Parablepharismea Explained

Parablepharismea is a class of free-living marine and brackish anaerobic ciliates^[1] that form a major clade of obligate anaerobes within the SAL group (Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litostomatea), together with the classes Muranotrichea and Armophorea.

Parablepharismea are medium to large, elongated ciliates with navicular outline and holotrichous somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids without postciliodesmata.^[2] Their oral ciliature is composed of bipartite paroral membrane and adoral zone of membranelles. They host a thick coat of prokaryotic ectosymbionts and cytoplasmic endosymbionts. They are found in micro-oxic marine to brackish habitats.

Parablepharismea may be related to the deep sea Cariacotrichea ciliates.^[3]

This class contains a single order, Parablepharismida, and family Parablepharismidae. The genus Parablepharisma^{[4] [5]} includes five species. The genus Kahlium includes a single species K. chlamydophorum with segmented paroral area and a twisted posterior.

Notes and References

1. Rotterová. Johana. Salomaki. Eric. Pánek. Tomáš. Bourland. William. Žihala. David. Táborský. Petr. Edgcomb. Virginia P.. Beinart. Roxanne A.. Kolísko. Martin. Čepička. Ivan. 216095971. April 2020. Genomics of New Ciliate Lineages Provides Insight into the Evolution of Obligate Anaerobiosis. Current Biology. 30. 11. 2037–2050.e6. 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.064. 32330419. 0960-9822. free. 2020CBio...30E2037R .
2. Campello-Nunes. Pedro H.. Fernandes. Noemi M.. Szokoli. Franziska. Fokin. Sergei I.. Serra. Valentina. Modeo. Letizia. Petroni. Giulio. Soares. Carlos A. G.. Paiva. Thiago da S.. Silva-Neto. Inácio D. da. 2020-04-01. Parablepharisma (Ciliophora) is not a Heterotrich: A Phylogenetic and Morphological Study with the Proposal of New Taxa. Protist. en. 171. 2. 125716. 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125716. 32086115. 211246127 . 1434-4610.
3. Orsi. William. Edgcomb. Virginia. Faria. Jose. Foissner. Wilhelm. Fowle. William H.. Hohmann. Tine. Suarez. Paula. Taylor. Craig. Taylor. Gordon T.. Vd'ačný. Peter. Epstein. Slava S.. 2012. Class Cariacotrichea, a novel ciliate taxon from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62. 6. 1425–1433. 10.1099/ijs.0.034710-0. 21841005. 1466-5026. free.
4. Book: Kahl, Alfred. Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria). Tierwelt. Die Tierwelt und der angrenzenden Meeresteile. Fischer. 1932. Jena, Germany. 398 pages.
5. Book: Jankowski, A. W.. Handbook on Zoology, Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901 Alimov, AF, editor. Protista, Part 2.. Nauka. 2007. St. Petersburg, Russia. 415–993.