Apolytirio (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Απολυτήριο; in demotike, 1976–present) or phased out Apolytirion (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Απολυτήριον; in polytonic, katharevousa, up until 1976) is the official senior secondary education school completion certificate (graduation qualification) in Greece (and Cyprus) obtained after successfully completing the third grade of lyceum (high school).[1] It is graded on a 20-point scale. Specific conditions and rules apply to the separate types of lyceum for the Pan-hellenic examinations which are in terms of the same or relevant Pan-hellenic examinations subjects of study as the General Lyceum type, such as the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL)[2] [3] having its own four subjects for the Pan-hellenic examinations. Every type of school follows a different curriculum.
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The types of Apolytirio (Απολυτήριο) in Greece are:
There are two types of evening schools Apolytirio:
The two main types are General Lyceum (Γενικό Λύκειο) - about 70% of the student and Vocational Lyceum (Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο) - about 30% of the student.
The system and examinations accepted for entrance into Higher Education HE (Greek: Greek, Modern (1453-);: ανώτερη εκπαίδευση) in Greece went through major changes since 1980. The below timeline of lyceum subjects and Pan-hellenic exams subjects are from the General Lyceum (GEL) only and it is not an exhaustive list of the all types of lyceum nor their subjects nor their subjects of Pan-hellenic exams, while should not be relied upon as a one.
The most common/known Lyceum is the General Lyceum (Greek: Greek, Modern (1453-);: Γενικὀ Λύκειο, Geniko Lykeio).
In the first 2 grades, all students are taught the same subjects. In 3rd grade, students followed a core programme ofgeneral education and each Desmi (Α, Β, Γ, and Δ) followed a specialized program (Greek: Greek, Modern (1453-);: Δέσμη, Δέσμες / Desmi (singular), Desmes (plural)).[4]
An Apolytirio of Geniko Lykeio included the GPA (scale 0–20), student's conduct information and consisted of:
| General Lyceum (GEL) | ||
| General Education | Desmi | |
|---|---|---|
| Religion | Modern Greek & Grammar | |
| History | Mathematics (A,Δ) | |
| Democratic Regime | Physics (A,B) | |
| Philosophy | Chemistry (A,B) | |
| English Language | Human Biology (B) | |
| Gymnastics/Physical Education | Ancient Greek & Grammar (Γ) | |
| Greek Modern Literature | Themes of Modern Greek History (Γ) | |
| Latin (Γ) | ||
| Sociology (Δ)/Political Economy (Δ) | ||
From 1984 until 1998 only the total score of the Panhellenic Examinations (Greek: Greek, Modern (1453-);: Πανελλήνιες / Πανελλαδικές Εξετάσεις) was accepted for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The total Score was calculated from the individual scores, with one of the subjects having a higher weight percentage.e.g. for A Desmi: Mathematics, B Desmi: Biology, etc.
The 4 Desmes (Greek, Modern (1453-);: A,B,Γ and Δ) were:[5]
| General Lyceum (GEL) | ||||||
| Desmi | (Main) Subject 1 (higher % weight) | Subject 2 | Subject 3 | Subject 4 | Undergraduate Courses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Desmi | Mathematics | Greek Language | Physics | Chemistry | -> Polytechnics, Physico-Mathematical, Agricultural-Forest | |
| B Desmi | Biology | Greek Language | Physics | Chemistry | -> Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical, Biological | |
| Γ Desmi | Ancient Greek | Greek Language | Latin | History | -> Theological, Philosophical, Law Sciences | |
| Δ Desmi | Mathematics | Greek Language | History | Civil Economy (/Sociology) | -> Political Sciences, Public Administration, Economics, Sociology | |
Students had to preselect their choices in a numerical order of preference—using the bases of last year's Panhellenic Examinations' only as a guide—and submit them to their school on a given deadline, using a 4-pages machine-readable document (Greek: Greek, Modern (1453-);: μηχανογραφικό δελτίο, michanografiko deltio).The results of the National Examinations determined not only who will pass into highest/higher education but also next year's bases.
The total individual score for every subject was 0–160[4] which was the sum of the 2 examiners' scores based on the scale 0–80 each. A remarking by a 3rd examiner would determine the final score if there was a large difference between the first two scores.
| General Lyceum (GEL) | |||
| Panhellenic National Examinations | Coefficient | Score (scale) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main Subject (higher % weight) | 1.15 | 0–160 | |
| Other 3 Subjects | 0.95 | 0–160 | |
First, the scores for every student and later the bases for each course were published in every school across the country, directly from the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. Bases were also being broadcast on Greek TV during the day.
It was allowed to keep the individual subjects' scores (up to 3) and resit on exams to increase the total score, but only for 2 more examinations.[5]
There are three grades in Eniaio Lykeio and each grade is divided in classes.
The 1st grade of Eniaio Lykeio operates as an orientation year with a general knowledge programme.
The 2nd grade includes three directions: Humanities (Θεωρητική Κατεύθυνση), Science (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Θετική Κατεύθυνση) and Technology (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Τεχνολογική Κατεύθυνση).
