geographic Emerging Explorer.

In addition to being named one of Time Magazine's Persons of the Year in 2014 (Ebola Fighters), Sabeti was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 most influential people in 2015, and was awarded the Time 100 Impact Award in 2022. Sabeti was on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020.[54]

In 2015, Sabeti was selected for the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator award.[55] She has also received a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences,[56] a Packard Foundation award in Science and Engineering, and an NIH Director's New Innovator Award, and a L'Oréal for Women in Science Fellowship.

Sabeti was inducted in the National Academy of Medicine in 2020.

Personal life

Sabeti is the lead singer and songwriter for the rock band Thousand Days.[19] [20] In her spare time, Sabeti enjoys playing volleyball and participates in Harvard's summer volleyball league.[57]

On July 17, 2015, Sabeti suffered a near-fatal accident at a conference in Montana. She was a passenger in an ATV that went over a cliff, and catapulted onto boulders. She shattered her pelvis and knees, and sustained a brain injury. She completed rehab to return to teaching.

Filmography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080517115809/http://sysbio.harvard.edu/csb/research/sabeti.html . 2008-05-17.
  2. Web site: 2015-07-06 . Pardis Sabeti . 2024-08-11 . @broadinstitute . en.
  3. Gire . Stephen K. . Goba . Augustine . Andersen . Kristian G. . Sealfon . Rachel S. G. . Park . Daniel J. . Kanneh . Lansana . Jalloh . Simbirie . Momoh . Mambu . Fullah . Mohamed . Dudas . Gytis . Wohl . Shirlee . Moses . Lina M. . Yozwiak . Nathan L. . Winnicki . Sarah . Matranga . Christian B. . 2014-09-12 . Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak . Science . en . 345 . 6202 . 1369–1372 . 10.1126/science.1259657 . 0036-8075 . 4431643 . 25214632.
  4. Park . Daniel J. . Dudas . Gytis . Wohl . Shirlee . Goba . Augustine . Whitmer . Shannon L.M. . Andersen . Kristian G. . Sealfon . Rachel S. . Ladner . Jason T. . Kugelman . Jeffrey R. . Matranga . Christian B. . Winnicki . Sarah M. . Qu . James . Gire . Stephen K. . Gladden-Young . Adrianne . Jalloh . Simbirie . June 2015 . Ebola Virus Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution during Seven Months in Sierra Leone . Cell . en . 161 . 7 . 1516–1526 . 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.007 . 4503805 . 26091036.
  5. Metsky . Hayden C. . Matranga . Christian B. . Wohl . Shirlee . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Freije . Catherine A. . Winnicki . Sarah M. . West . Kendra . Qu . James . Baniecki . Mary Lynn . Gladden-Young . Adrianne . Lin . Aaron E. . Tomkins-Tinch . Christopher H. . Ye . Simon H. . Park . Daniel J. . Luo . Cynthia Y. . 2017-06-15 . Zika virus evolution and spread in the Americas . Nature . en . 546 . 7658 . 411–415 . 10.1038/nature22402 . 0028-0836 . 5563848 . 28538734.
  6. Andersen . Kristian G. . Shapiro . B. Jesse . Matranga . Christian B. . Sealfon . Rachel . Lin . Aaron E. . Moses . Lina M. . Folarin . Onikepe A. . Goba . Augustine . Odia . Ikponwonsa . Ehiane . Philomena E. . Momoh . Mambu . England . Eleina M. . Winnicki . Sarah . Branco . Luis M. . Gire . Stephen K. . August 2015 . Clinical Sequencing Uncovers Origins and Evolution of Lassa Virus . Cell . en . 162 . 4 . 738–750 . 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.020 . 4537774 . 26276630.
  7. Siddle . Katherine J. . Eromon . Philomena . Barnes . Kayla G. . Mehta . Samar . Oguzie . Judith U. . Odia . Ikponmwosa . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Winnicki . Sarah M. . Shah . Rickey R. . Qu . James . Wohl . Shirlee . Brehio . Patrick . Iruolagbe . Christopher . Aiyepada . John . Uyigue . Eghosa . November 2018 . Genomic Analysis of Lassa Virus during an Increase in Cases in Nigeria in 2018 . New England Journal of Medicine . en . 379 . 18 . 1745–1753 . 10.1056/NEJMoa1804498 . 0028-4793 . 6181183 . 30332564.
