Pannonia Secunda Explained
| Common Name: | Pannonia Secunda |
| Subdivision: | province |
| Nation: | the Roman Empire |
| P1: | Pannonia Inferior |
| Flag P1: | Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg |
| Year Start: | 296 |
| Event End: | Hunnic invasions |
| Year End: | mid-5th century |
| Image Map Caption: | Pannonia Secunda map |
| Capital: | Sirmium |
| Today: | Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Pannonia Secunda was one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. It was formed in 296 AD, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian. The capital of the province was Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica). Pannonia Secunda comprised parts of present-day Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History
Prior to the establishment of this province, its territory was part of the province of Pannonia Inferior. In 296 AD, Pannonia Inferior was divided into two separate provinces: Pannonia Secunda in the south and Pannonia Valeria in the north. The River Drava served as the border between the two newly created provinces.
The capital of Pannonia Secunda, Sirmium, held a prestigious status as one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire. Notably, several Roman emperors were born in or near this city, highlighting its significance in the empire's history.
In 314 AD, a pivotal battle took place between two rival claimants to the imperial throne, Constantine the Great and Licinius, in the province of Pannonia Secunda, near the town of Cibalae. Despite being outnumbered, with an army of 20,000 men against Licinius' 35,000, Constantine emerged victorious after a fierce battle that lasted the entire day.
During the 5th century, the province was raided several times, by migrating peoples, including Huns and Goths. During the 6th century, the territory was contested between the Ostrogoths, Gepids, Langobards, Avars, and the Byzantine Empire.
Cities
Besides Sirmium, the other cities in Pannonia Secunda were:
Prefects
Among the prefects of Pannonia Secunda:
See also
Literature
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- Book: Curta, Florin. Florin Curta. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. 2006. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 9780521815390.
- Book: Daim, Falko. The Longobards in Pannonia. Prima e dopo Alboino: sulle tracce dei Longobardi. 2019. Napoli. Guida. 221–241.
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- Gračanin. Hrvoje. The Huns and South Pannonia. Byzantinoslavica. 2006. 64. 29–76.
- Janković. Đorđe. The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum. Гласник Српског археолошког друштва. 2004. 20. 39–61.
- Encyclopedia: Kazhdan. Alexander. Alexander Kazhdan. Sirmium. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 1991. 3. New York. Oxford University Press. 1906. 978-0-19-504652-6.
- Kuzmanović. Zorica. Mihajlović. Vladimir D.. Roman Emperors and Identity Constructions in Modern Serbia. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. 2015. 22. 4. 416–432.
- Book: Mirković, Miroslava B.. Sirmium: Its History from the First Century AD to 582 AD. 2017. Novi Sad. Center for Historical Research.
- Book: Mócsy, András. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. 2014. 1974. New York. Routledge. 9781317754251.
- Book: Popović, Radomir V.. Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves. 1996. Thessaloniki. Institute for Balkan Studies. 9789607387103.
- Book: Várady, László. Das Letzte Jahrhundert Pannoniens (376–476). 1969. Amsterdam. Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert.
- Book: Whitby, Michael. The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare. 1988. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 978-0-19-822945-2.
- Wozniak. Frank E.. East Rome, Ravenna and Western Illyricum: 454-536 A.D.. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 1981. 30. 3. 351–382.
- Book: Zeiller, Jacques. Les origines chrétiennes dans les provinces danubiennes de l'Empire romain. 1918. Paris. E. De Boccard.
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