Panoan languages explained

Panoan
Region:southwestern Amazon
Familycolor:American
Fam1:Pano–Tacanan?
Glotto:pano1256
Glottorefname:Panoan
Map:Pano-Takanan languages.png
Mapcaption:Panoan languages (dark green) and Takanan languages (light green). Spots indicate documented locations.

Panoan (also Pánoan, Panoano, Panoana, Páno) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family.

Genetic relations

The Panoan family is generally believed to be related to the Tacanan family, forming with it Pano–Tacanan, though this has not yet been established (Loos 1999).

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Mapudungun, Moseten-Tsimane, Tukano, Uru-Chipaya, Harakmbet, Arawak, Kandoshi, and Pukina language families due to contact.

Languages

There are some 18 extant and 14 extinct Panoan languages.[1] In the list of Panoan languages below adapted from Fleck (2013), means extinct, and (*) obsolescent (no longer spoken daily). Dialects are listed in parentheses.

Boundaries between the Poyanawa, Chama, and Headwaters groups are somewhat blurred. Karipuna and Môa River Nawa may not be distinct languages, and Chiriba may not be Panoan at all.

Hundreds of other Panoan "languages" have been reported in the literature. These are names of groups that may have been ethnically Panoan, but whose language is unattested. They sometimes are assumed to be Panoan on no other evidence than that the name ends in -nawa or -bo. A few, such as Maya (Pisabo), are unattested but reported to be mutually intelligible with a known Panoan language (in this case Matsés). The people speaking one of these supposed languages,, was rediscovered in 2002. However, no linguistic information is available, and it is not known if they speak a distinct language.[2]

Amarante Ribeiro (2005)

Classification of the Panoan languages according to Amarante Ribeiro (2005):[3]

Oliveira (2014)

Internal classification by Oliveira (2014: 123):[4]

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[5]

(= extinct)

Homonyms

Much of the confusion surrounding Panoan languages is the number of homonyms among different languages. The principal ambiguous names are as follows:[1]

Panoan languages with the same name! Name !! Location or other name !! Language
Kapanawa on the Tapiche dialect of Shipibo-Konibo
on the Juruá dialect of Ibuaçu Kashinawa
Kashinawa on the Ibuaçu Headwaters group
on the Tarauacá Mainline branch
Kulina on the Curuçá Mayoruna branch
of São Paulo de Olivençá Mainline branch
Marubo in the Javari Basin Mainline branch
of Maucallacta [no data] Mayoruna branch
Remo on the Blanco Nawa group
on the Môa Headwaters group
on the Jaquirana Poyanawa group
Southern Remo [no data] Chama group
Sinabo of the Mamoré Bolivian group
of the Ucayali Basin Chama group
Katukina Waninawa Marubo group
of Feijo' (Shanenawa) dialect of Yaminawa
Nawa on the Môa [little data] Poyanawa group
Parkenawa dialect of Yaminawa
Maroyuna (various) three languages in list above
Mates Mates
Barbudo [no data] Chama group
Demushbo Matses group
Chema dialect of Curuçá Kulina

Neighboring languages of other families may also share the names of Panoan language. The table below ignores other homonyms further afield:

Non-Panoan languages with the same names as Panoan languages! Family !! Language
ArawakanKanamari, Kasharari, Kunibo, Mayoruna, Pakaguara
TakananChama, Arasa, Atsahuaca, Yamiaka
KatukinanKatukina, Kanamari
TupianKaripuna, Katukinarú
ArawanKulina, Arawá
HarakmbutArasairi

Varieties

Below is a full list of Panoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[6]

Northern languages
Yaminaua group
Sensi group
Central group
Eastern group

Grammatical features

Body-part prefixation

Exceptional to Panoan languages' predominantly suffixal morphology are sets of approximately 30 morphemes primarily referring to parts or features of prototypical human and animal bodies (and, by analogical extension, of botanicals, manufactures, landscapes, and abstract space) which have been found to occur in almost all attested languages of the family (Fleck 2006: 59; Ferreira 2007, 2008; Amarante Ribeiro and Cândido 2008; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 385–386).