  8. Lemieux . Jacob E. . Siddle . Katherine J. . Shaw . Bennett M. . Loreth . Christine . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Gladden-Young . Adrianne . Adams . Gordon . Fink . Timelia . Tomkins-Tinch . Christopher H. . Krasilnikova . Lydia A. . DeRuff . Katherine C. . Rudy . Melissa . Bauer . Matthew R. . Lagerborg . Kim A. . Normandin . Erica . 2021-02-05 . Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Boston highlights the impact of superspreading events . Science . en . 371 . 6529 . 10.1126/science.abe3261 . 0036-8075 . 7857412 . 33303686.
  9. Siddle . Katherine J. . Krasilnikova . Lydia A. . Moreno . Gage K. . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Vostok . Johanna . Fitzgerald . Nicholas A. . Lemieux . Jacob E. . Barkas . Nikolaos . Loreth . Christine . Specht . Ivan . Tomkins-Tinch . Christopher H. . Paull . Jillian S. . Schaeffer . Beau . Taylor . Bradford P. . Loftness . Bryn . February 2022 . Transmission from vaccinated individuals in a large SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant outbreak . Cell . en . 185 . 3 . 485–492.e10 . 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.027 . 8695126 . 35051367.
  10. Sabeti . Pardis C. . Reich . David E. . Higgins . John M. . Levine . Haninah Z. P. . Richter . Daniel J. . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Gabriel . Stacey B. . Platko . Jill V. . Patterson . Nick J. . McDonald . Gavin J. . Ackerman . Hans C. . Campbell . Sarah J. . Altshuler . David . Cooper . Richard . Kwiatkowski . Dominic . October 2002 . Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure . Nature . en . 419 . 6909 . 832–837 . 10.1038/nature01140 . 0028-0836.
  11. The International HapMap Consortium . Sabeti . Pardis C. . Varilly . Patrick . Fry . Ben . Lohmueller . Jason . Hostetter . Elizabeth . Cotsapas . Chris . Xie . Xiaohui . Byrne . Elizabeth H. . McCarroll . Steven A. . Gaudet . Rachelle . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Lander . Eric S. . October 2007 . Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations . Nature . en . 449 . 7164 . 913–918 . 10.1038/nature06250 . 0028-0836 . 2687721 . 17943131.
  12. Tewhey . Ryan . Kotliar . Dylan . Park . Daniel S. . Liu . Brandon . Winnicki . Sarah . Reilly . Steven K. . Andersen . Kristian G. . Mikkelsen . Tarjei S. . Lander . Eric S. . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Sabeti . Pardis C. . June 2016 . Direct Identification of Hundreds of Expression-Modulating Variants using a Multiplexed Reporter Assay . Cell . en . 165 . 6 . 1519–1529 . 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.027 . 4957403 . 27259153.
  13. Pardis Sabeti. 2020-10-30. Time Magazine.
  14. Person of the Year 2014: Read the Ebola Scientists' Stories. 2020-10-30. Time Magazine. 10 December 2014 .
  15. 2022-09-26 . Dr. Pardis Sabeti Is Changing How We Track Virus Outbreaks in Real Time . 2024-02-02 . Time . en.
  16. Web site: Dr. Pardis Sabeti is elected to the National Academy of Medicine . 2024-02-02 . africa.harvard.edu . en.
  17. Web site: Against All Odds, Inside Statistics . Annenberg Learner . Annenberg Foundation . 18 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151130054629/http://www.learner.org/resources/series65.html . 30 November 2015 . dead .
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  21. Minority Rights Group Report, Volumes 2-51, The group 1982, page 114.
  22. Iran's secret pogrom: the conspiracy to wipe out the Baháʼís, Geoffrey Nash, N. Sge 50.
  23. Web site: Dr. Pardis Sabeti is a member of PAAIA.