In the 3rd grade we have again the three directions but the Technology direction operates in two courses: i) the Technology and the Production course and ii) the Information Science and Services course.
In Eniaio Lykeio, there is the Support Teaching Programme. This programme can be attended by those pupils who wish to do so, regardless of their performance.
Right of entrance have only the holders of the Apolytirio lyceum certificate.[6]
The written examinations in the subjects, either at school's level or at national level, count equivalently towards the Apolytirio's GPA.[7] On the contrary, for entrance in highest education only the subjects examined nationally in written form are being considered.[7] The Apolytirio is detached completely from highest education's entrance.[8]
| Integrated Lyceum | |||
| Elective Subjects (2 Hours) | |||
| Philosophy Issues | History of Art | Statistics | |
| Principles of Economic Theory | 2nd Foreign Language | Computer Applications | |
| History of Science and Technology | Modern Hellenic Literature | Logic: Theory and Practice | |
| Integrated Lyceum | |||
| General Education (17 Hours) | |||
| English (2) | Biology (1) | ||
| Physical Education (1) | History of the Modern World (2) | Physics (1) | |
| Religious Education (1) | Modern Greek Language (2) | Sociology (2) | |
| Ancient Greek Language and Literature (1) | Modern Greek Literature (2) | Mathematics and Statistics (2) | |
| Integrated Lyceum | ||||
| Humanities Direction | Science Direction | Technology Direction A. Technology and Production Course | Technology Direction B. Information Science and Service Course | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ancient Greek (5) | Mathematics (5) | Mathematics (5) | Mathematics (5) | |
| Themes of Modern Greek History (2) | Physics (3) | Physics (3) | Physics (3) | |
| Latin (2.5) | Chemistry (2) | Chemistry-Biochemistry (2) | Development of Applications in Computer Environment (2) | |
| Greek Literature (2.5) | Biology (2) | Electric Technology (2) | Principles of Organisation, Business Administration and Services (2) | |
Panhellenic National Level Examinations involve 6–7 subjects of the General Lyceum (3rd grade).[9] Besides the Lyceum Diploma (Apolytirio), the achievement score on a certificate awarded (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Βεβαίωση, Bebaiosi, 2002 till the phasing-out of the old system after 2016) takes into account final year school grade (school level evaluation) and the grades on 6 subjects of the National Examinations.[10] [11]
For the General Lyceum (GEL) 4 orientation groups existed[12] including 4 subjects[13] each :(I) Humanities, Law and Social Sciences (II) Sciences (III) Health Sciences (IV) Economic and Computer Studies.
| General Lyceum (GEL) | ||||
| Humanities, Law and Social Sciences | Sciences | Health Sciences | Economic and Computer Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Themes of Modern Greek History (7) | Physics (7) | Biology (7) | Mathematics (7) | |
| Latin (7) | Chemistry (7) | Physics (7) | IT Applications Development in Programming Environment (7) | |
| Ancient Greek Language (7) | Mathematics (7) | Chemistry (7) | Principles in Economic Theory (7) | |
| Modern Greek Language and Literature (6) | ||||
In 2019, the Ministry of Education under Kostas Gavroglou of SYRIZA, decided to replace Latin with sociology in the school curriculum. This decision was not met without opposition from academics related to classical humanist studies, who called the move "anachronistic" and the major opposition party, New Democracy.[14] In 2020,the Ministry of Education under Niki Kerameus (ND) reinstated Latin in the school curriculum, again with opposition from SYRIZA and academics related to Sociology.[15]
For the General Lyceum (GEL) 3 orientation groups exist,[16] which include 3 subjects each: (I) Humanities and Social Sciences (II) Sciences and Health Sciences (III) Economic and Computer Studies. All students are also examined in "General Modern Greek Language and Literature and a countercurrent subject: Mathematics and Statistics for the Humanities group, and History of the Modern World for groups II and III.[17] [18] The countercurrent subjects stem from the General Education Mathematics and History courses of the Integrated Lyceum, albeit the curriculum and the books have been modified, especially in the case of Maths and Statistics.
| Apolytirio - High School / General Lyceum (GEL) | |||
| Humanities and Social Sciences | Sciences and Health Sciences | Economic and Computer Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociology (6) Latin (6) | Biology (6) or Mathematics (6) | Computer Science (6) | |
| Ancient Greek Language (6) | Chemistry (6) | Mathematics (6) | |
| Themes of Modern Greek History (6) | Physics (6) | Principles in Economic Theory (6) | |
| Mathematics and Statistics (2) | History of the Modern World (2) | ||
| Modern Greek Language and Literature (6) | |||
Although the total score from the Panhellenic Examinations determined the entrance in higher education in Greece, the final mark GPA (Grade Point Average) of the Apolytirio is the entry qualification most often requested in order to be accepted in higher education abroad. The results of the Panhellenic Examinations are usually not requested or are referred by different names such as General Entrance Examinations.[19]