That these monosyllabic forms are productively affixed to the front of verbal, nominal, or adjectival roots has led many Panoanists to describe them as prefixes (e.g. Prost 1967 and Zingg 1998 [for Chakobo]; Faust 1973, Loriot et al. 1993, and Valenzuela 2003 [for Shipibo-Konibo]; Hyde 1980 [for Amawaka]; Eakin 1991[for Yaminawa]), while the forms' resemblance and loose semantic correspondence to unbound, polysyllabic 'body-part terms' has led others to describe them as incorporated nouns (e.g. Loos 1999). More recent and detailed analyses of this feature in Matses (Fleck 2006) and Kashibo-Kakataibo (Zariquiey and Fleck 2012) have demonstrated that most body-part prefixes in these languages are not readily analyzable as synchronic allomorphs of the nouns they resemble.

Many Panoan body-part prefixes semantically encompass a range of denotata beyond the strictly 'corporeal' by means of analogical extension. In Matses, for example, the prefix an- corresponds to the nouns ana 'mouth, tongue, palm (of hand), sole (of foot), (arm)pit'; anmaëşh 'gill slits (of fish)'; and anşhantuk 'swampy depression in the ground'; but can itself be glossed also as 'cavity, concave surface, interior, underside'; and 'center (of path of stream)' (Fleck 2006: 64). In the examples below, the prefix an- with the verb root kiad 'learn' expresses the learning of a specifically 'oral activity' while the prefix më- 'hand, mortar, forearm, wrist, projecting carpal bones, elbow, finger, knuckles, fingernail, branch' expresses the learning of a specifically 'manual' one:

The following example illustrates how an- can express locative information in non-corporeal, topographical space:

While body-part prefixes in Kashibo-Kakataibo, as in Matses, are highly productive with verbs, they are used regularly with only a modest array of adjectives and nouns (Fleck 2006: 72; Zariquiey and Fleck 2012: 394–5). Zariquiey and Fleck (2012: 394) note that the Kashibo-Kakataibo "words for 'skin', 'hair', and 'flesh'" are regularly prefixed:

Due to the paucity of detailed studies of Panoan body-part prefixes, explanations of their grammaticalization remain largely speculative. Fleck has hypothesized that "Panoan (verb) prefixation evolved from past noun incorporation that co-existed with noun-noun and noun-adjective compounding that involved synchronic reduction of body-part roots" (2006: 92). In light of their analysis of Kashibo-Kakataibo prefixation, Zariquiey and Fleck present two diachronic scenarios to orient future comparative work: "(1) prefixation evolved from productive noun incorporation (prefixes have come from longer body-part nouns); or (2) Proto-Panoan body-part terms were monosyllabic forms that became bound, and most of the current body-part terms were later built up from these" (2012: 408).

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]