  24. Web site: Medical & Musical Journeys: An Interview with One of Time's Persons of the Year, Pardis Sabeti. 2016-02-10. The Huffington Post. 2016-05-01.
  25. Web site: Pardis Sabeti, the Rollerblading Rock Star Scientist of Harvard | Science & Nature | Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonianmag.com . 2013-10-12 . 14 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131120/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Pardis-Sabeti-the-Rollerblading-Rock-Star-Scientist-of-Harvard-179988881.html . dead .
  26. Web site: Three from MIT Named Rhodes, Marshall Scholars - The Tech . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160511145235/http://tech.mit.edu/V116/N65/scholars.65n.html . 11 May 2016 . 2016-05-28 . tech.mit.edu.
  27. Web site: Pardis Sabeti Profile. The Rhodes Project. 2016-05-01.
  28. Web site: Fifteen Professors to Meet Magazine The Harvard Crimson . 2016-05-01 . www.thecrimson.com.
  29. Web site: Medina. Kai. December 2020. Surrounding yourself with the best people. KaiMedinaE.
  30. Sabeti PC, Unrau PJ, Bartel DP . Accessing rare activities from random RNA sequences: the importance of the length of molecules in the starting pool. . Chem Biol . 1997 . 4 . 10 . 767–74 . 9375255 . 10.1016/s1074-5521(97)90315-x. free .
  31. Web site: 1996-10-23 . New freshman program encourages unity and diversity . 2024-08-11 . MIT News Massachusetts Institute of Technology . en.
  32. Pardis Christine. Sabeti. 2002. DPhil. University of Oxford. The effects of natural selection and recombination on genetic diversity in humans : an investigation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African populations. 64594684. . jisc.ac.uk. 2019-03-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054138/https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/7414921?style=html. 2019-03-07. dead.
  33. Web site: Broad scientist Pardis Sabeti receives prestigious research awards Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. www.broadinstitute.org. 14 June 2006 . 2016-05-28.
  34. Web site: Burroughs Wellcome Fund Awardee Profile of Pardis Sabeti. 2007-10-12. Oskin. Becky. 2006-06-14. 2019-12-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20191214063819/https://www.bwfund.org/newsroom/awardee-profiles/awardee-profile-pardis-sabeti. dead.
  35. Sabeti . P. C. . Reich . D. E. . Higgins . J. M. . Levine . H. Z. P. . Richter . D. J. . Schaffner . S. F. . Gabriel . S. B. . Platko . J. V. . Patterson . N. J. . McDonald . G. J. . Ackerman . H. C. . Campbell . S. J. . Altshuler . D. . Cooper . R. . Kwiatkowski . D. . 2002 . Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure . Nature . 419 . 6909 . 832–837 . 2002Natur.419..832S . 10.1038/nature01140 . 12397357 . 4404534 . Ward . R. . Lander . E. S..
  36. Sabeti . Pardis C. . Pardis Sabeti . Varilly . Patrick . Fry . Ben . Lohmueller . Jason . Hostetter . Elizabeth . Cotsapas . Chris . Xie . Xiaohui . Byrne . Elizabeth H. . McCarroll . Steven A. . Gaudet . Rachelle . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Lander . Eric S. . The International HapMap Consortium . Frazer . Kelly A. . Ballinger . Dennis G. . 29 . 2007 . Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations . Nature . 449 . 7164 . 913–918 . 2007Natur.449..913S . 10.1038/nature06250 . 2687721 . 17943131 . Cox . David R. . Hinds . David A. . Stuve . Laura L. . Gibbs . Richard A. . Belmont . John W. . Boudreau . Andrew . Hardenbol . Paul . Leal . Suzanne M. . Pasternak . Shiran . Wheeler . David A. . Willis . Thomas D. . Yu . Fuli . Yang . Huanming . Zeng . Changqing Zeng . Gao . Yang.
  37. Web site: Packard Foundation Fellowship Directory: Pardis Sabeti. 2012-06-14. 13 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200413095746/https://www.packard.org/what-we-fund/science/packard-fellowships-for-science-and-engineering/fellowship-directory/sabeti-pardis/. dead.
