Parade of sovereignties explained

See also: War of Laws. The parade of sovereignties (Russian: Парад суверенитетов|translit=Parad suverenitetov) was a series of declarations of sovereignty of various degrees by the republics of the Soviet Union and autonomous units within the republics (autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs) from 1988 to 1991. The declarations stated the priority of the constituent republic power in its territory over the central power, which led to the War of Laws between the centre and the republics. The process followed the loosened power grip of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as a result of demokratizatsiya and perestroika policies under Mikhail Gorbachev. Despite the efforts of Gorbachev to preserve the union under a new treaty in the form of the Union of Sovereign States, many constituents soon declared their full independence. The process resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[1]

The first top-level Soviet republic to declare independence was Estonia (November 16, 1988: Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, March 30, 1990: decree on the transition to the restoration of the Estonian statehood, May 8, 1990: Law on the State Symbols, which declared the independence, August 20, 1991: Law of the Estonian restoration of Independence).

The first lower-level subdivision to declare independence was the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (January 19, 1990 although Heydar Aliyev, the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, having roots in Nakhchivan, managed to keep Nakhchivan within Azerbaijan).[2]

The massive secessionist event has served as a testbench for various theories of secession.[3] [4]

Chronology of the adoption of declarations on the sovereignties of the Union republics and their secession from the Soviet Union

Union republicDeclaration
of state sovereignty		RenamingDeclaration about cession
from the Soviet Union		Recognition of independence
by the Soviet Union[5]
16 November 1988[6] 8 May 19906 September 1991[7]
26 May 1989[8] 11 March 19906 September 1991[9]
28 July 1989[10] [11] 4 May 19906 September 1991[12]
23 September 1989[13] 18 October 1991[14] 26 December 1991
26 May 1990[15] [16] [17] 9 April 199126 December 1991[18]
12 June 1990[19] 12 December 199126 December 1991
20 June 1990[20] 1 September 199126 December 1991
23 June 1990[21] 27 August 199126 December 1991
16 July 1990[22] 24 August 199126 December 1991
27 July 1990[23] 25 August 199126 December 1991
22 August 1990[24] 27 October 199126 December 1991
23 August 199021 September 199126 December 1991
24 August 1990[25] 9 September 1991[26] 26 December 1991
25 October 1990[27] 16 December 1991[28] 26 December 1991
15 December 1990[29] 31 August 1991[30] 26 December 1991

