Parameshvara (epithet) explained

Parameshvara (Sanskrit: परमेश्वर) is an epithet used in Hindu literature. The term usually indicates the Supreme Being and Supreme Reality in Hinduism. Vaishnavas consider Vishnu and his avatars such as Rama and Krishna as Parameshvara, while Shaivas consider Shiva as Parameshvara.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Parameshvara is the ultimate and highest reality that eternally pervades all matter for Hindus.[6] He is regarded by devotees to be totality itself, controlling the triple forces of creation, preservation, and destruction.[7]

Etymology

The word is a compound of the Sanskrit words परम meaning 'Supreme' and ईश्वर meaning 'Lord'. Thus Parameshvara literally means 'highest supreme ruler'.[8] Sometimes, other traditions of Hinduism such as Vedanta and Vaishnavism also use the term as a synonym of Parabrahman within their philosophical perspectives.[9] [10]

Vaishnavism

In Vaishnavism traditions, Vishnu is considered as Parameshvara, Maheshwara, and Narayana. Vaishnavas consider Vishnu and his avatars such as Rama, Krishna etc., as the progenitor of Brahma and Shiva as said in many scriptures such as Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu Purana, Padma Purana, Pancharatra Agamas, Vaikhanasa Agamas and many more.[11] [12] [13] In, a Vaishnava Pancharatra Agama text of Hinduism Vishnu (Narayana) is revered and worshipped as Parameshvara. Uttaranarayana (a continuation of the Purusha Sukta in the Shukla Yajurveda) also refers to God as Parameshvara with two consorts Sri and Bhu.[14] Bhagavad Gita praises Krishna as Parameshvara (Highest God) in many contexts.[15] In Vishnu Sahasranama, Parameshvara is 377th name of Vishnu.[16]

Shaivism

Shaiva Siddhanta accepts the existence of (three entities), (the supreme being Paramashiva), (all atmans) and (three bondages of Anava, Karma, Maya). As the supreme being, Parameshvara only has the distinct eight characters or predicates which are applied to distinguish him from the other two entities of Shaiva Siddhanta—Pashu and Pasam. They are (who knows everything), (with infinite happiness), (without bondages), (independent), (unlimited mercy), (unrestricted grace), (wholesome) and (with pure body).[17]

Shaiva Siddhanta states that Parameshvara is in two states:, the form of lord that is moving through 36 tattvas; and, the pure form of supreme being beyond everything.[18] These two forms can be compared with the Saguna and Nirguna definitions of Para brahman in the Vedantic tradition. When he is defined with, Paramashiva exists in nine divine forms, Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Maheshvara, Sadasiva, Shiva, Shakti, Nadam, and Bindhu in which he is beyond words in his last four formless manifestations known as . The first five are his manifestations with forms and known as . Sadasiva is his mixed form of and which is often identified with lingam.[19] Shiva and Shakti exist as inseparable in the state of in which they are often identified as the non-dual supreme being Paramashiva and Parashakti. Since they are inseparable and undifferentiated, Shaiva Siddhanta sees them as single oneness, Parameshvara.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Nectar of Immortality: Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj's Discourses on the Eternal Front . Motilal Banarsidass Publications . Nisargadatta Maharaj . Nisargadatta Maharaj . Jan 30, 2003 . 183 . 9788120819481.
  2. Brahmanism . Swami Vivekananda . Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India . 2007 . 112.
  3. Book: Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . Constance Jones, James D. Ryan . Hinduism . 2006 . 229 . 9780816075645.
  4. Book: The Bhakti Movement:Renaissance Or Revivalism?. 39. P. Govinda Pillai. Taylor & Francis. 2022. 9781000780390 .
  5. Book: The Industrial Arts of India. 56. Chapman & Hall. George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood. 1971. 9780900636011 . Vishnu is the second person in the tri-murti or triple form, and personifies the pre-serving power of nature. His followers identify him with Nara- yana [Plate C, Fig.1], and Parameswara, and represent him as the progenitor of Siva and Brahma..
  6. Book: The Stanzas on Vibration: The SpandaKarika with Four Commentaries: The SpandaSamdoha by Ksemaraja, The SpandaVrtti by Kallatabhatta, The SpandaVivrti by Rajanaka Rama, The SpandaPradipika by Bhagavadutpala . SUNY Press . Mark S. G. Dyczkowski . 1992 . 212. 9780791412619 .
  7. Book: The Arts of South and Southeast Asia, Vol.51, Issue 4 . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Steven Kossak, Martin Lerner . 1994 . 6.
  8. Jammu and Kashmir (India) . Shri Parmananda Research Institute . Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture . 1982 . 5 . 78.
  9. Book: The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant . Columbia University Press . Edwin Bryant, Maria Ekstrand . 2004 . 133 . 9780231508438.
  10. Book: Vedanta: Concepts and Application . Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture . 2000 . 31 . 9788187332022.
  11. Book: A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon. 259. Cosmo Publications. 2004. Subodh Kapoor. 9788177558746 .
  12. Book: The Bhakti Movement:Renaissance Or Revivalism?. 39. P. Govinda Pillai. Taylor & Francis. 2022. 9781000780390 .
  13. Book: The Industrial Arts of India. 56. Chapman & Hall. George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood. 1971. 9780900636011 . Vishnu is the second person in the tri-murti or triple form, and personifies the pre-serving power of nature. His followers identify him with Nara- yana [Plate C, Fig.1], and Parameswara, and represent him as the progenitor of Siva and Brahma..
  14. Book: Philosophy of Pancaratras. 94. S. Rangachar. Sridevi Prakashana. 1991.
  15. Book: The Bhagavad Gita: A Guide to Navigating the Battle of Life. 123. Ravi Ravindra. Shambhala Publications. 16 May 2017. 9781611804102 .
  16. Book: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Bashya Commentary By Parāśarabhaṭṭa. L. Venkataratnam Naidu. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. 1965. 64.
  17. Book: K. Sivaraman . 1973 . Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta . Motilal Banarsidass Publications . 526 . 9788120817715 .
  18. Book: Jayandra Soni . 1989 . Philosophical Anthropology in Śaiva Siddhānta: With Special Reference to Śivāgrayogin . Motilal Banarsidass Publ. . 58 . 9788120806320 .
  19. Book: S. Sabaratna Mudaliyar . 1913 . Essentials of Hinduism in the Light of Šaiva Siddhānta . Meykandan Press . 61 .

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