  38. Web site: Iranian Scientist Wins NIH 2009 Innovator Award. 2009-10-24. 2012-06-14.
  39. Reshef . D. N. . Reshef . Y. A. . Finucane . H. K. . Hilary Finucane . Grossman . S. R. . McVean . G. . Gilean McVean . Turnbaugh . P. J. . Lander . E. S. . Eric Lander . Mitzenmacher . M. . Sabeti . P. C. . Pardis Sabeti . 2011 . Detecting Novel Associations in Large Data Sets . Science . 334 . 6062 . 1518–1524 . 2011Sci...334.1518R . 10.1126/science.1205438 . 3325791 . 22174245.
  40. Web site: Deen . Lango . 2005-07-25 . One-on-One with Pardis Sabeti . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062611/http://www.sciencespectrumonline.com/artman/publish/article_24.shtml . 2007-09-28 . 2007-07-27 . Science Spectrum Online.
  41. Grossman . S. R. . Shlyakhter . I. . Karlsson . E. K. . Byrne . E. H. . Morales . S. . Frieden . G. . Hostetter . E. . Angelino . E. . Garber . M. . 10.1126/science.1183863 . Zuk . O. . Lander . E. S. . Schaffner . S. F. . Sabeti . P. C. . A Composite of Multiple Signals Distinguishes Causal Variants in Regions of Positive Selection . Science . 327 . 5967 . 883–886 . 2010 . 20056855. 10.1.1.230.5254 . 2010Sci...327..883G . 9751422 .
  42. Web site: About ACEGID – ACEGID . 2024-02-02 . en-US.
  43. News: Kolata . Gina . 2014-12-01 . Sifting Through Genes in Search of Answers on Ebola . 2016-05-28 . The New York Times . 0362-4331.
  44. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/aug2014/od-29.htm Single animal to human transmission event responsible for 2014 Ebola outbreak
  45. Metsky . Hayden C. . Matranga . Christian B. . Wohl . Shirlee . Schaffner . Stephen F. . Freije . Catherine A. . Winnicki . Sarah M. . West . Kendra . Qu . James . Baniecki . Mary Lynn . Gladden-Young . Adrianne . Lin . Aaron E. . Tomkins-Tinch . Christopher H. . Ye . Simon H. . Park . Daniel J. . Luo . Cynthia Y. . 2017-06-15 . Zika virus evolution and spread in the Americas . Nature . en . 546 . 7658 . 411–415 . 10.1038/nature22402 . 0028-0836 . 5563848 . 28538734.
  46. News: Bazelon . Emily . 3 June 2020 . What Will College Be Like in the Fall? . 2020-06-03 . The New York Times.
  47. Web site: Siliezar . Juan . 13 May 2020 . Responding to this pandemic, preparing for the next . 2020-06-03 . www.harvard.edu.
  48. Reshef . Yakir A. . Reshef . David N. . Finucane . Hilary K. . Hilary Finucane . Sabeti . Pardis C. . Mitzenmacher . Michael . Michael Mitzenmacher . 2016 . Measuring dependence powerfully and equitably . . 17 . 212 . 63 . 1505.02213.
  49. News: Elon Musk got 4,000 SpaceX workers to join a COVID-19 study. Here's what he learned. . . . Sarah . Krouse . 2021-02-21 . 2021-02-21.
  50. Discrete SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers track with functional humoral stability . . 10.1038/s41467-021-21336-8 . Yannic C. . Bartsch . Stephanie . Fischinger . Sameed M. . Siddiqui . Zhilin . Chen . Jingyou . Yu . Makda . Gebre . Caroline . Atyeo . Matthew J. . Gorman . Alex Lee . Zhu . Jaewon . Kang . John S. . Burke . Matthew . Slein . Matthew J. . Gluck . Samuel . Beger . Yiyuan . Hu . Justin . Rhee . Eric . Petersen . Benjamin . Mormann . Michael . de St Aubin . Mohammad A. . Hasdianda . Guruprasad . Jambaulikar . Edward W. . Boyer . Pardis C. . Sabeti . Dan H. . Barouch . Dan Barouch . Boris D. . Julg . Elon R. . Musk . Elon Musk . Anil S. . Menon . Douglas A. . Lauffenburger . Doug Lauffenburger . Eric J. . Nilles . Galit . Alter . Galit Alter . 2021-02-15 . 12 . 1 . 1018 . 33589636 . 7884400 . 2021NatCo..12.1018B . free .
  51. Web site: Sabeti . Pardis . 4 February 2016 . How we'll fight the next deadly virus . 2016-05-19 . www.ted.com.
  52. Web site: Against all odds .
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