Emperor scorpion explained

The emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator) is a species of scorpion native to rainforests and savannas in West Africa. It is one of the largest scorpions in the world and lives for 6–8 years. Its body is black, but like other scorpions it glows pastel green or blue under ultraviolet light. It is a popular species in the pet trade, and is protected by CITES to prevent over-collecting that might affect the species' survival.

Description

The emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator) is one of the largest species of scorpion in the world, with adults averaging about in length and a weight of 30 g.[1] However, some species of forest scorpions are fairly similar to the emperor scorpion in size, and one scorpion, Heterometrus swammerdami, holds the record for being the world's largest scorpion at 9 inches (23 cm) in length.[2] The large pincers are blackish-red and have a granular texture. The front part of the body, or prosoma, is made up of four sections, each with a pair of legs. Behind the fourth pair of legs are comb-like structures known as pectines, which tend to be longer in males than in females. The tail, known as the metasoma, is long and curves back over the body. It ends in the large receptacle containing the venom glands and is tipped with a sharp, curved stinger. Scorpion stings can be categorized as mild (similar to a bee sting) to severe to humans depending on the species. Most people are not severely affected by the emperor scorpion's sting, though some people may be allergic to scorpion stings in general.[3] Sensory hairs cover the pincers and tail, enabling the emperor scorpion to detect prey through vibrations in the air and ground.[4]

When gravid (pregnant), the body of a female expands to expose the whitish membranes connecting the segments. The emperor scorpion fluoresces greenish-blue under ultra-violet light.[5] [6]

They are known for their docile behavior and almost harmless sting; they do not use their sting to defend themselves when they are adults, however, they may use it in their adolescent stages. They prefer to use their pincers to crush and dismember their prey. Their exoskeleton is very sclerotic, causing them to have a metallic greenish-black color.

Emperor scorpions are often confused with a similar genus (Heterometrus), and are one of the most famous scorpions.

Different ion channel toxins have been isolated from the venom of the emperor scorpion, including Pi1,[7] Pi2,[8] [9] Pi3,[8] Pi4[10] and Pi7.[11]

Habitat and distribution

The emperor scorpion is an African rainforest species,[12] but also present in savanna. It is found in a number of African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Togo, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Cameroon.[6]

This species inhabits both tropical forest and open savannas. The emperor scorpion burrows beneath the soil and hides beneath rocks and debris,[4] and also often burrows in termite mounds.[13]

Feeding habits

In the wild, emperor scorpions primarily consume insects and other terrestrial invertebrates, although termites constitute a large portion of their diet. Larger vertebrates, such as rodents and lizards, are occasionally eaten. Emperor scorpions will burrow through termite mounds up to 6 feet deep in order to hunt prey. Their large claws help in tearing apart prey while their tail stinger injects venom at the same time for liquifying food. Juveniles rely on their venomous sting to paralyze prey while adults use their large claws to tear apart prey.

Conservation and human impact

African emperor scorpion venom contains the toxins imperatoxin[14] and pandinotoxin.

Due to its docile nature, large size, and hardiness, P. imperator is a popular scorpion in the pet trade, which has led to such over-collecting in the wild that it is now a CITES-listed animal.[15] They feed readily on crickets and worms available to keepers, and they can live up to 8 years in captivity.

Notes and References

  1. https://web.archive.org/web/20090129081549/http://www.arkive.org/emperor-scorpion/pandinus-imperator/ ARKive
  2. Book: Manny Rubio . 2000 . Scorpions: Everything About Purchase, Care, Feeding, and Housing . Commonly Available Scorpions . 26–27 . Barron's Educational Series . 978-0-7641-1224-9 . The emperor scorpion can reach an overall length of more than 8 inches (20 cm). It is erroneously claimed to be the largest living scorpion in the world. However, some species of Forest Scorpions are its equal. [...] Emperor scorpions have the same venom as a bee.The Guinness Book of Records claims a Forest Scorpion native to rural India, Heterometrus swammerdami, to be the largest scorpion in the world (9 inches [23 cm]). . registration . https://archive.org/details/scorpionscomplet00mann/page/26 .
  3. Web site: Scorpion Emperor Care Sheet. Petco. 2004. 2012-03-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20090711054614/http://www.petco.com/caresheets/invertebrates/Scorpion_Emperor.pdf. 2009-07-11. dead.
  4. Web site: The Animal Information Centre . March 2005 . Emperor Scorpion . 2011-09-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054329/http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/scorpion/empscorp.html . 2013-09-21 . live .
  5. Web site: The Big Zoo . March 2005 . Emperor Scorpion . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110804225348/http://www.thebigzoo.com/Animals/Emperor_Scorpion.asp . 2011-08-04 .
  6. Accessed October 20, 2011.
  7. Olamendi-Portugal. T.. Gómez-Lagunas. F.. Gurrola. G. B.. Possani. L. D.. 1996-05-01. A novel structural class of K+-channel blocking toxin from the scorpion Pandinus imperator. 8645186. The Biochemical Journal. 315. 977–981. 0264-6021. 1217303. 3. 10.1042/bj3150977.
  8. Gómez-Lagunas. F.. Olamendi-Portugal. T.. Zamudio. F. Z.. Possani. L. D.. 1996-07-01. Two novel toxins from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator show that the N-terminal amino acid sequence is important for their affinities towards Shaker B K+ channels. 8660410. The Journal of Membrane Biology. 152. 1. 49–56. 0022-2631. 10.1007/s002329900084. 20551964.
  9. Klenk. K. C.. Tenenholz. T. C.. Matteson. D. R.. Rogowski. R. S.. Blaustein. M. P.. Weber. D. J.. 2000-03-01. Structural and functional differences of two toxins from the scorpion Pandinus imperator. 10707030. Proteins. 38. 4. 441–449. 0887-3585. 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(20000301)38:4<441::aid-prot9>3.0.co;2-l.
  10. Olamendi-Portugal. T.. Gómez-Lagunas. F.. Gurrola. G. B.. Possani. L. D.. 1998-05-01. Two similar peptides from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator, one highly effective blocker and the other inactive on K+ channels. 9655636. Toxicon. 36. 5. 759–770. 0041-0101. 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00163-3.
  11. Delepierre. M.. Prochnicka-Chalufour. A.. Boisbouvier. J.. Possani. L. D.. 1999-12-21. Pi7, an orphan peptide from the scorpion Pandinus imperator: a 1H-NMR analysis using a nano-NMR Probe. 10606507. Biochemistry. 38. 51. 16756–16765. 0006-2960. 10.1021/bi991685m.
  12. Book: Rod Preston-Mafham . Ken Preston-Mafham . 1993 . The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour . registration . . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 978-0-262-16137-4.
  13. Web site: Scorpion Systematics Research Group . . November 2008 . October 20, 2011.
  14. Fernando Z. Zamudio . Renaud Conde . Carolina Arévalo . Baltazar Becerril . Brian M. Martin . Hector H. Valdivia . Lourival D. Possani . 1997 . The mechanism of inhibition of ryanodine receptor channels by imperatoxin I, a heterodimeric protein from the scorpion Pandinus imperator . . 272 . 18 . 11886–11894 . 10.1074/jbc.272.18.11886 . 9115249. free .
  15. Web site: UNEP-WCMC. UNEP-WCMC. 11 June 2011 . UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species . Pandinus imperator (Koch, 1841) . https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070357/http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Pandinus&Species=imperator&source=animals&Country=&tabname=names . dead . 7 August 2011 .

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