Language Branch head tooth tongue foot one two three
Pánobo I mápu séta hána tal'i hawícho dawuó muken
Maruba I mápu chitá ána tái pazü dabui muken
Culino I mazu sita anú whüta uitü rabü taküma
Cashieo I mapo dzeta hana tak achapré rabue itsa
Conibo I mápo seta hana tai achapré rabue
Cháma I mápuro seta hana tal hávicho ravué pike
Nocamán I mápuro téta ána tai aindzinige rawué
Capanagua II mápu shríta hána tahö hawichu rawík
Canawari II
Nucuini II mapú sheta aná taki usichari narabe narana
Amaguaca II mápu teta haná taku wuistéra rábue
Caxinaua II mápo xeltá hana taö böste rabö nadabö
Tuxináua II mapoː anan tai
Nehanáwa II mapu mátya húna tahʔ
Yawanáwa Yaminaua II mapo sheta hána
Xanináwa Yaminaua II mi-fushha shʔta háda tahʔ
Wanináwa Yaminaua II mapu shötah ana tahö
Sensi Yaminaua II omátsi küödsa yáta nawuístikoe rawué naravuekoe
Yaminaua Yaminaua I woshka shata hanka tai huísti rháhui mapo
Poyanáwa Yaminaua I vouká ritá andá tae uesteː arabiː aranan
Yumanáwa Yaminaua I buska sheta xánda táha
Paran-Nawa Yaminaua I buska sheta hána tahe uste rane
Nixináwa Yaminaua I vuske xéta hánda
Chacobo Eastern mápu shíta hána tái vuístita dávita téreshen
Pacaguara Eastern mapo tséna xána tahe nata rabue
Caripuna Eastern mápo setá haná taé pazü taboe muken
Yamiaca Central réta hána tauö pusi bota
Arazaire Central mashahue haná taé nunchina buta
Atsahuaca Central reta hána tauö nikatsu dafuina shukarama
Language Branch water sun maize tapir house
Pánobo I ompásko wári töki awuá taping
Maruba I uóka vári shuki awa shubo
Culino I yaku warü chüki ghai subichü
Cashieo I ompas vari riki aua tóbu
Conibo I honeg huari serke auhá shrobo
Cháma I umpas bari riki ahua tobo
Nocamán I ompás wári téki awuá shóu
Capanagua II yéne bari tríki awa shúbu
Canawari II wáka warí xemá
Nucuini II bali beni auá hubu
Amaguaca II wákoma wádik töki á tsapás
Caxinaua II upash bari shöki awa tapás
Tuxináua II uá auá ushá
Nehanáwa II upash wári hʔw
Yawanáwa Yaminaua II wáka shʔne shʔki puiwa
Xanináwa Yaminaua II hʔd fwaui shʔhi awa pʔsh
Wanináwa Yaminaua II wakah wari shöke awi shubu
Sensi Yaminaua II enipáxa varíxi shínki áwua puöxe
Yaminaua Yaminaua I huaka wani shiki áhua shúhuo
Poyanáwa Yaminaua I wáka vori vouerou auá utá
Yumanáwa Yaminaua I hónde wári xáti á mapítc
Paran-Nawa Yaminaua I umpash wári sheki áwa shobo
Nixináwa Yaminaua I wákuma óari sheki a
Chacobo Eastern kämä huári shéki áhuara shóbo
Pacaguara Eastern xéne bari sheki ahuana shobo
Caripuna Eastern ompasua bári shröki auána shróba
Yamiaca Central éna huari húki shanoya shopo
Arazaire Central humapasha fuari hoki shauvi
Atsahuaca Central umapásha huari höki ahuana shopo

Proto-language

Proto-Panoan
Familycolor:American
Target:Panoan languages

Below are Proto-Panoan reconstructions by de Oliveira (2014).[7] For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

