Panaeolus papilionaceus explained

Panaeolus papilionaceus, also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus, Panaeolus retirugis,^[1] and Panaeolus sphinctrinus, and commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom that feeds on dung.

This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.

Description

• Cap: 1–5 cm across, obtusely conic, grayish brown, not hygrophanous, becoming campanulate in age, margin adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge, flesh thin.
• Gills: adnate to adnexed close to crowded, one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges.
• Spores: 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore, spore print black.
• Stipe: 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle, fibrous, and pruinose.
• Odor: Mild.
• Taste: Unappetizing.
• Microscopic features: Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Habitat and formation

Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including^[2] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,^[3] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,^[3] Indiana,^[3] Louisiana,^[3] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,^[3] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,^[3] Washington), the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,^[3] Norway, Slovenia,^[3] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.

Edibility

Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible,^[4] and is neither choice in flavor nor substantial in mass. While similar looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, do contain psilocybin, Panaeolus papilionaceus does not.^[5]

See also

• List of Panaeolus species

External links

• Mushroom Expert - Panaeolus papilionaceus
• Mykoweb - Panaeolus papilionaceus
• Observations on Mushroom Observer

Notes and References

1. Book: Trudell. Steve. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Ammirati. Joe. Timber Press. 2009. 978-0-88192-935-5. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR. 201.
2. http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
3. https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=Panaeolus+papilionaceus Panaeolus papilionaceus
4. Book: Phillips, Roger . Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . 2010 . Firefly Books . Buffalo, NY . 978-1-55407-651-2 . 236.
5. Book: Allen, John W. . Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX . 2013 . MAPS and Exotic Furays . Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively . 978-158-214-396-5 . 130–175.