The (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: παπίας) was a eunuch official in the Byzantine court, responsible for the security and maintenance of the buildings of the imperial palaces in Constantinople. He commanded an extensive staff and performed in important role in palace ceremonies. In the Palaiologan period, the honorary title of ('grand ') was created and awarded to senior aristocrats.
The term is etymologically connected to Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πάππος or Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: παπᾶς . It is first attested in a seal dated to circa 550–650, and next recorded in the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor for the year 780.[1] There were three, all eunuchs: one for the Great Palace itself (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: παπίας τοῦ μεγάλου παλατίου,), and two others for its adjuncts, the Magnaura and the palace of Daphne (the Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: παπίας τῆς Μαγναῦρας and Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: παπίας τῆς Δάφνης). The latter was created by Emperor Michael III, while the former is attested only in Philotheos's Kletorologion of 899.[1] The of the Great Palace was a very important official. Often styled 'grand ' (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέγας παπίας,), and usually holding the rank of, he was the concierge of the palace and responsible for its security. He held the keys to the doors of the palace (and of the palace prison) and opened them every morning together with the . He thus controlled physical access to the imperial quarters, and was an important element in any conspiracy against the emperor's life, as demonstrated in the usurpations of Michael II in 820 and Basil I in 867.[1] It is possible that initially the other two were subordinate to the of the Great Palace.
Like all senior palace functionaries, the of the Great Palace also fulfilled certain ceremonial duties. Aside from the ritual unlocking of the palace doors, he for instance formally ended the daily imperial audiences by rattling the keys, the symbol of his office. At ceremonies for the promotion of officials, he censed the main audience hall of the Chrysotriklinos and the emperor, and on August 1, he carried a cross in procession through the streets of the capital, visiting the most wealthy citizens and receiving donations.[1]
By the 12th century, the was probably opened up to non-eunuchs as well. New for the Chalke and the new Blachernae Palace are also attested in the 12th century. In the Palaiologan period, the ('grand ') became a specific dignity awarded to senior members of the aristocracy. In the 13th century, it was probably an actual office, but it became a purely honorary title in the 14th century.[1] [2] In the mid-14th century Book of Offices of Pseudo-Kodinos, the title occupies the 22nd position in the Byzantine imperial hierarchy, and its insignia were: a wooden staff with alternating gold and red-gold knobs, a hat with embroidery of the type, another type of hat called of white and gold silk with gold-wire embroidery and images of the emperor in the front and back, and a silk robe of office or .
The were in charge of an extensive staff detailed to the cleaning, lighting, and general maintenance of the each palace, aided by a deputy, the (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δεύτερος, 'the second one'), who was separately responsible for the safekeeping of imperial furniture and insignia. The subordinates of the included:
Nicolas Oikonomides also adds the (Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μινσουράτωρ), an official in charge of the Byzantine emperor's tent on campaign, to the subordinates of the .[1] Similar staffs must have also existed for the of the Magnaura and the Daphne Palace.
. Nicolas Oikonomides. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Paris. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 1972. French.