gloss Proto-Panoan
'sun'
  • βaɽi
'star'
  • wis(...)
'corn'
  • ʂɨki
'to make, to kill'
  • ʔak-
'capybara'
  • ʔamɨ(n)
'big, large'
  • ʔani
'paca (Cuniculus paca)'
  • ʔano
'intransitive concord suffix'
  • -ʔaʂ
'kind of poison'
  • ʔaʂ(an)-
'tapir (Tapirus terrestris)'
  • ʔawaɽ
'woman, wife'
  • ʔawi(n)
'woman'
  • ʔaw̆iβo
'to swallow, to inhale'
  • ʔaya-
'I (1sg)'
  • ʔɨ
'big, large'
  • ʔɨwa
'louse'
  • ʔia
'lake'
  • ʔian
'owner'
  • ʔiʔβo
'bird species'
  • ʔiʔtsak
'hot, heat'
  • ʔitsis
'heat, hot'
  • yoʔo
'hot'
  • ʂa(n)a
'to embrace, to keep in one's arms'
  • ʔikok-
'to keep/carry in one's arms'
  • ʔikoʔiko-
'to rise, to go up'
  • ʔira-
'livestock, domestic animal'
  • ʔinak
'to give'
  • ʔinar-
'jaguar species'
  • ʔi(n)o
'fish species (of family Loricariidae)'
  • ʔipo
'pain, to hurt'
  • ʔisir-
'blackbird species (of family Icteridae)'
  • ʔisko
'monkey species (of family Atelidae)'
  • ʔiso
'monkey species'
  • ɽiɽo
'howler monkey (monkey species)'
  • ɽoʔo
'monkey species'
  • ʃiro
'monkey species (Callitrichidae?)'
  • sipi
'monkey species'
  • wasa
'to run'
  • ʔisto-
'very, much'
  • ʔitsak
'king vulture'
  • ʔiʃmi(n)
'heavy'
  • ʔiwɨ
'stingray'
  • ʔiwi
'tick'
  • hoʔpoʂ
'rain'
  • ʔoi
'to look'
  • ʔoi(n)-
'to cough'
  • ʔok(o)-
'to know, to learn'
  • ʔo(n)a(n)-
'freshwater (lit. new liquid)'
  • ʔoma-paʂa
'to laugh'
  • ʔosa(n)-
'to sleep'
  • ʔoʂ(a)-
'shadow'
  • ʔota
'to suck'
  • ʔoyo-
'he, that'
  • ha(a)
'to run, to flee'
  • haβa(t)-
'heron species'
  • haka
'to tread (on)'
  • hamak-
'tongue'
  • hana
'to vomit'
  • ha(n)a(n)-
'name'
  • harɨ
'curassow (bird species of family Cracidae)'
  • hãsi(n)
'opening'
  • hãʂaβa
'this much'
  • hatit
'3PL'
  • hato
'what, which'
  • haw(ɨ/a)
'his, her(s)'
  • hawɨn
'path, way, forest trail'
  • βaʔi
'night, dark'
  • βaʔki(ʃ)i
'dark, night'
  • yamɨ(t)
'cloth (?)'
  • βatʃi
'grazed, cleared'
  • βai(C)
'son, child'
  • βakʷɨ
'foam'
  • βakoʂ
'to plant'
  • βana-
'egg'
  • βatsi
'to whisper'
  • βaʂɨʂɨ-
'sweet'
  • βata
'fish species'
  • βato(m)
'parrot (species of family Psittacidae)'
  • βawa
'fish species (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans)'
  • βawi(n)
'to fetch, to search'
  • βɨ-
'comitative'
  • -βɨt, *-bɨta(n)
'boy, adolescent'
  • βɨʔra(C)
'to forget, to lose'
  • βɨʔ(n)oÇ
'tear'
  • βɨʔo(m)
'waves'
  • βɨʔʃo(n)
'forehead, face'
  • βɨmãnan
'husband, male'
  • βɨnɨ
'man, male'
  • βɨ̃βo
'tree species (of family Phyllanthaceae)'
  • βɨp(on)
'eye'
  • βɨɽo
'to cut'
  • βɨstɨ-
'eyebrows'
  • βɨʂko
'eyebrows'
  • βɨʂpi
'frog species'
  • βɨʂko
'thin, flat'
  • βɨʂ(n)a(n)
'soup, broth'
  • βɨtɨm
'face (body part prefix)'
  • βɨ-
'to catch'
  • βiÇ-
'skin, leather, hide'
  • βitsi
'heron species'
  • βitʃo
'mosquito species'
  • βi
'fruit'
  • βimi
'wasp'
  • βira
'moriche palm (Mauritia vinifera)'
  • βinon
'guava'
  • βĩpiʃ
'pluralizer'
  • -βo
'woodpecker species (of family Picidae)'
  • βoir
'kind of box'
