Pano-Tacanan languages explained

Pano-Tacanan
Acceptance:	proposed
Region:	southern Amazon
Familycolor:	American
Fam1:	Macro-Panoan ?
Glotto:	pano1259
Glottorefname:	Pano-Tacanan
Map:	Pano-Takanan languages.png
Mapcaption:	Panoan languages (dark green) and Tacanan languages (clear green). Circles indicate locations of modern languages.

Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muysken 2004; Kaufman 1990, 1994), with 33 languages. There are lexical and grammatical similarities between the two branches, but it has not yet been demonstrated that these are genetic (Loos 1999).

Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia (Ese’ejja is also spoken in Peru).

Genealogical relations

Migliazza has presented lexical evidence in support of a genetic relationship between the Panoan and Yanomaman languages. He also suggests that a Panoan–Chibchan relationship is plausible.^[1]

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawakan languages due to contact.^[2]

Comparison

Below is a list of lexical cognates shared between Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of the Pano and Takana branches. The two branches also share many basic cognate grammatical morphemes.^[3]

gloss	proto-Pano	proto-Takana	proto-Pano-Takana
tree	hiwi	akwi	hegwi
tooth	ʂɨ-	t͡ʂe-	ʂɨ-
two	ɾa-ßɨta	beta	bɨta
liver	takwa	takwa	takwa
leaf	pɨɁi	pei ‘to fan’	pɨɁi
bone	ʂao	t͡ʂau	ʂau
tongue	hana	ana	hana
hand	mɨ-	me-	mɨ-
night	(ya)mɨtV	meta	mɨta
skin	ßitsi	biti	bitsi
fire	tsiɁi	ti	tsiɁi
knee	ɾã-	da	da-n
blood	himi	ami	hemi
breast	ʂo-	aṭṣu	aṣu
sun	ßari	badi ‘moon’	badi
I	Ɂɨ	e	Ɂɨ
you (sg.)	mi	mi	mi
come	ßɨ- ‘come, bring’	be- ‘bring’	bɨ-
flesh	nami	ɾami	Nami
fat (n.)	ʂɨni	ṭṣeri	ṣɨNi
fingernail	mɨ̃-tsis[i]	metiji	mɨ-tsizi
foot, leg	ta- ‘foot’	ta- ‘leg’	ta-
lip, edge	kwɨ-	kwe(i)-	kwɨ ~ **kɨ-
cheek	tamo	tamu	tamu
mouth	kwɨʂa[CV]	kwat͡ʂa	kweʂa
elbow	βaȿ(u)-	–batʂu	baṣu
howler monkey	ɾoʔo	duʔu	duʔu
mother	ɨwa	e-kwa	ɨ-kwa
big	ani	aɾi	aNi
flute	ɾɨwɨ	dewe	dɨwɨ
hole	kini	kani	keni

Bibliography

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America." In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Suárez, Jorge A. (1973). Macro-Pano-Tacanan. In International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 137-154. The University of Chicago Press. Accessed from DiACL.

References

1. American Indian Languages, Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Campbell, Lyle, 2000.
2. Jolkesky . Marcelo Pinho de Valhery . 2016 . Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation . Brasília . University of Brasília . 2.
3. Valenzuela . Pilar . Zariquiey . Roberto . Language classification in Western Amazonia: Advances in favor of the Pano-Takana hypothesis . LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas . Universidade Estadual de Campinas . 23 . 2023-02-16 . 2177-7160 . 10.20396/liames.v23i00.8670150. free .

External links

• Proel: Familia Pano-Tacanana
• Proel: Familia Panoana
• Proel: Familia Tacanana