Notes and References

  1. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Ronald Grigor Suny, Stanford University Press, 1993, Retrieved on 2009-04-25
  2. https://www.znak.com/2017-01-20/v_eti_dni_v_1990_godu_s_vosstaniya_v_azerbaydzhane_nachalsya_yuridicheskiy_razval_sovetskogo_soyuza "Крах большевистской империи: как гласность «довела» СССР"
  3. Henry E. Hale, "The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting", British Journal of Political ScienceVol. 30, No. 1, 2000, pp. 31-56
  4. Emizet F. Kisangani, Vicki L. Hesli, "The Disposition to Secede: An Analysis of the Soviet Case", Comparative Political Studies vol. 27, January 1995,
  5. The independence of the Baltic republics was recognized by the State Council of the USSR on September 6, 1991. The rest of the republics continued to formally remain part of the USSR until the adoption by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of a declaration on the termination of its existence on December 26, 1991
  6. Web site: Декларация Верховного Совета Эстонской Советской Социалистической Республики О суверенитете Эстонской ССР . 2017-04-20 . 2017-04-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170420235235/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/estonia.pdf . live .
  7. Statement of State Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 № 1-SC «On recognition of Independence of Estonian Republic»
  8. Web site: ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ Верховного Совета Литовской Советской Социалистической Республики О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЕ ЛИТВЫ . 2015-08-08 . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023326/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/litva.pdf .
  9. Statement of State Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 № 1-SC «On recognition of Independence of Lithuanian Republic»
  10. Web site: 1989 год. Хроника событий . 2015-08-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160828200118/http://hpc-strategy.ru/biblioteka/1989_god_hronika_sobytij/ . 2016-08-28 . dead .
  11. http://www.saeima.lv/4maijs/docs/d_28julijs.htm Декларация «О государственном суверенитете Латвии»
  12. Statement of State Council of the Soviet Union from 6 September 1991 № 1-SC «On recognition of Independence of Latvian Republic»
  13. Web site: КОНСТИТУЦИОННЫЙ ЗАКОН АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ССР О СУВЕРЕНИТЕТЕ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ СОВЕТСКОЙ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ . 2017-04-20 . 2017-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000914/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/azerbaidgan.pdf.
  14. https://web.archive.org/web/20190523172554/http://www.myazerbaijan.org/index.php?p=Azerbaijan/ Декларация Верховного Совета Азербайджанской Республики О восстановлении государственной независимости Азербайджанской Республики
  15. Web site: "Горбачев будет английской королевой" — Ельцин против Горбачева, Горбачев против Ельцина . 2015-08-15 . 2015-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232331/http://www.e-reading.by/chapter.php/1017773/173/Moroz_-_Elcin_protiv_Gorbacheva%2C_Gorbachev_protiv_Elcina.html . live .
  16. Web site: События 1990 года История новой России . 2015-08-16 . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092531/http://www.ru-90.ru/chronicle/1990 . live .
  17. Web site: На пути к "Беловежью": "парад суверенитетов" и ложь Ельцина . 2015-08-16 . 2016-05-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160529110936/http://www.km.ru/front-projects/belovezhskoe-soglashenie/na-puti-k-belovezhyu-parad-suverenitetov-i-lozh-eltsina . live .
  18. Declaration of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 26, 1991 No. 142-N
  19. Web site: Декларация о государственном суверенитете Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики . 2015-07-07 . 2015-07-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150713161921/http://www.rusarchives.ru/statehood/09-31-deklaraciya-suverenitet.shtml . live .
  20. Web site: Декларация О Суверенитете . 2015-08-08 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194741/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/uzbekistan.pdf . live .
  21. Web site: Декларация о суверенитете Советской Социалистической Республики Молдова . 2015-08-08 . 2016-03-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095941/http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=308109&lang=2 . live .
  22. Web site: Декларація про державний суверенітет України від 16.07.1990 № 55-XII . 2015-07-07 . 2015-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150531235414/http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/55-12 . live .
  23. Web site: Декларация Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики О государственном Суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики . 2011-11-12 . 2021-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210814134503/http://soveticus5.narod.ru/85/sborn91.htm#p167 . live .
  24. Web site: Декларация о государственном суверенитете Туркменской Советской Социалистической Республики . 2017-04-20 . 2016-09-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160912001405/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/turkmenistan.pdf . live .
  25. Web site: Декларация О Государственном Суверенитете Таджикской Советской Социалистической Республики . 2017-04-20 . 2016-09-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160911234700/http://www.gorby.ru/userfiles/tadgikistan.pdf . live .
  26. Web site: Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Таджикистан от 9 сентября 1991 г. № 392 «О провозглашении государственной независимости Республики Таджикистан» . 2015-04-09 . 2015-04-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150409005204/http://konun.tmweb.ru/R/2285.htm . dead .
  27. https://web.archive.org/web/20171123232937/http://kazakhstan.news-city.info/docs/sistemsp/dok_perklz.htm Декларация о государственном суверенитете Казахской Советской Социалистической Республики
  28. Web site: Конституционный закон Республики Казахстан от 16 декабря 1991 года № 1007-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Казахстан» . 2021-03-12 . 2021-03-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210310055012/https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000798 . live .
  29. Web site: Декларация О государственном Суверенитете Республики Кыргызстан . 2011-11-12 . 2021-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210814134503/http://soveticus5.narod.ru/85/sborn91.htm#p184 . live .
  30. Web site: Декларация ВС РК от 31 августа 1991 года № 578-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Кыргызстан» . 2021-03-12 . 2015-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154227/http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/913?cl=ru-ru . live .

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