  • βoʔ(n)a(n)-ti
'palm species'
  • βoʔɽɨ(t)
'stump, trunk'
  • βoʔɽo(Ç)
'fish species (of family Pimelodidae)'
  • βoɨ
'resin'
  • βoi(Ç)
'tree species (Cecropia?)'
  • βoko(n)
'a small tree whose bark is used to make ropes'
  • βoko
'bee species'
  • βo(n)a
'hair, coat'
  • βo
'kind of beetle'
  • βõpa
'otter species'
  • βõsi(m)
'head'
  • βoʂka(Ç)
'to sit (down)'
  • tsaʔo(t)-
'fish species'
  • tsatsa
'hiccup, to hiccup'
  • tsɨko-
'cicada'
  • tsiʔo
'charcoal, ember'
  • tsitsɨ
'ember, firewood charcoal'
  • (ts)is(t)o
'who'
  • tso(a)
'to catch, to grab with the hand'
  • tsoma-
'to sting, to pierce, to inject'
  • tʃaʔtʃi-
'to crush, to beat, to hit'
  • tʂaka-
'to lie'
  • tʃa(n)i-
'clam species'
  • tʃãpiʃ
'cricket, locust'
  • tʂãpo
'kingfisher'
  • tʃaɽaʂ
'deer species'
  • tʂaʂo
'fire'
  • tʃiʔi
'ashes (lit. fire dust)'
  • tʃiʔi mapo
'to steer (a canoe) from behind'
  • tʃiβi-
'rear part'
  • tʃipo
'to wash, to wash oneself'
  • tʃoka-
'cloth, clothes'
  • tʃopa
'hard, strong'
  • tʃoɽiʃ
'hard, strong'
  • kɨɽɨʂ
'liquid, water'
  • hɨ(n)ɨ
'fish species'
  • hɨ(n)ɨ ʔino
'to leave, to let go of'
  • hɨ(n)ɨÇ
'palm species'
  • hɨpɨ
'to shine, to burn'
  • hɨɽɨ-
'to put out (fire)'
  • (n)oka-
'seed'
  • hɨʂɨ
'to enter'
  • hiʔki-
'ant species'
  • hiʔima
'ant species'
  • hi(ts)i
'blood'
  • himi
'tail'
  • hina
'to see, to look'
  • his-
'kind of ant'
  • hitsis
'to urinate, urine'
  • hisor-
'kind of tree as well as its fruit'
  • hiʃtʃiβi
'tree (generic), log (generic)'
  • hiwi-
'to hear, to listen, to understand'
  • kʷak-
'edge, lips'
  • kʷɨβi
Penelope (bird species)'
  • kʷɨβo
'to want, to desire'
  • kʷɨ̃ɨ̃-
'to want'
  • katsi, *-kas
'to love, to like, to want'
  • (n)oi-
'to call'
  • kʷɨ(n)a-
'kind of bench'
  • kʷɨ(n)a(n)
'to draw, to paint'
  • kʷɨ(n)ɨ-
'beard'
  • kʷɨ(n)i
'end, extreme'
  • kʷɨ(n)o-
'to skewer'
  • kʷɨo(n)-
'lips'
  • kʷɨʂa(n)
'beard'
  • kʷɨʂ(n)i
'macaw species'
  • kaʔi(n)
'back'
  • kaʔtɨ
'relative'
  • ka(n)i
'kind of basket'
  • kaka(n)
'pineapple'
  • ka(n)
'jaguar'
  • kamar
'snake species'
  • kaʔmoʂ
'macaw species'
  • kara
'flash of lightning'
  • karak
'bow'
  • kano-
'kind of squirrel'
  • kapa
'cayman'
  • kapɨt
'cará (kind of yam)'
  • kaɽi
'firewood'
  • kaɽo
'mat'
  • kaʃi
'back (body part prefix)'
  • ka-
'to sew'
  • kɨʔʂɨ-
'vessel, dish, plate'
  • kɨ̃tʃa(C)
'piece, shard'
  • kɨʂɨ
'thick'
  • kɨʂto(C)
'kind of pan'
  • kɨ̃ti(C)
'to end, to finish'
  • kɨyo-
'locative ablative suffix, directional, towards'
  • -ki
'hole, opening'
  • kiri
'thigh'
  • kʷisi
'smoke'
  • kʷaʔin
'to boil'
  • koβi(n)-
'jaw'
  • kʷi
'mother's brother'
  • koka
'glowworm'
  • koki(ʃ)
'mother's brother'
  • koko
'to swallow soft food'
  • koko-
'glowworm'
  • koko(ʃs)i-
'tinamou (bird species)'
  • koma
'fungus species'
  • ko(n)o
'pus'
  • ko
'value'
  • kopi
'ashes, greyish'
  • koɽo
'cedar'
  • (k)oʂna
'causative verbal suffix'
  • -m(a)-
'hill'
  • maʔtʃi
'fish species'
  • maʔi(r)
'cold'
  • matsi
'to sweep'
  • matso-
'animal horn'
  • mãtʃa(n)
'earth, land'
  • mai
'on earth, on the ground'
  • mai(n)
'to bury'
  • mai(n)-, *maiwa-
'headband, hat'
  • maiti
'rat'
  • maka
'rat'
  • ʂoya
'stone, rock'
  • maka
'piranha (fish species)'
  • makɨ
'to wish'
  • mara-
'over, about'
  • ma(n)a(n)
'metal'
  • ma(n)ɨ
'banana'
  • ma(n)i
'to long'
  • (ma)(n)o(t)-
'to climb (a hill)'
  • mapɨ-
'shrimp'
  • mapi
'head'
  • mapo
'clay, dust'
  • mapok
'plant species'
  • maɽaʂ
'agouti (rodent species)'
  • maɽi
'calabash species'
  • masɨ(n)
'sand'
  • masi
'stone'
  • maʂaʂ
'urucum (the tree and its fruit)'
  • maʂɨ
'on top, peak'
  • maʂka(t)
'to cut hair'
  • maʂkoɽ-
'animal horn'
  • mãʂo
'to hit the head'
  • matas
'to die'
  • mawa-
'ant species'
  • mawis
'to twist, to spin, to move in circles'
  • maya-
'to touch, to touch with the hand, to feel'
  • mɨʔ(ɨ)-
'to wet, wet'
  • mɨʔtʃa-
'hand, arm'
  • mɨβi
'fingernail'
  • mɨ̃tsis
'claw, nail'
  • hõtsis
'hand'
  • mɨkɨr
'right hand'
  • mɨkɨrɨ kʷaya
'to find, to look for'
  • mɨɽa-
'to crawl'
  • mɨʂo
'finger'
  • mɨtoti
'slough, muddy area'
  • mɨwɨ
'2SG'
  • mi
'2PL'
  • mato
'pamonha (traditional corn pastry)'
  • mɨsi
'hook, fishhook'
  • miʃkiti
'poison, bitter'
  • moka
'thorn'
  • moʂa
'nest'
  • naʔa
'sloth species'
  • naʔir
'sky'
  • naiɽ
'mosquito species'
  • (n)akʷa
'termite'
  • nakʷaʂɨ
'to dream'
  • (n)ama-
'below, under, underneath'
  • nama
'meat'
  • rami
'genipap (kind of fruit)'
  • (n)a(n)ɨ
'to put inside, to submerge'
  • nan(ɨ)-
'inside, in the middle'
  • (n)apo
'to bathe, to take a bath'
  • (n)as(i)-
'wide, broad'
  • (n)aʂβa
'to bite'
  • (n)atɨʂ-
'foreigner'
  • (n)awa
'rainbow'
  • (n)awa βaʔi
'cut vegetation, abandoned land'
  • (n)awɨ
'trumpeter bird'
  • (n)ɨa
'to unite, to put together'
  • (n)ɨʔa-
'to tie'
  • (n)ɨʂa-
'bird species'
  • (n)ɨʂ(n)ɨʂ
'day'
  • rɨtɨ
'to stand'
  • niÇ
'forest, woods'
  • (n)iʔi
'breeze'
  • (n)iβiÇ
'centipede, scorpion'
  • (n)iβo
'to listen, to hear'
  • (n)ĩka
'to drag, to pull'
  • (n)i(n)-
'to sweat'
  • (n)iska(n)-
'palm species'
  • (n)isi
'to be bored'
  • (n)iʃ-
'wind'
  • (n)iwɨ
'1PL'
  • no(-)
'deep'
  • (n)oa-
'snail species'
  • (n)oʔtʃo
'worm'
  • noʔir
'snail species'
  • (n)oβo
'tasty, delicious'
  • (n)o(ɨ)
'to swim'
  • (n)on(a)-
'to swim'
  • nono-
'duck'
  • rorom
'canoe'
  • (n)õti
'to fly'
  • (n)o(ya)-
'to come, to arrive'
  • ho-
'flower'
  • hoa
'language, voice, word'
  • hoi
'to breathe'
  • hoin
'heart'
  • hoi(n)ti
'to hide'
  • hon(ɨ)-
'man, human'
  • honi
'wild hog species'
  • ho(n)o
'red'
  • hoʃin
'white'
  • hoʂo
'to wash'
  • paʔtsa-
'to get drunk, drunk'
  • paʔɨn-
'deaf'
  • paβɨ
'ear'
  • paβĩki
'bamboo species (Guadua weberbaueri, taboca)'
  • paka
'to fall'
  • pakɨt-
'armadillo species'
  • paɨ(n)o
'ear adornment, earring'
  • pa(ʔ)o(t)
'father'
  • papa
'to deceive'
  • paɽa(n)-
'river'
  • paɽo
'ear (body part prefix)'
  • pa-
'yellow'
  • pãʃin
'new, fresh, raw'
  • paʂa
'blossoming small branch on a stem'
  • paʂko
'deaf'
  • pãtot
'to shake'
  • paya-
'rotten'
  • payo
'wing, feather'
  • pɨʔi
'to eat'
  • pi-
'nephew, son of one's sister'
  • piʔak
'arrow'
  • pia
'parakeet'
  • pitso
'hummingbird'
  • pi(n)o
'toucan species'
  • pisa
'cujubi(m) (Pipile cujubi, bird species), wild turkey'
  • koʂo
'large toucan species'
  • ʂokɨ
'snake species'
  • pisika
'small bag (?)'
  • piʃa
'mat'
  • piʃi(n)
'small'
  • pistia
'food'
  • piti
'feces'
  • poʔi-
'kind of tubercle (yam?)'
  • poa
'sister or brother of the opposite sex'
  • poi
'intestine, belly'
  • poko
'vein'
  • pono
'owl species'
  • popo
'sloth species'
  • posɨ(n)
'ankle'
  • poʂko
'to throw, to abandon'
  • pota-
'dust'
  • poto
'arm'
  • poyam
'during, while'
  • ɽaʔma
'remedy, drug, traditional medicine'
  • ɽaʔo
'to be afraid, to get scared'
  • ɽaʔtɨ-
'two'
  • ɽaβɨt
'to be ashamed'
  • ɽaβi(n)-
'knee, kneecap'
  • ɽãβoʂo(ko)
'to fear, to be afraid of'
  • ɽakʷɨ-
'to lie down'
  • ɽaka-
'to cover, to surround'
  • ɽako-
'body hair, coat'
  • ɽani
'knee'
  • ɽa(n)toko-
'to kill'
  • ɽɨʔtɨ-
'end, headwater (?) ("ponta, cabeceira do rio")'
  • ɽɨβo
'forward, upwards (of river)'
  • ɽɨβo+ki
'hole in nose, nostril'
  • ɽɨ+kini
'to grind'
  • ɽɨnɨ-
'nasal septum'
  • ɽɨpaC
'to knock down, to fall over'
  • ɽɨɽ-
'musical instrument'
  • ɽɨwɨ
'equal, the same way, also'
  • -ɽiʔβi, *ɽiʔβa
'thread, string, cord'
  • ɽisiβitʃi
'thread'
  • ɽisis
'axe'
  • ɽoɨ
'tobacco'
  • ɽomɨ
'snake'
  • ɽoro
'to be on a diet, to fast'
  • sama-
'to lift, to suspend'
  • sa(n)á(n)-
'fish species'
  • sa(n)í(n)
'kind of small fish'
  • sani(n)
'to put on clothes, to dress'
  • sawɨÇ-
'fierce'
  • si(n)a
'coati species (Nasua nasua)'
  • sisi
'good, pretty'
  • ʃaɽa
'chest (body part prefix)'
  • ʃik
'plant species'
  • ʃiko(n)
'spider species'
  • ʃi(n)a
'to think'
  • sina(n)-
'pium (fly species)'
  • ʃio
'clarity'
  • ʂaʔβak
'tamandua (kind of anteater)'
  • ʂaʔɨ
'to cut'
  • ʂaʔtɨ-
'to yawn'
  • ʂaβa-
'tree bark, skin'
  • ʂakaÇ
'sister-in-law, wife, cross-cousin (?)'
  • ʂa(n)o
'bone'
  • ʂao
'cotton'
  • ʂapo
'pestle, stone'
  • ʂaʂo
'calabash species'
  • ʂata(n)
'macaw species'
  • ʂawar
'tortoise'
  • ʂawɨ
'sugar cane (?)'
  • ʂawi
'to drink'
  • ʂɨʔa-
'to thresh corn'
  • ʂɨʔmɨ-
'palm species'
  • ʂɨβo(n)
'gecko species'
  • ʂɨkɨÇ
'caterpillar species'
  • ʂɨ(n)a
'tree species'
  • ʂɨ(n)a(n)
'fat, grease, oil'
  • ʂɨ(n)i
'old'
  • ʂɨ(n)i
'tooth, beak (of bird)'
  • ʂɨta
'vulture'
  • ʂɨtɨ
'to smell'
  • ʂɨtɨ-
'smell, scent'
  • wia
'stinky, stench'
  • pisi
'ceiling, roof (made of straw), to thatch'
  • ʂɨwa-
'benefactive'
  • -ʂo(n)
'transitive concord suffix'
  • -ʂon
'to roast'
  • ʂoʔi-
'needle'
  • ʂoʔomoʂ
'to scratch, to itch, itch'
  • ʂoa-
'fat'
  • ʂoaC-
'house'
  • ʂoβo
'to peel'
  • ʂoka-
'small'
  • ʂoko
'to cast skin (?)'
  • ʂokoC-
'breasts, milk'
  • ʂoma
'green, unripe'
  • ʂoo
'papaya'
  • ʂopa(n)
'down feather'
  • ʂopoÇ
'chest'
  • ʂotsi
'girl, young girl'
  • ʂõtako
'foot'
  • taʔɨ
'temporary house, shelter (?)'
  • taʔpas
'liver'
  • takʷa
'peanut'
  • tama
'cheek'
  • tamβo
'to try, to taste (?)'
  • tara-
'palm species'
  • taoaÇ
'bridge, platform'
  • tapo
'root'
  • tapon
'old log, rotten log'
  • taɽa
'to spin (?)'
  • taɽá(n)-
'clothes'
  • taɽi
'kind of basket'
  • tasa
'salt'
  • taʃi
'pile of logs floating down the river'
  • taʂa
'bamboo used for making arrows'
  • tawa
'to break'
  • tɨʔk(ɨ)-
'blowpipe'
  • tɨpi
'sprout, shoot'
  • tɨʂka(n)
'neck, nape, throat'
  • tɨʂo
'Adam's apple'
  • tɨto(n)
'hawk species'
  • tɨtɨC
'instrumental nominalizer'
  • -ti
'to hit, to beat'
  • tima-
'rifle, shotgun'
  • to...
'strainer'
  • toʔati
'to make pregnant, to give birth'
  • to(ʔo)-
'frog or toad species'
  • toa
'dark blue'
  • to(n)a(n)
'wart'
  • toʂpi
'to make'
  • -wa
'farm, garden'
  • wai
'water, river'
  • waka
'fish species'
  • wamɨ
'palm species'
  • wani(m)
'pumpkin species'
  • waɽa(m)
'to sweep, to forage'
  • was
'herb'
  • wasi
'spider's web'
  • was(n)o(n)
'cotton'
  • waʂmɨ(n)
'imperative verbal suffix'
  • -wɨ
'narrow strait between two islands'
  • wɨa
'other, another'
  • wɨts(a)
'one (numeral)'
  • wɨsti
'lower leg'
  • wiʔtaʂɨ
'to row'
  • wi(n)a-
'to cry, to weep'
  • wi(n)-
'club, baton'
  • wino
'to pass'
  • wi(n)o-
'calf'
  • wipoko
'black'
  • wiso
'with, in possession of'
  • -ya
'tick'
  • yaʔra(n)
'town, settlement'
  • yakat-
'negative suffix'
  • (-ya)ma
'axe'
  • yami
'fish'
  • yapa
'late; afternoon'
  • yãtan
'wild hog species'
  • yawa
'armadillo species'
  • yawis
'to say, to speak'
  • yoʔi-
'animal'
  • yoʔi(n)a
'to have fever, to get annoyed'
  • yo(n)a-
'wizard'
  • yoβɨ(ka)
'pepper species'
  • yotʃi
'to ask'
  • yoka-
'fish species'
  • yoma
'thread, line, cord'
  • yoma(n)
'to steal'
  • yomɨtso-
'people, human body'
  • yoɽa
'to grow'
  • yo(o)si
'spirit'
  • yosi(n)
'woman, old woman'
  • yoʂa

Bibliography

References

  1. Fleck, David. 2013. Panoan Languages and Linguistics. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99.
  2. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  3. Amarante Ribeiro, Lincoln Almir (2005). Uma proposta de classificação interna das línguas da família Pano. Revista Investigações, v. 19, n. 2, p. 157-182.
  4. Oliveira, Sanderson Castro Soares de (2014). Contribuições para a reconstrução do Protopáno. Doctoral dissertation. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  5. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  6. Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.
  7. Oliveira, S. C. Soares de (2014). Contribuições para a Reconstrução do Protopáno. PhD dissertation, Universidade de Brasília. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.

External links

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